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1. State of the literature discussing smoke-free policies globally: A narrative review

Author: Jacqueline A. Teed, Meagan O. Robichaud, Michelle Duren, Hebe N. Gouda, and Ryan David Kennedy
Subjects: tobacco, review, smoke-free policy, lmics, hics, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: Despite the success of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), most jurisdictions in the world do not have policies that create 100% smokefree environments in indoor workplaces, indoor public places, public transport, or other public places. We conducted a narrative review of articles that discuss smoke-free policies and describe the state of the current literature. A search of peer-reviewed and gray literature, published between 1 January 2004 and 30 April 2022, was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE databases. We classified articles based on the location of the policy discussed (WHO region, World Bank income classification) and the environment that was being made smoke-free. Insights related to policy development and implementation, as well as compliance and enforcement, were also identified. The search identified 4469 unique citations; 134 articles met the criteria for inclusion and underwent data extraction by two independent coders. The sample included articles published in or about jurisdictions in each WHO region, in high- and low- and mediumincome countries, and articles that discussed policies regulating smoke-free indoor workplaces, indoor public places, public transport, outdoor/quasi-outdoor environments, and other (unspecified) public places. Some important insights from the literature related to smoke-free policy implementation included tobacco industry interference, the important role of civil society, and the need for effective communication, education, and leadership. Enforcement officials’ awareness and training, stakeholders’ attitudes and beliefs, and understanding social norms were identified as relevant determinants of effective smoke-free policies. There continue to be challenges for implementing smoke-free policies in jurisdictions throughout the globe, in high- and low- and middle-income countries. The literature includes insights to support 100% smoke-free policies in each environment that must be made smoke-free as per the FCTC.
Published: 2024
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2. Seguir avanzando en las Américas: el control del tabaco fomenta el desarrollo sostenible

Author: Adriana Blanco Marquizo, Eduardo Bianco, Guillermo Paraje, Hebe N. Gouda, Johanna Birckmayer, Kevin Welding, Luz Miryam Reynales-Shigematsu, Nicole D. Foster, Reina Roa, Rosa Carolina Sandoval, and Stella Aguinaga Bialous
Subjects: Medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Published: 2022
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3. Moving forward in the Americas: tobacco control fosters sustainable development

Author: Adriana Blanco Marquizo, Eduardo Bianco, Guillermo Paraje, Hebe N. Gouda, Johanna Birckmayer, Kevin Welding, Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, Nicole D. Foster, Reina Roa, Rosa Carolina Sandoval, and Stella Aguinaga Bialous
Subjects: Medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Published: 2022
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4. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Hebe N Gouda, PhD, Fiona Charlson, PhD, Katherine Sorsdahl, PhD, Sanam Ahmadzada, MPH, Alize J Ferrari, PhD, Holly Erskine, PhD, Janni Leung, PhD, Damian Santamauro, PhD, Crick Lund, PhD, Leopold Ndemnge Aminde, MD, Bongani M Mayosi, MBChB, Andre Pascal Kengne, MD, Meredith Harris, PhD, Tom Achoki, MD, Charles S Wiysonge, MD, Dan J Stein, MD, and Harvey Whiteford, MD
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: Although the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa continues to be dominated by infectious diseases, countries in this region are undergoing a demographic transition leading to increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To inform health system responses to these changing patterns of disease, we aimed to assess changes in the burden of NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2017. Methods: We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to analyse the burden of NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)—with crude counts as well as all-age and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population—with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We examined changes in burden between 1990 and 2017, and differences across age, sex, and regions. We also compared the observed NCD burden across countries with the expected values based on a country's Socio-demographic Index. Findings: All-age total DALYs due to NCDs increased by 67·0% between 1990 (90·6 million [95% UI 81·0–101·9]) and 2017 (151·3 million [133·4–171·8]), reflecting an increase in the proportion of total DALYs attributable to NCDs (from 18·6% [95% UI 17·1–20·4] to 29·8% [27·6–32·0] of the total burden). Although most of this increase can be explained by population growth and ageing, the age-standardised DALY rate (per 100 000 population) due to NCDs in 2017 (21 757·7 DALYs [95% UI 19 377·1–24 380·7]) was almost equivalent to that of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (26 491·6 DALYs [25 165·2–28 129·8]). Cardiovascular diseases were the second leading cause of NCD burden in 2017, resulting in 22·9 million (21·5–24·3) DALYs (15·1% of the total NCD burden), after the group of disorders categorised as other NCDs (28·8 million [25·1–33·0] DALYs, 19·1%). These categories were followed by neoplasms, mental disorders, and digestive diseases. Although crude DALY rates for all NCDs have decreased slightly across sub-Saharan Africa, age-standardised rates are on the rise in some countries (particularly those in southern sub-Saharan Africa) and for some NCDs (such as diabetes and some cancers, including breast and prostate cancer). Interpretation: NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa are posing an increasing challenge for health systems, which have to date largely focused on tackling infectious diseases and maternal, neonatal, and child deaths. To effectively address these changing needs, countries in sub-Saharan Africa require detailed epidemiological data on NCDs. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Centre (Australia).
Published: 2019
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5. The Impact of Healthcare Insurance on the Utilisation of Facility-Based Delivery for Childbirth in the Philippines.

Author: Hebe N Gouda, Andrew Hodge, Raoul Bermejo, Willibald Zeck, and Eliana Jimenez-Soto
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: In recent years, the government of the Philippines embarked upon an ambitious Universal Health Care program, underpinned by the rapid scale-up of subsidized insurance coverage for poor and vulnerable populations. With a view of reducing the stubbornly high maternal mortality rates in the country, the program has a strong focus on maternal health services and is supported by a national policy of universal facility-based delivery (FBD). In this study, we examine the impact that recent reforms expanding health insurance coverage have had on FBD.Data from the most recent Philippines 2013 Demographic Health Survey was employed. This study applies quasi-experimental methods using propensity scores along with alternative matching techniques and weighted regression to control for self-selection and investigate the impact of health insurance on the utilization of FBD.Our findings reveal that the likelihood of FBD for women who are insured is between 5 to 10 percent higher than for those without insurance. The impact of health insurance is more pronounced amongst rural and poor women for whom insurance leads to a 9 to 11 per cent higher likelihood of FBD.We conclude that increasing health insurance coverage is likely to be an effective approach to increase women's access to FBD. Our findings suggest that when such coverage is subsidized, as it is the case in the Philippines, women from poor and rural populations are likely to benefit the most.
Published: 2016
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6. Measuring Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care in Developing Countries Using Demographic and Health Surveys.

Author: Zoe Dettrick, Hebe N Gouda, Andrew Hodge, and Eliana Jimenez-Soto
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: One of the greatest obstacles facing efforts to address quality of care in low and middle income countries is the absence of relevant and reliable data. This article proposes a methodology for creating a single "Quality Index" (QI) representing quality of maternal and neonatal health care based upon data collected as part of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program.Using the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey dataset, indicators of quality of care were identified based on the recommended guidelines outlined in the WHO Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth. Two sets of indicators were created; one set only including indicators available in the standard DHS questionnaire and the other including all indicators identified in the Indonesian dataset. For each indicator set composite indices were created using Principal Components Analysis and a modified form of Equal Weighting. These indices were tested for internal coherence and robustness, as well as their comparability with each other. Finally a single QI was chosen to explore the variation in index scores across a number of known equity markers in Indonesia including wealth, urban rural status and geographical region.The process of creating quality indexes from standard DHS data was proven to be feasible, and initial results from Indonesia indicate particular disparities in the quality of care received by the poor as well as those living in outlying regions.The QI represents an important step forward in efforts to understand, measure and improve quality of MNCH care in developing countries.
Published: 2016
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7. State of the literature discussing smoke-free policies globally: A narrative review

Author: Teed, Jacqueline A., primary, Robichaud, Meagan O., additional, Duren, Michelle, additional, Gouda, Hebe N., additional, and Kennedy, Ryan David, additional
Published: 2024
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8. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Gouda, Hebe N, Charlson, Fiona, Sorsdahl, Katherine, Ahmadzada, Sanam, Ferrari, Alize J, Erskine, Holly, Leung, Janni, Santamauro, Damian, Lund, Crick, Aminde, Leopold Ndemnge, Mayosi, Bongani M, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Harris, Meredith, Achoki, Tom, Wiysonge, Charles S, Stein, Dan J, and Whiteford, Harvey
Published: 2019
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9. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R A, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyrus, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dey, Subhojit, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Frank, Tahvi, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra L, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Parkash C, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohamed, Ibrahim Abdelmageem, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio C, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, SA, Rizwan, Saadat, Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Abhishek, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J S, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2017
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10. New challenges for verbal autopsy: Considering the ethical and social implications of verbal autopsy methods in routine health information systems

Author: Gouda, Hebe N., Flaxman, Abraham D., Brolan, Claire E., Joshi, Rohina, Riley, Ian D., AbouZahr, Carla, Firth, Sonja, Rampatige, Rasika, and Lopez, Alan D.
Published: 2017
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11. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, McNellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Boris, Binagwaho, Agnes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecílio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Neves, José das, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Deshpande, Aniruddha, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nicholas, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica A F M, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B M, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murdoch, Michele E, Murimira, Brighton, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja C, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roberts, Bayard, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, João Vasco, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan M, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stahl, Hans-Christian, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stöckl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Sun, Jiandong, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J S, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Volkow, Patricia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wanga, Valentine, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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12. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fraser, Maya S, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M X, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biroscak, Brian J, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Bohensky, Megan A, Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E G, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D, Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Davitoiu, Dragos V, de Castro, E Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gall, Seana L, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heckbert, Susan R, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B M, Hoek, Hans W, Hogg, Robert S, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, 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Published: 2016
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13. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, 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John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lars, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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14. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T, Anderson, H Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cohen, Aaron J, Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sur, Patrick J, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Batis, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Manzano, Alejandra G Contreras, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hernández-Llanes, Norberto Francisco, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Husseini, Abdullatif, Hutchings, Sally J, Huybrechts, Inge, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jansen, Henrica A F M, Jassal, Simerjot K, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Johnson, Catherine O, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Kromhout, Hans, Krueger, Hans, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, MacIntyre, Michael, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Medina, Catalina, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B M, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Nassiri, Nariman, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Orozco, Ricardo, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Pope, C Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja, García, Christian Aspacia Razo, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Colin D, Rehm, Jürgen, Reinig, Nikolas, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rivera, Juan A, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Sandar, Logan, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stöckl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Belaynew Wasie, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J S, Thomas, Bernadette A, Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Jian Li, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhu, Jun, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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15. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Jonathan, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Troeger, Chris, Truelsen, Thomas, VanderZanden, Amelia, Wagner, Joseph A, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zhou, Maigeng, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choudhury, Lincoln, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Daniel J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kajungu, Dan K, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lavados, Pablo M, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Dheeraj, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J S, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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16. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joseph B, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murphy, Georgina A V, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2016
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17. The role of smoking in COVID-19 progression: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Author: Gallus, Silvano, primary, Scala, Marco, additional, Possenti, Irene, additional, Jarach, Carlotta Micaela, additional, Clancy, Luke, additional, Fernandez, Esteve, additional, Gorini, Giuseppe, additional, Carreras, Giulia, additional, Malevolti, Maria Chiara, additional, Commar, Alison, additional, Fayokun, Ranti, additional, Gouda, Hebe N., additional, Prasad, Vinayak M., additional, and Lugo, Alessandra, additional
Published: 2023
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18. The role of smoking in COVID-19 progression: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Author: Silvano Gallus, Marco Scala, Irene Possenti, Carlotta Micaela Jarach, Luke Clancy, Esteve Fernandez, Giuseppe Gorini, Giulia Carreras, Maria Chiara Malevolti, Alison Commar, Ranti Fayokun, Hebe N. Gouda, Vinayak M. Prasad, Alessandra Lugo, and 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, SARS-CoV-2, ex-smokers, Smoking, COVID-19, Covid 19, smokers, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tobacco, Hàbit de fumar, Risk Factors, Medicine and Health Sciences, Odds Ratio, Smoking/adverse effects, Humans, Public Health, Influenza Humans
Abstract: The association between current smoking and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression remains uncertain. We aim to provide up-to-date evidence of the role of cigarette smoking in COVID-19 hospitalisation, severity and mortality. On 23 February 2022 we conducted an umbrella review and a traditional systematic reviewviaPubMed/Medline and Web of Science. We used random-effects meta-analyses to derive pooled odds ratios of COVID-19 outcomes for smokers in cohorts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected individuals or COVID-19 patients. We followed the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guidelines. PROSPERO: CRD42020207003. 320 publications were included. The pooled odds ratio for currentversusnever or nonsmokers was 1.08 (95% CI 0.98–1.19; 37 studies) for hospitalisation, 1.34 (95% CI 1.22–1.48; 124 studies) for severity and 1.32 (95% CI 1.20–1.45; 119 studies) for mortality. Estimates for formerversusnever-smokers were 1.16 (95% CI 1.03–1.31; 22 studies), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.25–1.59; 44 studies) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.31–1.62; 44 studies), respectively. Estimates for ever-versusnever-smokers were 1.16 (95% CI 1.05–1.27; 33 studies), 1.44 (95% CI 1.31–1.58; 110 studies) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.29–1.50; 109 studies), respectively. We found a 30–50% excess risk of COVID-19 progression for current and former smokers compared with never-smokers. Preventing serious COVID-19 outcomes, including death, seems the newest compelling argument against smoking.
Published: 2023

19. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H Ross, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, KC, Astha, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Al Khabouri, Mazin J, Al Lami, Faris H, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charles, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Batis, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Başara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D M, Broday, David M, Brooks, Peter M, Bruce, Nigel G, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bui, Linh N, Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter G J, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano, Julio C, Cantoral, Alejandra J, Caravanos, Jack, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cardis, Elisabeth, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chen, Zhengming, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Claßen, Thomas KD, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Contreras, Alejandra G, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cooper, Leslie T, Coresh, Josef, Courville, Karen J, Criqui, Michael H, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dayama, Anand, de Castro, E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, de Lima, Graça, Degenhardt, Louisa, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dessalegn, Muluken, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Devries, Karen M, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Durrani, Adnan M, Ebel, Beth E, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elshrek, Yousef M, Endres, Matthias, Ermakov, Sergey P, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F J, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferri, Cleusa P, Flaxman, Abraham D, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Paleo, Urbano Fra, Franklin, Richard C, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné G, Gansevoort, Ron T, García-Guerra, Francisco A, Gasana, Evariste, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Pete, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim A M, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, de Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, González-Castell, Dinorah, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Guerrant, Richard L, Gugnani, Harish C, Guillemin, Francis, Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hagstromer, Maria, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Haregu, Tilahun Nigatu, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana B, Hernandez, Lucia, Heuton, Kyle R, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Howard, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Hubbell, Bryan J, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Idrisov, Bulat T, Ikeda, Nayu, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Ismayilova, Samaya, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jansen, Henrica A, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayaraman, Sudha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Fan, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Roseline, Sidibe S Kany, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz A, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Kissela, Brett M, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kose, M Rifat, Kosen, Soewarta, Kraemer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Kromhout, Hans, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis O, Lavados, Pablo M, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, London, Stephanie J, Lopez, Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco M P, MacIntyre, Michael F, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdi, Abbas A, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Christopher C, Marape, Marape, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J, Margono, Christopher, Marks, Guy B, Martin, Randall V, Marzan, Melvin B, Mashal, Mohammad T, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, McKay, Abigail C, McKee, Martin, McLain, Abigail, Meaney, Peter A, Medina, Catalina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A, Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Santosh, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio C Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Mullany, Erin C, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, KM Venkat, Nash, Denis, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Nhung T, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nisar, Muhammad I, Nogueira, José R, Nolla, Joan M, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orozco, Ricardo, Pagcatipunan, Rodolfo S, Jr., Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S, Pedroza, Andrea, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pekericli, Ayfer, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Perry, Samuel A L, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Phua, Hwee Pin, Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Pope, C Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Powles, John, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qato, Dima M, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D Alex A, Racapé, Lionel, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Mayuree, Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K Srinath, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Riccio, Patricia M, Richardson, Lee, Riederer, Anne, Robinson, Margaret, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Romieu, Isabelle, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M, Rushton, Lesley, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvo, Deborah, Sampson, Uchechukwu K, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez, Luz Maria, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Sapkota, Amir, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Scarborough, Peter, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin H, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stapelberg, Nicolas J C, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stephens, Natalie, Stöckl, Heidi, Straif, Kurt, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto T, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Te Ao, Braden J, Teixeira, Carolina M, Téllez Rojo, Martha M, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Texcalac-Sangrador, José Luis, Thackway, Sarah V, Thomson, Blake, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matias, Trujillo, Ulises, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uzun, Selen B, van de Vijver, Steven, Van Dingenen, Rita, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria N, Vavilala, Monica S, Veerman, Lennert J, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, JianLi, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Wenzhi, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S, Watts, Charlotte H, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K Ryan, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Williams, Thomas N, Woldeyohannes, Solomon M, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Wright, Jonathan L, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yenesew, Muluken, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younoussi, Zourkaleini, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zhu, Shankuan, Zou, Xiaonong, Zunt, Joseph R, Lopez, Alan D, Vos, Theo, and Murray, Christopher J
Published: 2015
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20. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition

Author: Murray, Christopher J L, Barber, Ryan M, Foreman, Kyle J, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, H Ross, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Bachman, Victoria F, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Biryukov, Stan, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Bolliger, Ian W, Başara, Berrak Bora, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Boyers, Lindsay N, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D, Brooks, Peter M, Brown, Jonathan C, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C, Budke, Christine M, Bulchis, Anne, Bulloch, Andrew G, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coffeng, Luc E, Coggeshall, Megan S, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie T, Coppola, Luis M, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Dargan, Paul I, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Duber, Herbert C, Ebel, Beth E, Edmond, Karen M, Elshrek, Yousef M, Endres, Matthias, Ermakov, Sergey P, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Paleo, Urbano Fra., Franklin, Richard C, Fürst, Thomas, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gankpé, Fortuné G, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter, Gibney, Katherine B, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, González-Medina, Diego, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Hankey, Graeme J, Hansen, Gillian M, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana B, Heuton, Kyle R, Heydarpour, Pouria, Higashi, Hideki, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Hosgood, H Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K, Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin A, Khan, Ejaz A, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E B, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Levitz, Carly E, Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Maggie, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lofgren, Katherine T, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Macintyre, Michael F, Mackay, Mark T, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J, 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Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Nguyen, Grant, Nisar, Muhammad I, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ohno, Summer L, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Opio, John Nelson, Ortblad, Katrina, Ortiz, Alberto, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Phillips, Bryan K, Phillips, David E, Piel, Frédéric B, Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Pullan, Rachel L, Qato, Dima M, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahman, Sajjad U, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K Srinath, Refaat, Amany, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Roberts, D Allen, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H, Rowley, Jane T, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M, Saeedi, Mohammad Y, Saha, Sukanta, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu K A, Sanabria, Juan R, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Scarborough, Peter, Schneider, Ione J, Schöttker, Ben, Schumacher, Austin E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serina, Peter T, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steiner, Timothy J, Stevens, Antony, Stewart, Andrea, Stovner, Lars J, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tediosi, Fabrizio, Temesgen, Awoke M, Templin, Tara, Ten Have, Margreet, Tenkorang, Eric Y, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Thomson, Blake, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Fotis, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Trillini, Matias, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tuzcu, Emin M, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen B, Van Brakel, Wim H, Van De Vijver, Steven, van Gool, Coen H, Van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi J, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wagner, Joseph, Waller, Stephen G, Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Linhong, Warouw, Tati S, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wenzhi, Wang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas N, Wolfe, Charles D, Wolock, Timothy M, Woolf, Anthony D, Wulf, Sarah, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zonies, David, Zou, Xiaonong, Salomon, Joshua A, Lopez, Alan D, and Vos, Theo
Published: 2015
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21. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Vos, Theo, Barber, Ryan M, Bell, Brad, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Biryukov, Stan, Bolliger, Ian, Charlson, Fiona, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dicker, Daniel, Duan, Leilei, Erskine, Holly, Feigin, Valery L, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas, Graetz, Nicholas, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Hansen, Gillian M, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Heuton, Kyle R, Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Kyu, Hmwe, Laurie, Evan, Liang, Xiofeng, Lofgren, Katherine, Lozano, Rafael, MacIntyre, Michael F, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Odell, Shaun, Ortblad, Katrina, Roberts, David Allen, Roth, Gregory A, Sandar, Logan, Serina, Peter T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Steiner, Caitlyn, Thomas, Bernadette, Vollset, Stein Emil, Whiteford, Harvey, Wolock, Timothy M, Ye, Pengpeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ãvila, Marco A, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Aziz, Muna I Abdel, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, Josef C, Arnlov, Johan, Agardh, Emilie E, Al Khabouri, Mazin J, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, H. Ross, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Apfel, Henry, Arsenijevic, Valentain S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charles, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Arindam, Baxter, Amanda, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Basara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R, Boyers, Lindsay N, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol EG, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam DM, Brooks, Peter M, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C, Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G, Burch, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cardenas, Rosario, Cabral, Norberto L, Nonato, Ismael R Campos, Campuzano, Julio C, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Contreras, Alejandra G, Cooper, Leslie T, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Coresh, Josef, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Lalit, Dansereau, Emily, Dantes, Hector G, Dargan, Paul I, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dayama, Anand, De la Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, de la Vega, Shelley F, De Leo, Diego, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dessalegn, Muluken, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E R, Driscoll, Tim R, Duber, Herbert, Durrani, Adnan M, Edmond, Karen M, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Endres, Matthias, Ermakov, Sergey P, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek FJ, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Ferri, Cluesa P, Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda J, Gankpe, Fortune G, Garcia-Guerra, Francisco A, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim A, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, de Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Guerrant, Richard l, Gugnani, Harish C, Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Howard, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Huang, Cheng, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim M, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Jonathan, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Katz, Ronit, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin AH, Khan, Ejaz A, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Kissela, Brett M, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Kramer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita V, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi, Larsson, Anders, Lawrynowicz, Alicia EB, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, liang, Juan, Lim, Stephen, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lind, Margaret, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Ohno, Summer Lockett, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lopez-Olmedo, Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Low, Nicola, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Mackay, Mark T, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Christopher C, Marcenes, Wagner, March, Lyn M, Margono, Chris, Marks, Guy B, Marzan, Melvin B, Masci, Joseph R, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Matzopoulos, Richard G, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, McGill, Neil W, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McLain, Abby, McMahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A, Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Moffitt, Terrie E, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J, Moore, Ami R, Moran, Andrew E, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N, Moyer, Madeline, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murdoch, Michele E, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naghavi, Paria, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P, Newman, Lori M, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Nhung, Nguyen T, Nisar, Muhammad I, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Ortiz, Alberto, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S, Pellegrini, Carlos A, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando P, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Phillips, David, Phillips, Bryan, Piel, Frederic B, Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C A, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D A, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Razavi, Homie, Refaat, Amany, Rehm, Jurgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Riccio, Patricia M, Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Riederer, Anne M, Robinson, Margot, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L, Ksoreide, Kjetil, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Scarborough, Peter, Schoettker, Ben, Schneider, Ione JC, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shepard, Donald S, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Speyer, Peter, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stoeckl, Heidi, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Murray B, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Stewart, Andrea, Stork, Eden, Stovner, Lars J, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Tan, Feng, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R, Te Ao, Braden J, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Have, Margreet Ten, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Theadom, Alice M, Thomas, Elissa, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Tleyjeh, Imad M, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matias, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tuzcu, Emin M, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen B, van Brakel, Wim H, van de Vijver, Steven, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vavilala, Monica S, Veerman, Lennert J, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wan, Xia, Wang, Linhong, Wang, JianLi, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K. Ryan R, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Williams, Thomas N, Woldeyohannes, Solomon M, Wolfe, Charles DA, Wong, John Q, Wong, Haidong, Woolf, Anthony D, Wright, Jonathan L, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Yenesew, Muluken A, Yentur, Gokalp K, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Kim, Kim Yun, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhang, Yong, Zhao, Zheng, Zhao, Yong, Zhu, Jun, Zonies, David, Zunt, Joseph R, Salomon, Joshua A, and Murray, Christopher JL
Published: 2015
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22. Seguir avanzando en las Américas: el control del tabaco fomenta el desarrollo sostenible

Author: Blanco Marquizo, Adriana, primary, Bianco, Eduardo, additional, Paraje, Guillermo, additional, Gouda, Hebe N., additional, Birckmayer, Johanna, additional, Welding, Kevin, additional, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Miryam, additional, Foster, Nicole D., additional, Roa, Reina, additional, Sandoval, Rosa Carolina, additional, and Bialous, Stella Aguinaga, additional
Published: 2022
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23. Moving forward in the Americas: tobacco control fosters sustainable development

Author: Blanco Marquizo, Adriana, primary, Bianco, Eduardo, additional, Paraje, Guillermo, additional, Gouda, Hebe N., additional, Birckmayer, Johanna, additional, Welding, Kevin, additional, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, additional, Foster, Nicole D., additional, Roa, Reina, additional, Sandoval, Rosa Carolina, additional, and Bialous, Stella Aguinaga, additional
Published: 2022
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24. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Coggeshall, Megan S, Shackelford, Katya A, Steiner, Caitlyn, Heuton, Kyle R, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Barber, Ryan, Huynh, Chantal, Dicker, Daniel, Templin, Tara, Wolock, Timothy M, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie E, Akena, Dickens, Alasfoor, Deena, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alla, François, Allen, Peter J, AlMazroa, Mohammad A, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl A T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asad, Majed Masoud, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bin Abdulhak, Aref, Blore, Jed D, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Breitborde, Nicholas, Cárdenas, Rosario, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Chang, Jung-Chen, Che, Xuan, Christophi, Costas A, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, da Costa Leite, Iuri, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Degenhardt, Louisa, De Leo, Diego, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Dessalegn, Muluken, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Dorrington, Rob E, Driscoll, Tim R, Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, de Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, França, Elisabeth B, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia, Ana C, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Giroud, Maurice, Glaser, Elizabeth L, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, González-Castell, Dinorah, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Hoek, Hans W, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Husseini, Abdullatif, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahangir, Eiman, Jee, Sun Ha, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kan, Haidong, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Kwan, Gene, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, London, Stephanie J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mainoo, Nana Kwaku, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Jae-Hyun, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Dan, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, ur Rahman, Sajjad, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Refaat, Amany, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Pimienta, Tania Georgina Sánchez, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S, Sawhney, Monika, Sayinzoga, Felix, Schneider, Ione J C, Schumacher, Austin, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Andrea P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tan, Feng, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tirschwell, David L, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach X, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vavilala, Monica S, Venketasubramanian, N, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Linhong, Wang, XiaoRong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q, Wordofa, Muluemebet Abera, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C, Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J L, and Lozano, Rafael
Published: 2014
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25. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Murray, Christopher J L, Ortblad, Katrina F, Guinovart, Caterina, Lim, Stephen S, Wolock, Timothy M, Roberts, D Allen, Dansereau, Emily A, Graetz, Nicholas, Barber, Ryan M, Brown, Jonathan C, Wang, Haidong, Duber, Herbert C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Dicker, Daniel, Dandona, Lalit, Salomon, Joshua A, Heuton, Kyle R, Foreman, Kyle, Phillips, David E, Fleming, Thomas D, Flaxman, Abraham D, Phillips, Bryan K, Johnson, Elizabeth K, Coggeshall, Megan S, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Jerry P, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Achoki, Tom, Adeyemo, Austine Olufemi, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Akena, Dickens, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alcalá-Cerra, Gabriel, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Binagwaho, Agnes, Blore, Jed D, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Colomar, Mercedes, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Courville, Karen J, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Rakhi, Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Durrani, Adnan M, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fra.Paleo, Urbano, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Glaser, Elizabeth L, Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Hoek, Hans W, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim M, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Kankindi, Ida, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, S, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, De Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lotufo, Paulo A, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masci, Joseph R, Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mckay, Abigail Cecilia, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Mori, Rintaro, Moturi, Wilkister Nyaora, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M Venkat, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Nowaseb, Vincent, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Razavi, Homie, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Samonte, Genesis May J, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Shivakoti, Rupak, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Andrea P, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J, Vasankari, Tommi J, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wang, XiaoRong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas Neil, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C, Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D, and Vos, Theo
Published: 2014
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26. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Wang, Haidong, Liddell, Chelsea A, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Levitz, Carly E, Schumacher, Austin E, Apfel, Henry, Iannarone, Marissa, Phillips, Bryan, Lofgren, Katherine T, Sandar, Logan, Dorrington, Rob E, Rakovac, Ivo, Jacobs, Troy A, Liang, Xiaofeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Yang, Gonghuan, Wang, Yanping, Liu, Shiwei, Li, Yichong, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Allen, Peter J, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Alvarez, Elena, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Asad, Majed Masoud, Assadi, Reza, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Blore, Jed D, Basara, Berrak Bora, Boufous, Soufiane, Breitborde, Nicholas, Bruce, Nigel G, Bui, Linh Ngoc, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-Lopéz, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Che, Xuan, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Cirillo, Massimo, da Costa Leite, Iuri, Courville, Karen J, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Deribe, Kebede, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Edmond, Karen M, Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Garcia, Ana C, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Green, Mark A, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Idrisov, Bulat T, Islami, Farhad, Ismayilova, Samaya, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Daniel, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Lai, Taavi, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leinsalu, Mall, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan Anthony, Ma, Stefan, Mahdi, Abbas Ali, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mazorodze, Tasara T, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moschandreas, Joanna, Msemburi, William T, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muszynska, Magdalena M, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naidoo, Kovin S, Narayan, KM Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Ng, Marie, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Wyk, Victoria Pillay-van, Pope, Dan, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Rahman, Sajjad UR, Rana, Saleem M, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rushton, Lesley, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Salomon, Joshua A, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sposato, Luciano A, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Uwaliraye, Parfait, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Waller, Stephen, Wan, Xia, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Yang, Yang C, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhu, Shankuan, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2014
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27. Comorbidity between depressive symptoms and chronic conditions – findings from the Indonesia Family Life Survey

