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The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is one of the defining concepts of international trade which influenced the development of the world economy in the 20th century. As evidenced by numerous scientific studies aimed at creating tools for forecasting the structure and volumes of international trade, the basis of economic development is ratio of production factors. Due to the rigidity of the main assumptions, it is very difficult to statistically confirm the theory, however it clearly indicates the priorities of the formation of state's foreign trade policy. The object of this study is to test the hypothesis regarding the effectiveness of the application of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and its later modifications in the process of post-war economic recovery of Ukraine. The main research method was a theoretical generalization of the views of scientists regarding the measurement of parameters of production factors. Methods of economic-statistical analysis, grouping, tabulation, and tabular analysis were also used to assess and analyze the ratio of labor and capital costs. This research has analyzed the main assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and its later modifications, namely the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson factor price equalization theory and the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model of factor service trade. Based on the statistics of 2017-2020, the ratio of labor and capital costs of individual countries, as well as export-oriented industries of Ukraine and its trading partners, was calculated. The results of the calculations of the parameters of the production factors of two goods (med-vacuum cleaners) in the mutual trade between two countries (Ukraine and Germany) have proved the effectiveness of the provisions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, provided that some assumptions were softened. The study application features of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in modern economic conditions proved the necessity and possibility of correcting the ratio of labor and capital in terms of their homogeneity, completeness of use and level of international mobility. The practical application of the obtained results consists in using the tools of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory for the development of Ukraine's international economic activity. The post-war recovery of Ukrainian economy will take place in the conditions of a deficit of production factors, especially labor, therefore it will be critical to ensure its maximum productivity and find ways to compensate for the outflow of labor by transferring labor-intensive industries and diversifying the export potential of the national economy., Метою дослідження є вивчення можливостей використання теорії Хекшера-Оліна для прогнозування параметрів факторів виробництва та розвитку міжнародної торгівлі. Методи дослідження – теоретичне узагальнення, економіко-статистичний аналіз, групування та зведення. Результати дослідження: проаналізовано існуючі інструменти реалізації теорії Хекшера-Оліна в частині опису параметрів ринку факторів виробництва; перевірено дієвість положень теорії Хекшера-Оліна на статистичній базі України та її торгових партнерів у розрізі експортно-орієнтованих галузей; формалізовано умови застосування теорії Хекшера-Оліна у процесі повоєнного відновлення економіки України. Практична значущість дослідження полягає у формуванні рекомендацій щодо використання інструментів теорії Хекшера-Оліна для розвитку міжнародної економічної діяльності України.

Environmental regulation is an effective tool to control environmental problems caused by foreign trade. Research conclusions are inconsistent on the relationship between environmental regulations and exports. Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper provides an empirical analysis for examination the effect of environmental regulations on manufacturing exports, adopting panel data of 16 sectors from China’s manufacturing during 2005-2015. Material capital, human capital, technology input and foreign direct investment are simultaneously selected as independent variables to explore the export impact of corresponding changes in these endowments. The pollution intensity index was introduced to categorise different manufacturing sectors. Results indicated that China’s environmental regulations intensity play different roles in the manufacturing sectors with different pollution levels. Stricter environmental regulation improves the export of intensive pollution manufacturing sectors but hinders exports in light pollution sectors. Meanwhile, other endowment factors also exert varying effects in the light, moderate and intensive pollution manufacturing sectors.

Метою дослідження є вивчення можливостей використання теорії Хекшера-Оліна для прогнозування параметрів факторів виробництва та розвитку міжнародної торгівлі. Методи дослідження – теоретичне узагальнення, еконо міко-статистичний аналіз, групування та зведення. Результати дослідження: проаналізовано існуючі інструменти реалізації теорії Хекшера-Оліна в частині опису параметрів ринку факторів виробництва; перевірено дієвість поло жень теорії Хекшера-Оліна на статистичній базі України та її торгових партнерів у розрізі експортно-орієнтованих галузей; формалізовано умови застосування теорії Хекшера-Оліна у процесі повоєнного відновлення економіки України. Практична значущість дослідження полягає у формуванні рекомендацій щодо використання інструментів теорії Хек шера-Оліна для розвитку міжнародної економічної діяльності України. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is one of the defining concepts of international trade which influenced the development of the world economy in the 20th century. As evidenced by numerous scientific studies aimed at creating tools for forecasting the structure and volumes of international trade, the basis of economic development is ratio of production factors. Due to the rigidity of the main assumptions, it is very difficult to statistically confirm the theory, however it clearly indicates the priorities of the formation of state's foreign trade policy. The object of this study is to test the hypothesis regarding the effectiveness of the application of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and its later modifications in the process of post-war eco- nomic recovery of Ukraine. The main research method was a theoretical generalization of the views of scientists regarding the measurement of parameters of production factors. Methods of economic-statistical analysis, grouping, tabulation, and tabular analysis were also used to assess and analyze the ratio of labor and capital costs. This research has analyzed the main assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and its later modifications, namely the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson factor price equalization theory and the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model of factor service trade. Based on the statistics of 2017- 2020, the ratio of labor and capital costs of individual countries, as well as export-oriented industries of Ukraine and its trading partners, was calculated. The results of the calculations of the parameters of the production factors of two goods (med-vacuum cleaners) in the mutual trade between two countries (Ukraine and Germany) have proved the effectiveness of the provisions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, provided that some assumptions were softened. The study application features of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in modern economic conditions proved the necessity and possibility of correcting the ratio of labor and capital in terms of their homogeneity, completeness of use and level of international mobility. The practical ap- plication of the obtained results consists in using the tools of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory for the development of Ukraine's international economic activity. The post-war recovery of Ukrainian economy will take place in the conditions of a deficit of production factors, especially labor, therefore it will be critical to ensure its maximum productivity and find ways to compensate for the outflow of labor by transferring labor-intensive industries and diversifying the export potential of the national economy.

The study described here introduces new approach for testing the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem based on the normalized trade balance concept. The intention was to include in the analysis all countries worldwide but due to the lack of data a certain number of countries had to be excluded. Overall 111 countries were observed according to region and income level for the year 2014. The HOV model was estimated using the sign test. It compared the expected sign of the normalized trade balance or net exports, according to the SITC 2 product classification, with the relative endowment of production factors intensively used in the production of a specific product. Production factors were divided into groups such as produced capital, labour force and natural resources further divided into forests, metals and minerals, oil, coal and gas, pastureland and cropland. Researchers in R&D per million people variable represented the impact of technological differences across countries. The results of the sign test have shown that the HOV theorem held in 55% of cases. The percentage of matched signs was highest for the non-OECD high income countries (75%) and lowest for the lower middle income and low income countries (below 50%).

This paper estimates the flows of virtual water and virtual land embodied in the world trade network by constructing a multi-regional input-output model (MRIO) model from the latest dataset of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). Then it evaluates the empirical relationship between virtual water trade and water scarcity by using the predictions from the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanekmodel, where we focus on the concept of relative scarcity and economic availability rather than absolute scarcity and physical resource base that the existing literatures have adopted. We found that the world virtual water are flowing corresponding to the water scarcity of countries in general directions and amounts. But this relationship gets rather vaguer in the case of low income countries.

Using Chinese agricultural and resources data and an adaptation of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) international trade model, this paper projects what Chinese trade, production, and consumption patterns would be if China allowed the laws of comparative advantage to direct production and trade decisions. This work is motivated by the fact that current production and consumption patterns in China are likely very different from those that would exist under complete liberalization. Any econometric-based model must use current production patterns as a base against which policy changes can be evaluated; however, the greater role of market forces following trade liberalization may render the conclusions of the econometric model invalid.