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To understand the physiological responses of the Brunneifusus ternatanus to future ocean acidification (OA), histology, enzyme activity and gut bacterial composition at different pH levels (Control: C group, pH 8.1; Exposure period: EP group, pH 7.3) for 28 days were studied under laboratory conditions. Microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Enzyme activities of trypsin (TRY), lipase (LPS), amylase (AMS), and lysozyme (LZM) were used as biochemical indicators, as well as weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) as growth indicators. The stress caused by OA resulted in alterations to the intestine, including partially swollen and degranulated enterocytes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The relative abundance of the core phylum in the acidified group changed significantly, showing an increase in Tenericutes and a decrease in Proteobacteria. Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio declined from 4.38 in the control group to 1.25 in the EP group. We found that the enzymes TRY, LPS, and AMS activities were inhibited at reduced pH, which was positively correlated with the dominant genera Mycoplasma and Bacteroides; while LZM activities showed a significant increment, but showing a strong negative correlation. Furthermore, both WG and SRG values showed a depression at low pH lever. These results suggest that if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to accelerate, OA could negatively impact the whelk’s health, compromising their growth performance and even survival. These findings will benefit the future risk assessments of OA or other related emerging environmental issues.

The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic correlations between bodyweight (PV) and the biometric measurements of 90 Creole cattle, of both sexes and diverse ages, from the Conayca Community in Huancavelica, Peru, to define prediction equations of PV. Head width (AC), head length (LC), chest width (ATO), chest height (ALT), body length (LCU), chest perimeter (PT), height at the withers (ACR), rump width (AGR), rump length (LGR), anterior fetlock perimeter (PCA), lumbar back distance (DDL), rump height (ALG), chest length (LTO), body length (LAC) and abdominal perimeter (PAB) were measured. The observations were analysed using linear models, including the effect of sex and age based on teeth growth. The biometric measurements were adjusted in a first order multiple linear regression to obtain the prediction equations of PV of the animals. Dental age was the most important source of variation in each of the characteristics, except for ALT. Sex only significantly affected PCA and ALG. High and significant phenotypic correlations (p, El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las correlaciones fenotípicas entre el peso vivo (PV) y las medidas biométricas de 90 bovinos criollos, de ambos sexos y edades diversas, procedentes de la Comunidad de Conayca en Huancavelica, Perú, para definir ecuaciones de predicción del PV. Se hicieron mediciones de ancho de cabeza (AC), longitud de cabeza (LC), ancho de tórax (ATO), altura de tórax (ALT), longitud de cuerpo (LCU), perímetro torácico (PT), altura de cruz (ACR), ancho de grupa (AGR), longitud de grupa (LGR), perímetro de caña anterior (PCA), distancia dorso lumbar (DDL), altura de grupa (ALG), longitud de tórax (LTO), largo de cuerpo (LAC) y perímetro abdominal (PAB). Las observaciones fueron analizadas utilizando modelos lineales, incluyendo el efecto del sexo y la edad dentaria de los animales. Las medidas biométricas fueron ajustadas en una regresión lineal múltiple de primer grado para obtener las ecuaciones de predicción de PV de los animales. La edad dentaria fue la fuente de variación más importante en cada una de las características, excepto para ALT. El sexo solamente afectó significativamente al PCA y ALG. Se detectaron correlaciones fenotípicas altas y significativas (p

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las correlaciones fenotípicas entre el peso vivo (PV) y las medidas biométricas de 90 bovinos criollos, de ambos sexos y edades diversas, procedentes de la Comunidad de Conayca en Huancavelica, Perú, para definir ecuaciones de predicción del PV. Se hicieron mediciones de ancho de cabeza (AC), longitud de cabeza (LC), ancho de tórax (ATO), altura de tórax (ALT), longitud de cuerpo (LCU), perímetro torácico (PT), altura de cruz (ACR), ancho de grupa (AGR), longitud de grupa (LGR), perímetro de caña anterior (PCA), distancia dorso lumbar (DDL), altura de grupa (ALG), longitud de tórax (LTO), largo de cuerpo (LAC) y perímetro abdominal (PAB). Las observaciones fueron analizadas utilizando modelos lineales, incluyendo el efecto del sexo y la edad dentaria de los animales. Las medidas biométricas fueron ajustadas en una regresión lineal múltiple de primer grado para obtener las ecuaciones de predicción de PV de los animales. La edad dentaria fue la fuente de variación más importante en cada una de las características, excepto para ALT. El sexo solamente afectó significativamente al PCA y ALG. Se detectaron correlaciones fenotípicas altas y significativas (p

The cell envelope-associated proteinases (CEPs) of the lactobacilli have key roles in bacterial nutrition and contribute to the development of the organoleptic properties of fermented milk products as well, as they can release bioactive health-beneficial peptides from milk proteins. The influence of the peptide supply, carbohydrate source, and osmolites on the CEP activity of the cheese starter Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 was investigated. The CEP activity levels were controlled by the peptide content of the growth medium. The maximum activity was observed in a basal minimal defined medium, whereas in the presence of Casitone, Casamino Acids, or yeast extract, the synthesis of CEP was inhibited 99-, 70-, and 68-fold, respectively. The addition of specific di- or tripeptides containing branched-chain amino acids, such as leucylleucine, prolylleucine, leucylglycylglycine, or leucylproline, to the growth medium negatively affected CEP activity, whereas dipeptides without branched-chain amino acids had no effect on the enzyme’s production. The carbon source and osmolites did not affect CEP activity. The CEP of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 exhibited a mixed-type CEPI/III variant caseinolytic specificity. Mass-spectrometric screening of the main peptide peaks isolated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography allowed the identification of 33 and 32 peptides in the s1- and -casein hydrolysates, respectively. By characterizing the peptide sequence in these hydrolysates, a pattern of s1- and -casein breakdown was defined and is reported herein, this being the first report for a CEP of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis. In this pattern, a series of potentially bioactive peptides (antihypertensive and phosphopeptides) which are encrypted within the precursor protein could be visualized.