Author: Irmansyah Irmansyah, Janni Leung, Jack Yiu Chak Chung, and Hebe N. Gouda
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Chronic condition, Population, Comorbidity, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, education, Stroke, Depression (differential diagnoses), Family Characteristics, education.field_of_study, Depression, business.industry, medicine.disease, Family life, 030227 psychiatry, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Indonesia, Chronic Disease, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Rheumatism
Abstract: Purpose To estimate the prevalence of symptoms of depression in the population, and to identify patient groups with a history of chronic conditions with the highest risks of comorbid depression. Methods Data were drawn from a population-representative sample of 31,447 participants in The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS5) conducted in 2014-15. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CES-D-R 10) that measures symptoms defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). Socio-demographic variables controlled for in the adjusted analysis included age, sex, education, and ethnicity. Results Weighted prevalence of depressive symptoms, above the CES-D-R 10 cut-off, was 22.6% (females=23.0%, males=22.2%). Among those with a chronic condition, the highest risk of comorbid symptoms of depression was observed in those with a memory-related disease (OR=2.64 [1.49-4.68]) or stroke (OR=2.39 [1.75-3.27]). Depressive symptoms were also more commonly reported among people with hypertension, tuberculosis, asthma, other lung conditions, heart problems, liver diseases, arthritis or rheumatism, kidney diseases, stomach or digestive diseases. Conclusions Symptoms of depression are common in the general Indonesian population, and comorbidities are high in those with a history of chronic conditions, supporting the need for mental health care in patients presenting for physical diseases. Future research of clinical and patient samples will provide data in those who may be at increased risks.
Published: 2021

28. Examining the evidence of microfinance on non-communicable disease health indicators and outcomes: A systematic literature review

Author: Jo Durham, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Susan Vlack, Nick Townsend, Gabriela Fernando, and Hebe N. Gouda
Subjects: Adult, Health Promotion, Health outcomes, Narrative inquiry, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, law, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Noncommunicable Diseases, Microfinance, 030505 public health, business.industry, Clinical study design, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Non-communicable disease, medicine.disease, Health indicator, Systematic review, Health Expenditures, 0305 other medical science, business, Systematic search
Abstract: Microfinance has emerged as an effective approach to address health outcomes, particularly infectious diseases and maternal and child health. However, there remains a significant knowledge gap about microfinance and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). This review synthesises current evidence on microfinance and NCDs, including NCD-specific modifiable risks, health-seeking behaviour, and financing mechanisms of adults using microfinance services. Studies were identified through a systematic search of seven electronic databases, extracted for full-text screening, and analysed using a narrative analysis. A total of twelve articles that covered thirteen countries and four global regions were included in the review. Variations in study designs and reporting in the articles limited the ability to draw strong conclusions about microfinance and NCDs. However, the review revealed that microfinance may reduce modifiable risk factors, promote health-seeking behaviour, and reduce out-of-pocket health expenditure and catastrophic health expenditure related to NCDs. One study, however, found microfinance to be associated with negative effects of higher waist circumference, BMI and obesity rates. Overall, the review helped to identify the current gaps in knowledge, and highlighted the need to focus future research and publication on the use of microfinance to target NCDs of the poor.
Published: 2020

29. Protecting women and girls from tobacco and alcohol promotion

Author: Feeny, Emma, primary, Dain, Katie, additional, Varghese, Cherian, additional, Atiim, George A, additional, Rekve, Dag, additional, and Gouda, Hebe N, additional
Published: 2021
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30. Disability, noncommunicable disease and health information

Author: Richards, Nicola C., Gouda, Hebe N., Durham, Jo, Rampatige, Rasika, Rodney, Anna, and Whittaker, Maxine
Subjects: Disability -- Risk factors -- Research, Chronic diseases -- Complications and side effects -- Prognosis -- Research, Health
Abstract: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major cause of preventable disability worldwide. (1) While actions to monitor NCDs have gained significant momentum in the global health agenda, similar developments to monitor [...]
Published: 2016
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31. Women's knowledge of maternal danger signs during pregnancy: Findings from a cross-sectional survey in Papua New Guinea

Author: R. Emori, Lisa M Vallely, Suparat Phuanukoonnon, Hebe N. Gouda, Caroline S.E. Homer, and Andrew Vallely
Subjects: Adult, Rural Population, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, Danger sign, Papua New Guinea, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health facility, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Maternity and Midwifery, Humans, Childbirth, Medicine, Vaginal bleeding, Health worker, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, 030504 nursing, business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New guinea, medicine.disease, Pregnancy Complications, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family medicine, Female, Pregnant Women, medicine.symptom, 0305 other medical science, business
Abstract: To explore knowledge of pregnancy related danger signs among women attending antenatal clinics in Papua New Guinea.Cross-sectional survey undertaken as part of a wider integrated health and demographic survey.Three sites in Papua New Guinea: Hiri District (Central Province), Karkar (Madang Province) and Asaro (Eastern Highlands Province).482 women aged 15-44 years.Almost all (95.2%; 459/482) women attended for antenatal care at least once; 68.2% attended four or more times. Among women who attended the antenatal clinic, 53.6% (246/459) reported receiving information about danger signs in pregnancy from a health worker. Of these 60.2% (148/246) could recall at least one danger sign. In addition, 16.4% (35/213) of women who did not receive information from the antenatal clinic reported pregnancy related danger signs. Among the 183 women who reported danger signs, 47.5% (87/183) reported fever; 39.3% (72/183) reported vaginal bleeding and 36.6% (67/183) reported swelling of the face, legs and arms. Women who reported receiving information at the antenatal clinic were significantly more likely know any danger signs, compared with women who did not receive information at the antenatal clinic (OR 7.68 (95%CI: 4.93, 11.96); p = 0.001). Knowledge of danger signs was significantly associated with secondary school education, compared with none or only primary education (OR 3.08 (95% CI: 2.06, 4.61); p = 0.001).Every antenatal clinic visit should be used opportunistically to provide women with information about key danger signs during pregnancy and childbirth. Recognising maternal danger signs, together with the importance of seeking early transfer to the health facility and the importance of attending for a health facility birth are critical to improving outcomes for mothers and babies especially in low income settings such as Papua New Guinea.
Published: 2019

32. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Yong Zhao, Hadi Danawi, Bach Xuan Tran, Gene Bukhman, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Taavi Tillmann, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yongmei Li, Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Jack Caravanos, Ben Schöttker, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Sergey Soshnikov, Yukito Shinohara, Randall V. Martin, Michael Brainin, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Yingfeng Zheng, Santosh Mishra, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Michael Phillips, Belinda J. Gabbe, Hebe N. Gouda, Ziad A. Memish, Rupert R A Bourne, Guoqing Hu, Emmanuel A. Ameh, Abigail McLain, Michelle L. Bell, Christopher Margono, Marissa Iannarone, Wilkister N. Moturi, Donald H. Silberberg, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Nataliya Foigt, Anand Dayama, Yanping Wang, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Monica S. Vavilala, Katherine B Gibney, David Tanne, Sidibe S Kany Roseline, Marcella Montico, Abhishek Singh, Sarah Derrett, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Corine Karema, Rakhi Dandona, David M. Pereira, Kazem Rahimi, Gitanjali M. Singh, Vivekanand Jha, John Hornberger, Anne M. Riederer, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Andrea Pedroza, Lily Alexander, Fiona M. Blyth, Tommi Vasankari, Kyle J Foreman, Rana J. Asghar, Tilahun Nigatu Haregu, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Lydia S. Atkins, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Peter Scarborough, Hans W. Hoek, E. Ray Dorsey, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Gavin Shaddick, Thomas D. Fleming, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Christopher C. Mapoma, Jost B. Jonas, Erin C Mullany, Gene F. Kwan, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Tolesa Bekele, Jed D. Blore, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Philimon Gona, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Richard F. Gillum, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Felix Masiye, Richard T. Burnett, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Martin McKee, John J Huang, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Wagner Marcenes, Walid Ammar, Knud Juel, Joseph R. Zunt, Martha M Téllez Rojo, Mamta Swaroop, Noela M Prasad, Azmeraw T. Amare, Tim Driscoll, Michael Kravchenko, Heresh Amini, Amir Sapkota, Theo Vos, Charlotte Watts, Dennis Odai Laryea, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Cheng Huang, Adnan M. Durrani, Sarah V Thackway, Rita Van Dingenen, Manami Inoue, Martha Híjar, Honglei Chen, Amany H. Refaat, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Wenzhi Wang, Louisa Degenhardt, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Nayu Ikeda, James D. Wilkinson, Linh N Bui, Maria Hagströmer, Gonghuan Yang, Ann Kristin Knudsen, David J. Margolis, Soewarta Kosen, Hans Kromhout, Atsushi Goto, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Michael Soljak, Yun Jin Kim, Hideaki Toyoshima, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Anders Larsson, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, John Powles, Yara A. Halasa, Robin Room, Ratilal Lalloo, Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Elisabete Weiderpass, Jürgen Rehm, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Alicia Aleman, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Elena Alvarez, Rachelle Buchbinder, Randah R. Hamadeh, Bryan Hubbell, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Farhad Islami, Costas A. Christophi, Heidi Stöckl, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Nigel Bruce, Edward J Mills, Samuel A L Perry, Taavi Lai, Baffour Awuah, Mete Saylan, Karen J. Courville, Arindam Basu, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Teresita González de Cosío, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Atte Meretoja, Michael Brauer, Cyrus Cooper, Giorgia Giussani, Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Omid Ameli, Gelin Xu, Matthias Endres, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mohamed Hsairi, Palwasha Anwari, Mazin J. Al Khabouri, Dariush Mozaffarian, Juan R. Sanabria, Pablo M. Lavados, Sumeet S. Chugh, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Maurice Giroud, Haidong Kan, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador, Luigi Naldi, Erica Leigh Slepak, Deena Alasfoor, James E. Saunders, Richard Matzopoulos, Talal Bakfalouni, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Lennert J. Veerman, Lorenzo Monasta, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Brittany Wurtz, Luz Maria Sanchez, Lijing L. Yan, M. Patrice Lindsay, Michele Meltzer, Sanjay Basu, Steven van de Vijver, Alaa Badawi, Thomas Claßen, Young-Ho Khang, Brett M. Kissela, Jun Zhu, In-Hwan Oh, Fiona J Charlson, Maria Cecilia Bahit, Dinorah González-Castell, Rosario Cárdenas, Dan Poenaru, Sayed Saidul Alam, Mitchell T. Wallin, Harish Chander Gugnani, James Leigh, Ferrán Catalá-López, Lidia Morawska, Jim van Os, Stephanie J. London, Kaire Innos, Isabelle Romieu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Hwee Pin Phua, Chakib Nejjari, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Lynne Gaffikin, Constance D. Pond, Michael F. MacIntyre, Blake Thomson, Norberto Perico, Ronny Westerman, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Michael H. Criqui, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Bulat Idrisov, Ana Basto-Abreu, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Jasvinder A. Singh, Vinod K. Paul, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Richard L. Guerrant, Mohammed I. Albittar, Srikanth Mangalam, Steven E. Lipshultz, Lela Sturua, Semaw Ferede Abera, Eduardo Bernabé, George D. Thurston, Bruno F. Sunguya, Tiffany Ku, Alejandra G. Contreras, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Charles Atkinson, Ashkan Afshin, Heidi J. Larson, Abdullatif Husseini, Jose C. Adsuar, Reza Assadi, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Yousef M. Elshrek, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Devina Nand, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima, Maheswar Satpathy, Fotis Topouzis, Traolach S. Brugha, Hywel C Williams, Coen H. Van Gool, Andrew H. Kemp, Awoke Misganaw, Amado D Quezada, Norito Kawakami, Bert Brunekreef, Peter Burney, Tati S. Warouw, Jongmin Lee, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Marcel Tanner, Solveig A. Cunningham, Benjamin O. Anderson, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Lars Barregard, Xia Wan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bernadette Thomas, Lilia S Pedraza, Massimo Cirillo, Alina Rodriguez, Ricky Leung, Farshad Pourmalek, K. Srinath Reddy, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Neeraj Bedi, Al Artaman, Lucia Hernandez, Itamar S. Santos, C. Arden Pope, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Selen Begüm Uzun, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Anwar Rafay, Daniel Dicker, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Mohammed O. Basulaiman, Edgar P. Simard, Mohammad T Mashal, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Don C. Des Jarlais, Bo Norrving, Salvador Villalpando, Miia Kivipelto, Yang Liu, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Catalina Medina, Sudha Jayaraman, Josep Maria Haro, Diego De Leo, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Abigail C. McKay, Eric L. Ding, Mukesh Dherani, Ljiljana Pejin Stokic, Vinay Nangia, Sukanta Saha, Juan Liang, Elisabeth Cardis, Zourkaleini Younoussi, José R Nogueira, Braden Te Ao, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado, Lionel Racapé, Ting Wu Chuang, Shahab Khatibzadeh, E Filipa de Castro, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Ulises Trujillo, Alan D. Lopez, Soraya Seedat, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Daniel Pope, Alexandra Brazinova, Faris Lami, Valentina Colistro, G Anil Kumar, Derek F J Fay, Haidong Wang, Hwashin H. Shin, Raimundas Lunevicius, Suzanne Polinder, Dietrich Plass, David Rojas-Rueda, Stephen S Lim, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Yuantao Hao, Jung-Chen Chang, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Luciano A. Sposato, Stan Biryukov, Kunihiro Matsushita, Beth E. Ebel, Cleusa P. Ferri, Soumya Swaminathan, K. Ryan Wessells, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Leslie T. Cooper, David O. Carpenter, Nancy Lopez, Bryan L. Sykes, Sandra Nolte, Murray B. Stein, Paul N. Jensen, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Xiaonong Zou, Bradford D. Gessner, Dhruv S. Kazi, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Alejandra Jáuregui, Pouria Heydarpour, Megan Bohensky, Harvey Whiteford, Berrak Bora Basara, Zhengming Chen, Gregory R. Wagner, Paul I. Dargan, Hermann Brenner, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Scott Weichenthal, Deborah Salvo, Jun She, Tea Lallukka, Carolyn C. Gotay, Stephen G. Waller, Christian Kieling, Shivanthi Balalla, Valery L. Feigin, Qing Lan, Matias Trillini, Adam D M Briggs, Sungroul Kim, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Renata Micha, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Ralph L. Sacco, Biju Abraham, Ken Takahashi, Jixiang Ma, Peter A. Meaney, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Kimberly Cooperrider, M Rifat Kose, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Rasmus Havmoeller, Alize J. Ferrari, Kebede Deribe, Nadim E. Karam, George A. Mensah, Bongani M. Mayosi, Konrad Pesudovs, Joanna Moschandreas, Ziad Nahas, James Damsere-Derry, Nsanzimana Sabin, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Ying Jiang, Andre Pascal Kengne, Peter Allebeck, Jonas Minet Kinge, Shankuan Zhu, Guy B. Marks, Daniel C Casey, Marco A Avila, Anna Roca, Lalit Dandona, Ami R. Moore, Adansi A. Amankwaa, David Gunnell, Andre Keren, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Nhung T Nguyen, Anthony D. Woolf, Mayuree Rao, Peter J. Allen, Christina Papachristou, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Ravi Kumar Balu, Marie Ng, Marcello Tonelli, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Maigeng Zhou, Emmanuela Gakidou, Mohammed K. Ali, Amanda W Pain, Dan J. Stein, Kawkab Shishani, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Howard J. Hoffman, James Scott, Nadine Steckling, Samia Alhabib, Deborah Jarvis, Kara Estep, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Ricardo Orozco, Holly Hagan, K. C. Astha, Reza Malekzadeh, Klara Dokova, Aliya Naheed, Ernst J. Kuipers, Valeria Caso, Derrick A Bennett, Andrea B. Feigl, Uche S. Uchendu, Holly E. Erskine, Shireen Sindi, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Alejandra Cantoral, Ketevan Goginashvili, Raghib Ali, Fan Jiang, Robert G. Weintraub, Homie Razavi, Myriam Tobollik, Howard Hu, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Irma Khonelidze, Patricia M. Riccio, Eun-Kee Park, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Ibrahim Abubakar, Jürgen C Schmidt, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Graeme J. Hankey, Natan M. Bornstein, Mouhanad Hammami, Lee Richardson, Rintaro Mori, Alanur Çavlin, Ruth W Kimokoti, Samir Soneji, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, John Q. Wong, Joseph Frostad, Tom Achoki, Rahman Shiri, Ashish Bhalla, Kurt Straif, Simon I. Hay, Scott B. Patten, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Ryan M Barber, Rosana E. Norman, JianLi Wang, Siyi Shangguan, Luke Nyakarahuka, Kovin Naidoo, Charles D. H. Parry, Mercedes Colomar, H. Ross Anderson, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Joan M. Nolla, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Karen Devries, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Marape Marape, Rajiv Chowdhury, Dima M. Qato, Luca Ronfani, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Margaret Robinson, Hilda L Harb, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Janet L Leasher, Jonathan L. Wright, Peter Brooks, Cristiana Abbafati, Belinda K Lloyd, Victor Aboyans, Nikhil Tandon, Charles R. Newton, Simón Barquera, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Habib Benzian, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Alexander Kraemer, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, Saman Fahimi, Lesley Rushton, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Logan Sandar, Bruce Neal, Teresa Shamah Levy, Karen M. Tabb, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Christopher J L Murray, Ramesh Sahathevan, Aaron Cohen, Chanda Kulkarni, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Rajeev Gupta, Neil Pearce, Mustafa Z. Younis, Veena S. Kulkarni, Francisco A García-Guerra, Amanda G. Thrift, Stefan Ma, Samaya Ismayilova, Evariste Gasana, Amitava Banerjee, Aslam Pervaiz, Emilie Agardh, Abraham D. Flaxman, Farshad Farzadfar, Peter W. Gething, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Wanqing Chen, Saad B. Omer, Ruben Castro, Neeraj Bhala, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, Lidia Sanchez-Riera, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Kristen Delwiche, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Max Petzold, Yuri Y Varakin, Guilherme Borges, Guohong Jiang, Francis Guillemin, Kyle R. Heuton, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Joseph A Wagner, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Leonardo Trasande, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Josef Coresh, Chuanhua Yu, Kenji Shibuya, Berrin Serdar, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Jean de Dieu Ngirabega, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Natalie Stephens, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson Traebert, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kjetil Søreide, Samath D Dharmaratne, Robert P. Dellavalle, George Mugambage Ruhago, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Dipan Bose, Tania C Aburto, Saleem M Rana, Miriam Levi, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan, Ron T. Gansevoort, H. D. Hosgood, Michael Burch, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Ayfer Pekericli, Walter Mendoza, Pengpeng Ye, Gabrielle deVeber, Ali H. Mokdad, David M. Broday, Koranteng Adofo, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Shifalika Goenka, Carrie Beth Peterson, Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Rahul Gupta, Giancarlo Logroscino, Kardiyoloji, Peterson, Carrie B., Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), London South Bank University, Metropolitan Police Service, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Insight Centre for Data Analytics [Galway] (INSIGHT), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Universität Mannheim [Mannheim], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Risk Assessment Sciences Institute, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA (UMR_8251 / U1133)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute [UK], CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore (NUS), Centre de Robotique (CAOR), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Neuro Rehab Services LLP [New Delhi], Department of Signal Theory and Communications (TSC), Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, King‘s College London, Dept. Mat. Engn. De Ma, Sao Carlos, Fed. Univ. Sao Carlos UFSCar, RESPEC (RESPEC), RESPEC, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Health Care, Minister Of Labour-Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia, Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University-Shahid Beheshti University, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Tehran, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, George Washington University (GW), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universiteit Gent [Ghent], Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Fachbereich Physik [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), Univ New Delhi, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), TCS Innovation Labs, University of Helsinki, Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Servicio de Neurologia (SANTIAGO - Neurologie), Universidad del Desarrollo, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique et communications (CEDRIC), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise (ENSIIE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Information and Electrical Engineering [Beijing] (CIEE), China Agricultural University (CAU), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble [2013-2019] (ESPE Grenoble [2013-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], The Georges Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona], Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]-Catalunya ministerio de salud, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Unit of Functional Bionanomaterials, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], World Health Organization, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Public Health, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Ingénierie de Production (LGI2P), IMT - MINES ALES (IMT - MINES ALES), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut geològic de Catalunya (IGC), Institut Geològic de Catalunya-IGC, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Symantec, University of Oviedo, European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute (NEST), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Cientifica [Rio de Janeiro] (LNCC / MCT), Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University [Lund], University of Calgary, BioWare Corp, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Division [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-King‘s College London, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physiology, Augusta University - Medical College of Georgia, University System of Georgia (USG)-University System of Georgia (USG), Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Electronic Navigation Research Institute (ENRI), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Centre for Undergraduate Studies, University of the Punjab, Siemens Corporate Research, Siemens AG [Munich], University of Massachusetts [Boston] (UMass Boston), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University (PSL), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH)-Universidad del Desarrollo, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble (ESPE Grenoble), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Sichuan University, Universitat de Barcelona, Interne Geneeskunde, Medische Sociologie, MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Groningen Kidney Center (GKC), RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides ( LPS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive ( LAPSCO ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches ( UR ETGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Insight Centre for Data Analytics (National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG)) ( INSIGHT ), Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), University of Oslo ( UiO ) -University of Oslo ( UiO ), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], University of Southampton [Southampton], Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University Medical Center Utrecht, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative ( BFA ), Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Centre de Robotique ( CAOR ), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-PSL Research University ( PSL ), Department of Signal Theory and Communications ( TSC ), RESPEC ( RESPEC ), Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale ( SESSTIM - U912 INSERM - AMU - IRD ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy ( CRAN ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Freie Universität Berlin [Berlin], Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Servicio de Neurologia ( SANTIAGO - Neurologie ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ) -Universidad del Desarrollo, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp., East Hanover NJ 07936, USA, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Centre d'étude et de recherche en informatique et communications ( CEDRIC ), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise ( ENSIIE ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), College of Information and Electrical Engineering [Beijing] ( CIEE ), China Agricultural University ( CAU ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Grenoble ( ESPE Grenoble ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth], The University of Sydney [Sydney], Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes ( L2S ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology ( CREAL ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Ingénierie de Production ( LGI2P ), IMT - Mines Alès Ecole Mines - Télécom ( IMT - MINES ALES ), Institut geològic de Catalunya ( IGC ), Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons ( LPGP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Politecnico di Milano [Milan], European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires ( LPMA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( LSHTM ), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] ( UFPE ), Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability ( IES ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] ( JRC ), Bonn Universität [Bonn], Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Cientifica [Rio de Janeiro] ( LNCC / MCT ), Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia ( CHOP ), Univeristy of Pennsylvania Medical School, Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Medical College of Georgia, Electronic Navigation Research Institute ( ENRI ), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), University of Massachusetts [Boston] ( UMass Boston ), Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H. Ro, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, Kc, Astha, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M. E, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Al Khabouri, Mazin J, Al Lami, Faris H, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charle, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Bati, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref A. Bin, Blore, Jed D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Başara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D. M, Broday, David M, Brooks, Peter M, Bruce, Nigel G, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bui, Linh N, Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter G. J, Campos Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano, Julio C, Cantoral, Alejandra J, Caravanos, Jack, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cardis, Elisabeth, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chen, Zhengming, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting Wu, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Claßen, Thomas Kd, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Contreras, Alejandra G, Cooper, Cyru, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cooper, Leslie T, Coresh, Josef, Courville, Karen J, Criqui, Michael H, Cuevas Nasu, Lucia, Damsere Derry, Jame, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dayama, Anand, de Castro, E. Filipa, De la Cruz Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, de Lima, Graça, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C. De, Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Devries, Karen M, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E. Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Durrani, Adnan M, Ebel, Beth E, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elshrek, Yousef M, Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F. J, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferri, Cleusa P, Flaxman, Abraham D, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Paleo, Urbano Fra, Franklin, Richard C, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné G, Gansevoort, Ron T, García Guerra, Francisco A, Gasana, Evariste, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Pete, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim A. M, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, de Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, González Castell, Dinorah, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Guerrant, Richard L, Gugnani, Harish C, Guillemin, Franci, Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hagstromer, Maria, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Haregu, Tilahun Nigatu, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia Pi, Ileana B, Hernandez, Lucia, Heuton, Kyle R, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Howard, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Hubbell, Bryan J, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Idrisov, Bulat T, Ikeda, Nayu, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Ismayilova, Samaya, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jansen, Henrica A, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayaraman, Sudha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Fan, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Roseline, Sidibe S. Kany, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz A, Khang, Young Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M, Kissela, Brett M, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kose, M. Rifat, Kosen, Soewarta, Kraemer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Kromhout, Han, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis O, Lavados, Pablo M, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Jong Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, London, Stephanie J, Lopez, Nancy, Lortet Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco M. P, Macintyre, Michael F, Magis Rodriguez, Carlo, Mahdi, Abbas A, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Christopher C, Marape, Marape, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J, Margono, Christopher, Marks, Guy B, Martin, Randall V, Marzan, Melvin B, Mashal, Mohammad T, Masiye, Felix, Mason Jones, Amanda J, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mckay, Abigail C, Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abigail, Meaney, Peter A, Medina, Catalina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A, Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Santosh, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Mullany, Erin C, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, Km Venkat, Nash, Deni, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Nhung T, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nisar, Muhammad I, Nogueira, José R, Nolla, Joan M, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orozco, Ricardo, Pagcatipunan, Rodolfo S, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun Kee, Parry, Charles D, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S, Pedroza, Andrea, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pekericli, Ayfer, Pereira, David M, Perez Padilla, Rogelio, Perez Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Perry, Samuel A. L, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Phua, Hwee Pin, Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Pope, C. Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Powles, John, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qato, Dima M, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D. Alex A, Racapé, Lionel, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Mayuree, Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K. Srinath, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Riccio, Patricia M, Richardson, Lee, Riederer, Anne, Robinson, Margaret, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas Rueda, David, Romieu, Isabelle, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M, Rushton, Lesley, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvo, Deborah, Sampson, Uchechukwu K, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez, Luz Maria, Sánchez Pimienta, Tania G, Sanchez Riera, Lidia, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Sapkota, Amir, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Scarborough, Peter, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Schneider, Ione J. C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin H, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stephens, Natalie, Stöckl, Heidi, Straif, Kurt, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto T, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Te Ao, Braden J, Teixeira, Carolina M, Téllez Rojo, Martha M, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Texcalac Sangrador, José Lui, Thackway, Sarah V, Thomson, Blake, Thorne Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matia, Trujillo, Ulise, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uzun, Selen B, van de Vijver, Steven, Van Dingenen, Rita, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria N, Vavilala, Monica S, Veerman, Lennert J, Velasquez Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Wenzhi, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S, Watts, Charlotte H, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K. 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A, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Wright, Jonathan L, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yenesew, Muluken, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younoussi, Zourkaleini, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zhu, Shankuan, Zou, Xiaonong, Zunt, Joseph R, Lopez, Alan D, Vos, Theo, Murray, Christopher J., Cell biology, Epidemiology, Neurosciences, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Public Health, General practice, Bachman, Victoria F., Coates, Matthew M., Frostad, Joseph J., Astha, K.C., Kyu, Hmwe H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Thomas, Bernadette A., Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ayse, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F., Puthenpurakal Abraham, Jerry, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Aburto, Tania C., Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, José C., Agardh, Emilie E., Al Khabouri, Mazin J., Al Lami, Faris H., Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Mohammed K., Allen, Peter J., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A., Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Argeseanu Cunningham, Solveig, Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina S., Asghar, Rana J., Atkins, Lydia S., Avila, Marco A., Bahit, Maria C., Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barrero, Lope H., Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana C., Basulaiman, Mohammed O., Batis Ruvalcaba, Carolina, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Beyene, Tariku J., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Blore, Jed D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Bora Başara, Berrak, Bornstein, Natan M., Bourne, Rupert R., Breitborde, Nicholas J., Briggs, Adam D.M., Broday, David M., Brooks, Peter M., Bruce, Nigel G., Brugha, Traolach S., Bui, Linh N., Bulloch, Andrew G., Burney, Peter G.J., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Campuzano, Julio C., Cantoral, Alejandra J., Carpenter, David O., Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben E., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J., Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Christophi, Costas A., Chuang, Ting-Wu, Chugh, Sumeet S., Claßen, Thomas K.D., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Contreras, Alejandra G., Cooper, Leslie T., Courville, Karen J., Criqui, Michael H., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damsere-Derry, Jame, Dargan, Paul I., Davitoiu, Dragos V., De Castro, E. 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Subjects: Male, Fine particulate matter, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Sanitation, Health Behavior, Diseases, MESH: Metabolic Diseases, MESH: Global Health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, MESH: Risk Assessment, Global Health, MESH : Nutritional Status, MESH: Occupational Exposure, 0302 clinical medicine, Unsafe Sex, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Medicine, Air-pollution, MESH : Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH : Risk Assessment, Sanitation, Wasting, 2. Zero hunger, Factors de risc en les malalties, Medicine (all), [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, MESH : Occupational Diseases, MESH: Nutritional Status, All-cause mortality, MESH : Risk Factors, humanities, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Nutritional Status, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Risk Assessment, Tobacco smoking, 3. Good health, Nutritional Statu, MESH : Occupational Exposure, MESH : Metabolic Diseases, Cohort, medicine.symptom, Risk assessment, Blood-pressure, Human, MESH: Occupational Diseases, Risk factors in diseases, Coronary-heart-disease, MESH : Male, MESH: Health Behavior, MESH: Environmental Exposure, Population health, Body-mass index, 03 medical and health sciences, Household cooking, Cardiovascular-disease, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Life Science, MESH: Sanitation, Risk factor, MESH : Health Behavior, VLAG, GBD2013, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Risk Factor, Global Burden of Disease Study, 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks, Long-term exposure, MESH : Humans, CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, MESH: Male, Metabolic Disease, Occupational Disease, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, MALE BRITISH DOCTORS, Years of potential life lost, Relative risk, Malalties, MESH : Global Health, OUTDOOR AIR-POLLUTION, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH : Environmental Exposure, MESH: Female
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5−89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the fi rst of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantifi cation, particularly of modifi able risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the fi rst level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular fi ltration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5−89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

33. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Meghan D. Mooney, Ken Takahashi, Andrea Stewart, Jonathan C Brown, Shireen Sindi, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kyle R. Heuton, Gillian M. Hansen, Chante Karimkhani, Bryan K. Phillips, Ibrahim Abubakar, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Don C. Des Jarlais, Giancarlo Logroscino, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson G Fernandes, Cheng Huang, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Roderick J Hay, Itamar S. Santos, Zanfina Ademi, Fiona J Charlson, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Anwar Rafay, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Juanita A. Haagsma, Emmanuel A. Ameh, John J. McGrath, Massimo Cirillo, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Holly Hagan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Dietrich Plass, Matias Trillini, David Phillips, Braden Te Ao, Wanqing Chen, Yun Jin Kim, David Rojas-Rueda, Christina Papachristou, Andrew E. Moran, Richard A. Gosselin, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Soraya Seedat, Janet L Leasher, Belinda K Lloyd, Lorenzo Monasta, Bruno F. Sunguya, Eun-Kee Park, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Young-Ho Khang, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Dima M. Qato, James Scott, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Luca Ronfani, Haidong Kan, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Taavi Tillmann, Wang Wenzhi, Neil Pearce, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Aliya Naheed, Ferrán Catalá-López, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Emily Dansereau, Michael McKee, Derrick A Bennett, Mazeda Hossain, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Norberto Perico, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Boris Bikbov, Palwasha Anwari, Guoqing Hu, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Peter A. Meaney, Farshad Farzadfar, Svetlana Popova, Tara Templin, Hmwe H Kyu, Uche S. Uchendu, Kebede Deribe, Sergey Soshnikov, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Ilana N. Ackerman, Homie Razavi, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, David T. Felson, John J Huang, Yang Liu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Klara Dokova, Yuantao Hao, Catalina Medina, Austin E Schumacher, Stan Biryukov, Jane Rowley, Arindam Basu, Jose C. Adsuar, Rosana E. Norman, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Sukanta Saha, Simón Barquera, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Philip B. Mitchell, Lars Barregard, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Raghib Ali, Peter T. Serina, Lijing L Yan, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ricky Leung, Michelle L. Bell, Tim Driscoll, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Pourmalek, Tea Lallukka, Benjamin O Anderson, Raimundas Lunevicius, Corine Karema, Robert G. Weintraub, Erin C Mullany, Anders Larsson, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Luke Nyakarahuka, Sayed Saidul Alam, Louisa Degenhardt, Hugh R. Taylor, E. 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Venkat, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Nisar, Muhammad I, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Oh, In Hwan, Ohno, Summer L, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Park, Eun Kee, Park, Jae Hyun, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pereira, David M, Perez Padilla, Rogelio, Perez Ruiz, Fernando, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Phillips, Bryan K, Phillips, David E, Piel, Frédéric B, Poulton, Richie G, Prasad, Noela M, Pullan, Rachel L, Qato, Dima M, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rahman, Sajjad U, Rana, Saleem M, Reddy, K. Srinath, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roberts, D. Allen, Rojas Rueda, David, Roth, Gregory A, Rothstein, David H, Rowley, Jane T, Ruhago, George M, Saeedi, Mohammad Y, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Schneider, Ione J, Schumacher, Austin E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serina, Peter T, Servan Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars J, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J. Te, Temesgen, Awoke M, Tenkorang, Eric Y, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Thorne Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tran, Bach X, Tuzcu, Emin M, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen B, Van Brakel, Wim H, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Warouw, Tati S, Weintraub, Robert G, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas N, Wolfe, Charles D, Wolock, Timothy M, Woolf, Anthony D, Yan, Lijing L, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yoon, Seok Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa E, Salomon, Joshua A, Lopez, Alan D, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, University of Southampton [Southampton], Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Parasitology, STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Department of Computer Sciences [Scheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, University of Glasgow, King‘s College London, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique ( UP1 UFR11 ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ), National Diagnostics Centre ( NDC ), National University of Ireland [Galway] ( NUI Galway ), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit ( MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research ), University of Manchester [Manchester], CEGOT - Porto, Universidade do Porto [Porto], Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), University of Connecticut ( UCONN ), Norwegian Institute for Air Research ( NILU ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ( FAU ), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Univ New Delhi, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), TCS Innovation Labs, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français ( CRIBS ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] ( LIST ), Southeast University [Jiangsu]-School of Computer Science and Engineering, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Business and Informatics, University of Boras, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of plant pathology and microbiology - centre for sustainable pest and disease management, Rothamsted Research, RGU, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale ( IDSIA ), Università della Svizzera italiana ( USI ) -Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] ( SUPSI ), Anaesthetics, Southampton University Hospital, Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux ( SAMOVAR ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles ( RS2M ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] ( ILM ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), World Health Organization, Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Sero, Sero consulting, Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Disease Group, Department of Zoology, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine ( UGA UFRM ), Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Symantec, European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Novartis institute for tropical diseases, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology, Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine-Yale School of Medicine-Yale Stem Cell Center, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn Universität [Bonn], Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam ( GFZ ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Neurorestoration Group, King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Weill Cornell Medicine [Qatar], Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours (UT), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stanford University, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National University of Singapore (NUS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), National Diagnostics Centre (NDC), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit (MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Oxford, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Tehran, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The George Washington University (GW), Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), School of Physics and Astronomy [St Andrews], Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français (CRIBS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] (LIST), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana = University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland [Manno] (SUPSI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux (SAMOVAR), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (TSP - RS2M), University of Melbourne, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine (UGA UFRM), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Nanoscience Institute (NEST), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Kardiyoloji, Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), George Washington University (GW), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Helsinki, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (RS2M), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale University School of Medicine, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Grelier, Elisabeth, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Universidade do Porto, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-CHU Limoges-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Cell biology, Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Erasmus MC other, Pathology, and Cardiothoracic Surgery
Subjects: Gerontology, Male, CHANGING RELATION, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Life Expectancy, MESH : Aged, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, Poison control, MESH: Global Health, Global Health, Socioeconomic Factor, Communicable Disease, MESH : Chronic Disease, Health Transition, Voeding en Ziekte, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, SELF-RATED HEALTH, MESH : Socioeconomic Factors, Medicine, MESH : Female, MESH: Mortality, Premature, 2. Zero hunger, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, MESH: Middle Aged, Mortality rate, Medicine (all), GBD2013 diseases, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, MESH : Wounds and Injuries, Epidemiological transition, MESH: Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Communicable Diseases, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Life Expectancy, MESH: Health Transition, Human, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, MESH : Male, MORTALITY TRENDS, Population, MESH : Health Transition, Communicable Diseases, Article, Life Expectancy, EUROPEAN-UNION, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Disability-adjusted life year, Humans, Life Science, MESH : Middle Aged, Mortality, education, Premature, MESH : Mortality, Premature, VLAG, Aged, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Mortality, Premature, MESH: Chronic Disease, MESH : Communicable Diseases, Wounds and Injurie, MESH : Humans, MESH : Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Non-communicable disease, Chronic Disease, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS, Years of potential life lost, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Wounds and Injuries, Life expectancy, RISK-FACTORS, MESH : Global Health, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. METHODS: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. FINDINGS: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. INTERPRETATION: Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition-in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden-is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

34. Improving methods to measure comparable mortality cause (IMMCMC) gold standard verbal autopsy dataset

Author: Nurul Alam, Riley H. Hazard, Ian Riley, Hebe N. Gouda, Abraham D. Flaxman, Patricia Rarau, Jonathan C. Joseph, Diozele Sanvictores, Peter Kim Streatfield, Alan D. Lopez, Veronica Tallo, Hafizur Rahman Chowdhury, Seri Maraga, and Marilla G. Lucero
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Science (General), QH301-705.5, Philippines, Population health, Data Note, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hospital records, Q1-390, Cause of Death, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Verbal autopsy, Medical diagnosis, Biology (General), Child, Cause of death, Measure (data warehouse), Bangladesh, business.industry, Gold standard, Infant, Newborn, New guinea, Correction, General Medicine, Gold standard (test), Emergency medicine, Medicine, Autopsy, business
Abstract: Objectives Gold standard cause of death data is critically important to improve verbal autopsy (VA) methods in diagnosing cause of death where civil and vital registration systems are inadequate or poor. As part of a three-country research study—Improving Methods to Measure Comparable Mortality by Cause (IMMCMC) study—data were collected on clinicopathological criteria-based gold standard cause of death from hospital record reviews with matched VAs. The purpose of this data note is to make accessible a de-identified format of these gold standard VAs for interested researchers to improve the diagnostic accuracy of VA methods. Data description The study was conducted between 2011 and 2014 in the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Papua New Guinea. Gold standard diagnoses of underlying causes of death for deaths occurring in hospital were matched to VAs conducted using a standardized VA questionnaire developed by the Population Health Metrics Consortium. 3512 deaths were collected in total, comprised of 2491 adults (12 years and older), 320 children (28 days to 12 years), and 702 neonates (0–27 days).
Published: 2020

35. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan M, Barber Zulfi, qar A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel C, Casey Fiona, J Charlson, Alan Zian, Chen Matthew, M Coates, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel J, Dicker Holly, E Erskine, Alize J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad H, Forouzanfar Maya, S Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W, Gething Ellen, M Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita A, Haagsma Simon, I Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine O, Johnson Nicholas, J Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe H, Kyu Heidi, J Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali H, Mokdad Meghan, D Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory A, Roth Joshua, A Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed J, D Sorensen, Jeff rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, VanderZanden, Stein Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede, Abera Daisy, M X, Abreu Laith, J Abu-Raddad, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola Lukman, Adelekan Zanfi, na Ademi, Arsène Kouablan, Adou José, C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri Oluremi, N Ajala, Ali Shafqat, Akanda Rufus, Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris Hasan, Al Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K, M Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri Robert, William Aldridge, Miguel Angel, Alegretti Alicia, V Aleman, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu Lily, T Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’a, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid A, Altirkawi Elena, Alvarez Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T, Amare Adeladza, Kofi Amegah, Emmanuel A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock Hjalte, H Andersen, Benjamin O, Anderson Gregory, M Anderson, Carl Abelardo, T Antonio, Atsede Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina S, Arsic Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bell Aminu, K Bello, Derrick A, Bennett Isabela, M Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem Demtsu, Betsu Addisu, Shunu Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, 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Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, Jame, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mackay, Mark T, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Paul E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pedro, João Mário, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi L, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Have, Margreet Ten, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M, Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: VITAL-STATISTICS, INTEGRATED APPROACH, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Communicable Disease, Communicable Diseases, cause of death, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Mortality, Medicine(all), Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, Medicine (all), EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016

36. The Association Between the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ2 (PPARG2) Pro12Ala Gene Variant and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A HuGE Review and Meta-Analysis

Author: Gouda, Hebe N., Sagoo, Gurdeep S., Harding, Anne-Helen, Yates, Jan, Sandhu, Manjinder S., and Higgins, Julian P.
Published: 2010

37. Regulating the for-profit private healthcare providers towards universal health coverage: A qualitative study of legal and organizational framework in Mongolia

Author: Hebe N. Gouda, Peter S. Hill, Uranchimeg Tsevelvaanchig, and Indermohan Narula
Subjects: Government, business.industry, Health Policy, Corporate governance, 030231 tropical medicine, Health Care Sector, Context (language use), Mongolia, Participant observation, Public relations, Interviews as Topic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Documentation, Universal Health Insurance, Private Facilities, Health care, Government Regulation, Humans, Private healthcare, 030212 general & internal medicine, Business, Developing Countries, Qualitative Research, Qualitative research
Abstract: SummaryBackground Regulating the behavior of private providers in the context of mixed health systems has become increasingly important and challenging in many developing countries moving towards universal health coverage including Mongolia. This study examines the current regulatory architecture for private healthcare in Mongolia exploring its role for improving accessibility, affordability, and quality of private care and identifies gaps in policy design and implementation. Methods Qualitative research methods were used including documentary review, analysis, and in-depth interviews with 45 representatives of key actors involved in and affected by regulations in Mongolia's mixed health system, along with long-term participant observation. Results There has been extensive legal documentation developed regulating private healthcare, with specific organizations assigned to conduct health regulations and inspections. However, the regulatory architecture for healthcare in Mongolia is not optimally designed to improve affordability and quality of private care. This is not limited only to private care: important regulatory functions targeted to quality of care do not exist at the national level. The imprecise content and details of regulations in laws inviting increased political interference, governance issues, unclear roles, and responsibilities of different government regulatory bodies have contributed to failures in implementation of existing regulations.
Published: 2017

38. Civil Registration and Vital Statistics, Emergencies, and International Law: Understanding the Intersection

Author: Hebe N. Gouda and Claire E. Brolan
Subjects: Adult, Male, Cost effectiveness, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Statelessness, Statistics, Global health, Humans, International Law, Medicine, Registries, Child, education, 0505 law, media_common, 050502 law, Government, education.field_of_study, Human rights, business.industry, 05 social sciences, International law, Disadvantaged, Vital Statistics, Female, Public Health, Emergencies, business, Law
Abstract: Civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems are typically run by governments to record every birth, adoption, death, marriage, and divorce that occurs among a country's population. Registration of vital events provides individuals with a formal relationship with the State and each other, and is the foundation of a person's identity, nationality, and legal status. At a population level, vital statistics are essential for effective planning and implementation of policies and services. Globally, strong CRVS systems are increasingly recognised as a crucial backbone for redressing health inequities and as a priority in strengthening global health and development efforts. Many countries, however, currently lack adequate and reliable CRVS systems, leaving many people vulnerable to statelessness, limited access to important government services (such as education and health services), and effective legal protection. Public health and humanitarian emergencies in such contexts can expose those already disadvantaged and marginalised to heightened risk. CRVS systems weakened by crises make registration difficult or impossible and unregistered people may be displaced or separated from their families, exacerbating their susceptibility. The presence of a strong CRVS system, therefore, can facilitate effective and cost-effective emergency responses, help prevent exploitation of individuals (particularly women and children), and help to rebuild communities post-crisis. This article will consequently review the international legal mandates that exist to strengthen CRVS systems globally, with particular view to public health and humanitarian emergencies. Identity and citizenship, and the socio-political contexts in which these concepts co-exist, are inevitably interconnected with CRVS. This can create potential for CRVS systems and data to be exploited as a political instrument. Grounding CRVS strengthening in a single binding, human rights law instrument is a potential way forward.
Published: 2017

39. The epidemiological transition in Papua New Guinea: new evidence from verbal autopsy studies

Author: Deborah Lehmann, Andrea Stewart, Abraham D. Flaxman, Peter Siba, Regina Wangnapi, Suparat Phuanukoonnon, Jonathan C. Joseph, Helen Paito Kave, Harry Poka, Patricia Rarau, Riley H. Hazard, Bang Nguyen Pham, Peter T. Serina, Hebe N. Gouda, Albert Sie, Alan D. Lopez, Ian Riley, Miriam Vano, Seri Maraga, and S Lupiwa
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Endemic Diseases, Epidemiology, Population, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Autopsy, Disease, Infections, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, 03 medical and health sciences, Papua New Guinea, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Cause of Death, Diabetes Mellitus, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, education, Child, Noncommunicable Diseases, Cause of death, Aged, education.field_of_study, business.industry, New guinea, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Verbal autopsy, Epidemiological transition, Cardiovascular Diseases, Wounds and Injuries, Female, business
Abstract: Background Recent economic growth in Papua New Guinea (PNG) would suggest that the country may be experiencing an epidemiological transition, characterized by a reduction in infectious diseases and a growing burden from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, data on cause-specific mortality in PNG are very sparse, and the extent of the transition within the country is poorly understood. Methods Mortality surveillance was established in four small populations across PNG: West Hiri in Central Province, Asaro Valley in Eastern Highlands Province, Hides in Hela Province and Karkar Island in Madang Province. Verbal autopsies (VAs) were conducted on all deaths identified, and causes of death were assigned by SmartVA and classified into five broad disease categories: endemic NCDs; emerging NCDs; endemic infections; emerging infections; and injuries. Results from previous PNG VA studies, using different VA methods and spanning the years 1970 to 2001, are also presented here. Results A total of 868 deaths among adolescents and adults were identified and assigned a cause of death. NCDs made up the majority of all deaths (40.4%), with the endemic NCD of chronic respiratory disease responsible for the largest proportion of deaths (10.5%), followed by the emerging NCD of diabetes (6.2%). Emerging infectious diseases outnumbered endemic infectious diseases (11.9% versus 9.5%). The distribution of causes of death differed across the four sites, with emerging NCDs and emerging infections highest at the site that is most socioeconomically developed, West Hiri. Comparing the 1970–2001 VA series with the present study suggests a large decrease in endemic infections. Conclusions Our results indicate immediate priorities for health service planning and for strengthening of vital registration systems, to more usefully serve the needs of health priority setting.
Published: 2019

40. Socio-economic status and behavioural and cardiovascular risk factors in Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional survey

Author: Barbara McPake, Brian Oldenburg, Hebe N. Gouda, Bang Nguyen Pham, Robert Scragg, Suparat Phuanukoonon, Chris Bullen, Justin Pulford, and Patricia Rarau
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, Topography, Urban Population, Cross-sectional study, Epidemiology, Physiology, Health Behavior, Social Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Habits, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Smoking Habits, Medicine, Psychology, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Islands, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Alcohol Consumption, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Aspects of Health, Physiological Parameters, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Research Article, Adult, Waist, Adolescent, Science, Population, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Models, Biological, 03 medical and health sciences, Papua New Guinea, Environmental health, Humans, Obesity, Risk factor, education, Socioeconomic status, Aged, Nutrition, Behavior, Landforms, business.industry, Body Weight, Food Consumption, Correction, Biology and Life Sciences, Geomorphology, medicine.disease, Diet, Health Care, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Relative risk, Medical Risk Factors, Earth Sciences, Metabolic syndrome, business, Physiological Processes
Abstract: BackgroundRisk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are negatively correlated with socio-economic status (SES) in high-income countries (HIC) but there has been little research on their distribution by household SES within low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Considering the limited data from LMICs, this paper examines the association between behavioural and cardiovascular risk factors and household SES in Papua New Guinea (PNG).MethodsReported here are results of 671 participants from the 900 randomly selected adults aged 15-65 years. These adults were recruited from three socioeconomically and geographically diverse surveillance sites (peri-urban community, rural Highland and an Island community) in PNG in 2013-2014. We measured their CVD risk factors (behavioural and metabolic) using a modified WHO STEPS risk factor survey and analysis of blood samples. We assessed SES by education, occupation and creating a household wealth index based on household assets. We calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a generalized linear model to assess the associations between risks and SES.FindingsElevated CVD risk factors were common in all SES groups but the CVD metabolic risk factors were most prevalent among homemakers, peri-urban and rural highlands, and the highest (4th and 5th) wealth quintile population. Adults in the highest wealth quintile had high risks of obesity, elevated HbA1c and metabolic syndrome (MetS) that were greater than those in the lowest quintile although those in the highest wealth quintiles were less likely to smoke tobacco. Compared to people from the Island community, peri-urban residents had increased risks of increased waist circumference (WC) (RR: 1.67, 95%CI: 1.21-2.31), hypertension (RR: 2∙29, 95%CI: 1∙89-4.56), high cholesterol (RR: 2∙22, 95%CI: 1∙20-4∙10), high triglycerides (RR: 1∙49, 95%CI: 1∙17-1∙91), elevated HbA1c (RR: 5∙54, 95%CI: 1∙36-21∙56), and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) (RR: 2∙04, 95%CI: 1∙25-3∙32). Similarly, Rural Highland residents had increased risk of obesity (Waist Circumference RR: 1∙70, 95%CI: 1∙21-3∙38, Waist-Hip-Ratio RR:1∙48, 95%CI: 1∙28-1∙70), hypertension (RR: 2∙60, 95%CI: 1∙71-3∙95), high triglycerides (RR: 1∙34, 95%CI: 1∙06-1∙70) and MetS (RR: 1∙88, 95%CI: 1∙12-3∙16) compared to those in the rural Island site.InterpretationCVD risk factors are common in PNG adults but their association with SES varies markedly and by location. Our findings show that all community members are at risk of CVD weather they are part of high or low SES groups. These results support the notion that the association between CVD risk factors and SES differ greatly accordingly to the type of SES measure used, risk factors and the population studied. In addition, our findings contribute further to the limited literature in LMIC. Longitudinal studies are needed to monitor changes in rapidly changing societies such as PNG to inform public health policy for control and prevention of NCDs in the country.
Published: 2019

41. Health information systems and disability in the Lao PDR: a qualitative study

Author: Jo Durham, Anna Rodney, Vanphanom Sychareun, Nicola Richards, Rasika Rampatige, Hebe N. Gouda, and Maxine Whittaker
Subjects: HRHIS, Rehabilitation, business.industry, 030503 health policy & services, Health Policy, medicine.medical_treatment, Psychological intervention, Health informatics, 03 medical and health sciences, Management information systems, 0302 clinical medicine, Nursing, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0305 other medical science, business, Qualitative research
Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides an opportunity to strengthen disability-related health information. This study analysed the health information system in Lao PDR and sought evidence of interventions to improve disability-related health information. The study was based on a literature review and key informant interviews (N = 17) informed by the Health Metrics Network's Framework and Standards and the Performance of Routine Information System Management framework. The Lao health information system is in an embryonic stage with health data often incomplete, inaccurate and poorly used. Indicators related to disability or functioning are not included, and capacity to diagnose the health condition of disability is limited. No studies of health information interventions were found. As a State Party to the CRPD, the Lao PDR has a legal obligation to collect health-related information on people with disabilities. Given the nascent stage of development of the health information system in the Lao PDR and diagnostic capacity, indicators related to basic functioning and access to services should be integrated into household level surveys. As the health information system further develops, small, incremental changes in the type of disability information and rehabilitation and the way it is collected can be implemented.
Published: 2015

42. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Crick Lund, Sanam Ahmadzada, Harvey Whiteford, Katherine Sorsdahl, Tom Achoki, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Damian Santamauro, Alize J. Ferrari, Hebe N. Gouda, Holly E. Erskine, Fiona J Charlson, Meredith Harris, Bongani M. Mayosi, Dan J. Stein, Janni Leung, Andre Pascal Kengne, and Leopold Ndemnge Aminde
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Demographic transition, Disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Life Expectancy, Risk Factors, Environmental health, Epidemiology, Global health, Medicine, Population growth, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Child, Noncommunicable Diseases, Africa South of the Sahara, education.field_of_study, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, Quality-adjusted life year, Life expectancy, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business
Abstract: Summary Background Although the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa continues to be dominated by infectious diseases, countries in this region are undergoing a demographic transition leading to increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To inform health system responses to these changing patterns of disease, we aimed to assess changes in the burden of NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2017. Methods We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to analyse the burden of NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)—with crude counts as well as all-age and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population—with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We examined changes in burden between 1990 and 2017, and differences across age, sex, and regions. We also compared the observed NCD burden across countries with the expected values based on a country's Socio-demographic Index. Findings All-age total DALYs due to NCDs increased by 67·0% between 1990 (90·6 million [95% UI 81·0–101·9]) and 2017 (151·3 million [133·4–171·8]), reflecting an increase in the proportion of total DALYs attributable to NCDs (from 18·6% [95% UI 17·1–20·4] to 29·8% [27·6–32·0] of the total burden). Although most of this increase can be explained by population growth and ageing, the age-standardised DALY rate (per 100 000 population) due to NCDs in 2017 (21 757·7 DALYs [95% UI 19 377·1–24 380·7]) was almost equivalent to that of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (26 491·6 DALYs [25 165·2–28 129·8]). Cardiovascular diseases were the second leading cause of NCD burden in 2017, resulting in 22·9 million (21·5–24·3) DALYs (15·1% of the total NCD burden), after the group of disorders categorised as other NCDs (28·8 million [25·1–33·0] DALYs, 19·1%). These categories were followed by neoplasms, mental disorders, and digestive diseases. Although crude DALY rates for all NCDs have decreased slightly across sub-Saharan Africa, age-standardised rates are on the rise in some countries (particularly those in southern sub-Saharan Africa) and for some NCDs (such as diabetes and some cancers, including breast and prostate cancer). Interpretation NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa are posing an increasing challenge for health systems, which have to date largely focused on tackling infectious diseases and maternal, neonatal, and child deaths. To effectively address these changing needs, countries in sub-Saharan Africa require detailed epidemiological data on NCDs. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Centre (Australia).
Published: 2018

43. John William Powles obituary (1943-2018)

Author: Hebe N. Gouda and Carol Brayne
Subjects: Philosophy, Obituary, Theology
Published: 2019

44. The epidemiological transition in Papua New Guinea: new evidence from verbal autopsy studies

Author: Gouda, Hebe N, primary, Hazard, Riley H, additional, Maraga, Seri, additional, Flaxman, Abraham D, additional, Stewart, Andrea, additional, Joseph, Jonathan C, additional, Rarau, Patricia, additional, Wangnapi, Regina, additional, Poka, Harry, additional, Serina, Peter, additional, Phuanukoonnon, Suparat, additional, Pham, Bang N, additional, Vano, Miriam, additional, Lupiwa, Sebeya, additional, Sie, Albert, additional, Kave, Helen, additional, Lehmann, Deborah, additional, Siba, Peter, additional, Lopez, Alan D, additional, and Riley, Ian D, additional
Published: 2019
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45. Reporting of ethics in peer-reviewed verbal autopsy studies: a systematic review

Author: Neha Faruqui, Alex Martiniuk, Shilpa R. Nagarajan, Rasika Rampatige, Hebe N. Gouda, and Rohina Joshi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Interview, Epidemiology, 030231 tropical medicine, MEDLINE, Guidelines as Topic, World Health Organization, Ethics, Research, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cause of Death, medicine, Humans, Confidentiality, 030212 general & internal medicine, Psychiatry, Cause of death, business.industry, General Medicine, Institutional review board, Verbal autopsy, Research Design, Respondent, Autopsy, business
Abstract: Verbal autopsy (VA) is a method that determines the cause of death by interviewing a relative of the deceased about the events occurring before the death, in regions where medical certification of cause of death is incomplete. This paper aims to review the ethical standards reported in peer-reviewed VA studies. A systematic review of Medline and Ovid was conducted by two independent researchers. Data were extracted and analysed for articles based on three key areas: Institutional Review Board (IRB) clearance and consenting process; data collection and management procedures, including: time between death and interview; training and education of interviewer, confidentiality of data and data security; and declarations of funding and conflict of interest. The review identified 802 articles, of which 288 were included. The review found that 48% all the studies reported having IRB clearance or obtaining consent of participants. The interviewer training and education levels were reported in 62% and 21% of the articles, respectively. Confidentiality of data was reported for 14% of all studies, 18% did not report the type of respondent interviewed and 51% reported time between death and the interview for the VA. Data security was reported in 8% of all studies. Funding was declared in 63% of all studies and conflict of interest in 42%. Reporting of all these variables increased over time. The results of this systematic review show that although there has been an increase in ethical reporting for VA studies, there still remains a large gap in reporting.
Published: 2017

46. Universal Health Coverage and the Right to Health

Author: Devi Sridhar, Claudia Beiersmann, Gorik Ooms, Eric A. Friedman, Martin McKee, Peter S. Hill, Hebe N. Gouda, and Albrecht Jahn
Subjects: Sustainable development, Economic growth, Operationalization, Human Rights, Right to health, Health Policy, media_common.quotation_subject, Public administration, Covenant, Negotiation, Universal Health Insurance, Political science, Cultural rights, Humans, Obligation, Health policy, Quality Indicators, Health Care, media_common
Abstract: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is widely considered one of the key components for the post-2015 health goal. The idea of UHC is rooted in the right to health, set out in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Based on the Covenant and the General Comment of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, which is responsible for interpreting and monitoring the Covenant, we identify 6 key legal principles that should underpin UHC based on the right to health: minimum core obligation, progressive realization, cost-effectiveness, shared responsibility, participatory decision making, and prioritizing vulnerable or marginalized groups. Yet, although these principles are widely accepted, they are criticized for not being specific enough to operationalize as post-2015 indicators for reaching the target of UHC. In this article, we propose measurable and achievable indicators for UHC based on the right to health that can be used to inform the ongoing negotiations on Sustainable Development Goals. However, we identify 3 major challenges that face any exercise in setting indicators post-2015: data availability as an essential criterion, the universality of targets, and the adaptation of global goals to local populations.
Published: 2015

47. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Rob E. Dorrington, Belinda K Lloyd, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kovin Naidoo, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, R. Kumar, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Kazem Rahimi, Sanjay Basu, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Dipan Bose, Vivekanand Jha, Adansi A. Amankwaa, Kaire Innos, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Itamar S. Santos, Anwar Rafay, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Nana Kwaku Mainoo, Saleem M Rana, Wagner Marcenes, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Rana J. Asghar, Lela Sturua, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Corine Karema, Charles R. Newton, Uche S. Uchendu, Jongmin Lee, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Harish Chander Gugnani, Kaushalendra Kumar, Reza Assadi, Ibrahim Abubakar, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Timothy M. Wolock, Ronny Westerman, Samath D Dharmaratne, Katya Anne Shackelford, Anders Larsson, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Jixiang Ma, Lynne Gaffikin, Konstantin Kazanjan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Yichong Li, Felix Sayinzoga, Daniel Dicker, Philimon Gona, Maurice Giroud, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Lorenzo Monasta, Chantal Huynh, Abdullatif Husseini, Ted R. Miller, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Majed Asad, Uʇur Dilmen, Alaa Badawi, Hsien-Ho Lin, Haidong Kan, Vinod K. Paul, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, James Leigh, Xiao Nong Zou, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Valentina Arsić Arsenijević, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Murugesan Raju, Stephanie J. London, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Young-Ho Khang, Knud Juel, Mohsen Naghavi, Rasmus Havmoeller, Gelin Xu, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Norito Kawakami, Neil Pearce, Elisabeth Barboza França, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ketevan Goginashvili, Vegard Skirbekk, Neeraj Bedi, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Andrew H. Kemp, H. Dean Hosgood, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Konrad Pesudovs, Linhong Wang, Xiao Rong Wang, Alan D. Lopez, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Walter Mendoza, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Ivy Shiue, G Anil Kumar, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Jung-Chen Chang, Yousef Khader, Caitlyn Steiner, Selen Begüm Uzun, Luciano A. Sposato, Gabrielle deVeber, Raghib Ali, Andre Pascal Kengne, Chakib Nejjari, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Tania Georgina Sánchez Pimienta, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Hilda L Harb, Ali H. Mokdad, Edward J Mills, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Xiaohong Li, Luke Nyakarahuka, Diego De Leo, Rashmi Gupta, Robert G. Weintraub, Tim Driscoll, Sun Ha Jee, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Palwasha Anwari, Daniel Pope, Hassan Amini, Jae-Hyun Park, Saad B. Omer, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Juan Liang, Tara Templin, Arindam Basu, Farshad Farzadfar, Yang Yang, Xuan Che, Scott Weichenthal, Jeyaraj D Pandian, David L. Tirschwell, Adrian Davis, Hilton Lam, Feng Tan, Stephen S Lim, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Ratilal Lalloo, Yanping Wang, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Dhruv S. Kazi, Jose C. Adsuar, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Gene F. Kwan, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Costas A. Christophi, Theo Vos, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Jed D. Blore, Azmeraw T. Amare, Kyle R. Heuton, Walid Ammar, Louisa Degenhardt, Andrew Vallely, Guohong Jiang, Ricky Leung, Jasvinder A. Singh, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, A Artaman, Steven E. Lipshultz, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, John Q. Wong, Manami Inoue, Coen H. Van Gool, James D. Wilkinson, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Manuela Mendonca Felicio, Farshad Pourmalek, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Robert G. Nelson, Tom Achoki, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Christopher J L Murray, In-Hwan Oh, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Ulrich O Mueller, Austin E Schumacher, Edson Serván-Mori, Berrak Bora Basara, Simon I. Hay, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Kim Yun Jin, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Mall Leinsalu, Sergei Petrovich Ermakov, Marek Majdan, Ileana B. Heredia Pi, Christina Papachristou, Scott B. Patten, Rajeev Gupta, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Mustafa Z. Younis, Kenji Shibuya, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima, Andrea P. Silva, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Anand Dayama, Eiman Jahangir, Stefan Ma, Karen M. Tabb, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Mazin J. Al Kahbouri, Nadim E. Karam, Jun Zhu, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Dinorah González-Castell, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Aliya Naheed, Ryan M Barber, Salvador Villalpando, Yang Liu, Chanda Kulkarni, Vinay Nangia, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Rosario Cárdenas, Randah R. Hamadeh, Suzanne Polinder, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Max Petzold, Bryan L. Sykes, Ubai Alsharif, Chuanhua Yu, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Graeme J. Hankey, Mouhanad Hammami, Iuri da Costa Leite, Dickens Akena, Rintaro Mori, Alanur Çavlin, Maia Kereselidze, Jonathan de la Cruz Monis, Deena Alasfoor, Taavi Lai, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Cyrus Cooper, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Dan Poenaru, Veena S. Kulkarni, Naohiro Yonemoto, Elizabeth Glaser, Sergey Soshnikov, Ziad A. Memish, Paul N. Jensen, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Ana C. Garcia, Rakhi Dandona, Emilie Agardh, Katherine B Gibney, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado, Michelle L. Bell, David M. Pereira, Muluemebet Abera Wordofa, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Elena Alvarez, Stephen G. Waller, Ketevan Gambashidze, Eduardo Bernabé, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Hebe N. Gouda, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Zanfina Ademi, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Dima M. Qato, Luca Ronfani, Nobhojit Roy, Donald H. Silberberg, Monica S. Vavilala, Lydia S. Atkins, Hans W. Hoek, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Christopher C. Mapoma, Jost B. Jonas, Tolesa Bekele, Lalit Dandona, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Sumeet S. Chugh, Johan Ärnlöv, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Samia Alhabib, Massimo Cirillo, Soraya Seedat, Paul S. F. Yip, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Kebede Deribe, John Nelson Opio, Peter J. Allen, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Bach Xuan Tran, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Yingfeng Zheng, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Yong Zhao, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Bulat Idrisov, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Coggeshall, Megan S., Shackelford, Katya A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Heuton, Kyle R., Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Barber, Ryan, Huynh, Chantal, Dicker, Daniel, Templin, Tara, Wolock, Timothy M., Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C., Agardh, Emilie E., Akena, Dicken, Alasfoor, Deena, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J., Alla, Françoi, Allen, Peter J., Almazroa, Mohammad A., Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A., Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl A.T., Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asad, Majed Masoud, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Blore, Jed D., Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Breitborde, Nichola, Cárdenas, Rosario, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Chang, Jung-Chen, Che, Xuan, Christophi, Costas A., Chugh, Sumeet S., Cirillo, Massimo, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyru, Da Costa Leite, Iuri, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Degenhardt, Louisa, De Leo, Diego, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dilmen, Uʇur, Ding, Eric L., Dorrington, Rob E., Driscoll, Tim R., Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farzadfar, Farshad, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, De Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., França, Elisabeth B., Gaffikin, Lynne, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia, Ana C., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giroud, Maurice, Glaser, Elizabeth L., Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, González-Castell, Dinorah, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I., Pi, Ileana B. Heredia, Hoek, Hans W., Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Husseini, Abdullatif, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahangir, Eiman, Jee, Sun Ha, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B., Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kan, Haidong, Karam, Nadim E., Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B., Kwan, Gene, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Ander, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., London, Stephanie J., Lotufo, Paulo A., Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mainoo, Nana Kwaku, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, De La Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G., Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Omer, Saad B., Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Jae-Hyun, Paternina Caicedo, Angel J., Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Dan, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M., Refaat, Amany, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Pimienta, Tania Georgina Sánchez, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A., Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S., Sawhney, Monika, Sayinzoga, Felix, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schumacher, Austin, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Andrea P., Singh, Jasvinder A., Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tan, Feng, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Tirschwell, David L., Towbin, Jeffrey A., Tran, Bach X., Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J., Van Gool, Coen H., Vasankari, Tommi J., Vavilala, Monica S., Venketasubramanian, N., Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Xiao Rong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D., Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q., Wordofa, Muluemebet Abera, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C., Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D., Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J.L., Lozano, Rafael, Kassebaum, Nj, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Coggeshall, M, Shackelford, Ka, Steiner, C, Heuton, Kr, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Barber, R, Huynh, C, Dicker, D, Templin, T, Wolock, Tm, Ozgoren, Aa, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, Sf, Achoki, T, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Agardh, Ee, Akena, D, Alasfoor, D, Alemu, Za, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Al Kahbouri, Mj, Alla, F, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzmán, N, Amankwaa, Aa, Amare, At, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Arnlöv, J, Arsenijevic, V, Artaman, A, Asad, Mm, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, L, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Basu, A, Basu, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Bernabe, E, Beyene, Tj, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, A, Blore, J, Basara, Bb, Bose, D, Breitborde, N, Cárdenas, R, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Castro, Re, Catalá-López, F, Cavlin, A, Chang, Jc, Che, X, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, S, Cirillo, M, Colquhoun, Sm, Cooper, Lt, Cooper, C, da Costa Leite, I, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davis, A, Dayama, A, Degenhardt, L, De Leo, D, Del Pozo-Cruz, B, Deribe, K, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Dilmen, U, Ding, El, Dorrington, Re, Driscoll, Tr, Ermakov, Sp, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, Ej, Farzadfar, F, Felicio, Mm, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, de Lima, Gm, Forouzanfar, Mh, França, Eb, Gaffikin, L, Gambashidze, K, Gankpé, Fg, Garcia, Ac, Geleijnse, Jm, Gibney, Kb, Giroud, M, Glaser, El, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, González-Castell, D, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Gugnani, Hc, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, Rr, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Pi, Ib, Hoek, Hw, Hosgood, Hd, Hoy, Dg, Husseini, A, Idrisov, Bt, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jahangir, E, Jee, Sh, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Juel, K, Kabagambe, Ek, Kan, H, Karam, Ne, Karch, A, Karema, Ck, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, D, Kemp, Ag, Kengne, Ap, Kereselidze, M, Khader, Y, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khang, Yh, Knibbs, L, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Defo, Bk, Kulkarni, C, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, K, Kumar, Rb, Kwan, G, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lansingh, Vc, Larsson, A, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, Leung, R, 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Zaki, M, Zhao, Y, Zheng, Y, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Zou, Xn, Lopez, Ad, Naghavi, M, Murray, Cj, Lozano, R, Cell biology, Epidemiology, Public Health, Erasmus MC other, Cardiothoracic Surgery, and Pathology
Subjects: Pediatrics, Time Factors, Nutrition and Disease, hiv-infection, immunodeficiency virus-1 infection, peripartum cardiomyopathy, Poison control, HIV Infections, IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 INFECTION, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, 0302 clinical medicine, PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY, pregnancy-related mortality, Risk Factors, Pregnancy, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, 10. No inequality, Cause of death, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, south-africa, Medicine (all), 1. No poverty, WOMEN, PREGNANCY-RELATED MORTALITY, health initiatives, General Medicine, SOUTH-AFRICA, 3. Good health, Maternal Mortality, World Health, CHILD SURVIVAL, Female, Maternal death, women, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factor, DEATHS, child survival, Article, adult mortality, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, HEALTH INITIATIVES, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, HIV-INFECTION, ADULT MORTALITY, Injury prevention, medicine, Organizational Objectives, Organizational Objective, Humans, VLAG, Models, Statistical, business.industry, Risk Factor, medicine.disease, deaths, Standardized mortality ratio, Socioeconomic Factors, Relative risk, Pregnancy Complications, Infectiou, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery.METHODS: We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values.FINDINGS: 292,982 (95% UI 261,017-327,792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376,034 (343,483-407,574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland.INTERPRETATION: Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

48. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Kiran Thapa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Azeem Majeed, Hjalte Holm Andersen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Alireza Mohammadi, John J. McGrath, Konstantin Kazanjan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Jennifer O Lam, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Lalit Dandona, Felix Masiye, Joseph R Fitchett, Derrick A Bennett, Rosana E. Norman, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Rahman Shiri, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Charles R. Newton, Kelly Cercy, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Michael R. Phillips, Samath D Dharmaratne, Reed J D Sorensen, Roderick J. Hay, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Alexandra Brazinova, Nancy Fullman, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Liliana G Ciobanu, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Luigi Naldi, Rana Jawad Asghar, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Corine Karema, Biju Abraham, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Philimon Gona, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Alexandria Brown, Kovin Naidoo, Suleman Atique, Yun Jin Kim, Benn Sartorius, Hwashin Hyun Shin, George Mugambage Ruhago, Adugnaw Berhane, Tesfaye Tekle, Abdur Rahman Khan, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Héctor Gómez-Dantés, Jun She, Ted R. Miller, Tolesa Bekele, Yohannes Kinfu, Srinivas Murthy, Alaa Badawi, Mahfuzar Rahman, Raghib Ali, Robert G. Weintraub, Nicholas Steel, Khalid A Altirkawi, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Adrian Davis, Usha Ram, Nobuyuki Horita, Qingyang Xiao, Bishal Gyawali, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Eun-Kee Park, Subas Neupane, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Lorenzo Monasta, Roman Topor-Madry, Marc-Alain Widdowson, James Leigh, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Stephen M. Amrock, Stefan Ma, Virendra Singh, Amir Kasaeian, Mahdi Mahdavi, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Jean B. Nachega, Hamid Asayesh, Pratik Pinal Doshi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Peter J. Hotez, Ying Jiang, Girma Temam Shifa, Warren D. Lo, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Joan B. Soriano, Ritul Kamal, Young-Ho Khang, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Daniel C Casey, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Demewoz Haile, Tomi Akinyemiju, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Rajeev Gupta, Rosario Cárdenas, Peter W. Gething, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Ferrán Catalá-López, Anders Larsson, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Bach Xuan Tran, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Jasvinder A. Singh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Shafiu Mohammed, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Belinda K Lloyd, Samir Bhatt, Geoffrey Buckle, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Robert W Aldridge, Luca Ronfani, Raj Kumar Verma, Jagdish Khubchandani, Irma Khonelidze, Ai Koyanagi, Teshome Gebre, Michael Kutz, Om Prakash Singh, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Margaret Lind, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Tom Achoki, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Henock Yebyo, Mehdi Yaseri, Max Petzold, Sungho Won, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Yingfeng Zheng, Soewarta Kosen, Aleksandra Barac, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Yuichiro Yano, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Simon I. Hay, Luke D. Knibbs, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Daniel Kim, Ulrich O Mueller, Khurshid Alam, Andrew H. Kemp, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Ibrahim A Khalil, João Mário Pedro, Atsushi Goto, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Scott B. Patten, Nicola Low, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Heidi J. Larson, Worku Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Donal Bisanzio, Hilda L Harb, Meghan D. Mooney, John N Newton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Marcella Montico, Mojde Mirarefin, Vinay Nangia, Edgar P. Simard, Ben Schöttker, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Alexis J Handal, Saleem M Rana, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Iqbal R. F. 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Sykes, Juan Sanabria, Ronny Westerman, Julian David Pillay, Cassandra Szoeke, Umar Bacha, Edward J Mills, Manisha Dubey, Aliya Naheed, Al Artaman, Jiabin Shen, Michael Burch, Reza Malekzadeh, Hans W. Hoek, David C. Schwebel, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Arnav Agarwal, Soumya Swaminathan, Quyen Nguyen, Hye-Youn Park, Peter Nguhiu, Bereket Yakob, Patrick Liu, Elisabeth Barboza França, Tigist Assefa Bayou, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Farzadfar, Tariku Jibat, Jost B. Jonas, Kaja Abbas, Thomas Truelsen, Maryam S. Farvid, Louisa Degenhardt, George A. Mensah, Till Bärnighausen, Ivy Shuie, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Amitava Banerjee, Zubair Kabir, Ingrid Wolfe, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete, Preet K Dhillon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Gagandeep Kang, Aminu K. Bello, Bineyam Taye, Mohsen Naghavi, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, M. Patrice Lindsay, Sergey K Vladimirov, Tesfaye Setegn, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Eric L. 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Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Birlik, Sait Mente, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C De, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murphy, Georgina A V, Murthy, Sriniva, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Pediatrics, Nutrition and Disease, Global Health, Communicable Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Voeding en Ziekte, Infant Mortality, Compensation law of mortality, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, 10. No inequality, Medicine(all), NEWBORN BABIES, Medicine (all), Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Stillbirth, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, SURVIVAL, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, DEVELOPMENT GOAL 4, Human, INTERVENTIONS, medicine.medical_specialty, RJ, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, neonatal, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, 030225 pediatrics, General & Internal Medicine, Life Science, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, VLAG, Estimation, Science & Technology, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Infant, GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators, Infant mortality, Malaria, Child mortality, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Life expectancy, Clinical Medicine, RG, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. METHODS: Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7-6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7-53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3-43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6-2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1-57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6-3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. INTERPRETATION: Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Erratum: Department of Error, The Lancet,Volume 389, Issue 10064, 2017, Page e1. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32608-3
Published: 2016

49. Monitoring and evaluation of disaster response efforts undertaken by local health departments: a rapid realist review

Author: Eliana Jimenez Soto, Sonja Firth, Willibald Zeck, Kate Gossip, Yong Yi Lee, Raoul Bermejo, and Hebe N. Gouda
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Health departments, Poison control, Disaster Planning, Health informatics, Health administration, Disasters, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nursing, Rescue Work, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Monitoring and evaluation, Disaster response, Local Government, Emergency management, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Health Policy, Public health, Nursing research, Australia, lcsh:RA1-1270, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Lessons learned, Public relations, Quality Improvement, Leadership, Rapid realist review, business, Public Health Administration, Research Article, Health department
Abstract: Background Local health departments are often at the forefront of a disaster response, attending to the immediate trauma inflicted by the disaster and also the long term health consequences. As the frequency and severity of disasters are projected to rise, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) efforts are critical to help local health departments consolidate past experiences and improve future response efforts. Local health departments often conduct M&E work post disaster, however, many of these efforts fail to improve response procedures. Methods We undertook a rapid realist review (RRR) to examine why M&E efforts undertaken by local health departments do not always result in improved disaster response efforts. We aimed to complement existing frameworks by focusing on the most basic and pragmatic steps of a M&E cycle targeted towards continuous system improvements. For these purposes, we developed a theoretical framework that draws on the quality improvement literature to ‘frame’ the steps in the M&E cycle. This framework encompassed a M&E cycle involving three stages (i.e., document and assess, disseminate and implement) that must be sequentially completed to learn from past experiences and improve future disaster response efforts. We used this framework to guide our examination of the literature and to identify any context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations which describe how M&E may be constrained or enabled at each stage of the M&E cycle. Results This RRR found a number of explanatory CMO configurations that provide valuable insights into some of the considerations that should be made when using M&E to improve future disaster response efforts. Firstly, to support the accurate documentation and assessment of a disaster response, local health departments should consider how they can: establish a culture of learning within health departments; use embedded training methods; or facilitate external partnerships. Secondly, to enhance the widespread dissemination of lessons learned and facilitate inter-agency learning, evaluation reports should use standardised formats and terminology. Lastly, to increase commitment to improvement processes, local health department leaders should possess positive leadership attributes and encourage shared decision making. Conclusion This study is among the first to conduct a synthesis of the CMO configurations which facilitate or hinder M&E efforts aimed at improving future disaster responses. It makes a significant contribution to the disaster literature and provides an evidence base that can be used to provide pragmatic guidance for improving M&E efforts of local health departments. Trial registration PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015023526 .
Published: 2017

50. Prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors in three sites across Papua New Guinea: a cross-sectional study

Author: Gwendalyn Vengiau, Suparat Phuanukoonon, Ian Riley, Ayako Morita, Geoffrey C. Marks, Isi H Kevau, Barbara McPake, Robert Scragg, Masahiro Umezaki, Chris Bullen, Justin Pulford, Patricia Rarau, Hebe N. Gouda, and Brian Oldenburg
Subjects: Cross-sectional study, Population, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Prehypertension, 03 medical and health sciences, Papua New Guinea, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, Environmental health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Non-communicable diseases, Risk factor, education, Original Research, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Non-communicable disease, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Obesity, Risk factors, Rural area, business
Abstract: Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a culturally, environmentally and ethnically diverse country of 7.3 million people experiencing rapid economic development and social change. Such development is typically associated with an increase in non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. Aim To establish the prevalence of NCD risk factors in three different regions across PNG in order to guide appropriate prevention and control measures. Methods A cross-sectional survey was undertaken with randomly selected adults (15–65 years), stratified by age and sex recruited from the general population of integrated Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites in West Hiri (periurban), Asaro (rural highland) and Karkar Island (rural island), PNG. A modified WHO STEPS risk factor survey was administered along with anthropometric and biochemical measures on study participants. Results The prevalence of NCD risk factors was markedly different across the three sites. For example, the prevalences of current alcohol consumption at 43% (95% CI 35 to 52), stress at 46% (95% CI 40 to 52), obesity at 22% (95% CI 18 to 28), hypertension at 22% (95% CI 17 to 28), elevated levels of cholesterol at 24% (95% CI 19 to 29) and haemoglobin A1c at 34% (95% CI 29 to 41) were highest in West Hiri relative to the rural areas. However, central obesity at 90% (95% CI 86 to 93) and prehypertension at 55% (95% CI 42 to 62) were most common in Asaro whereas prevalences of smoking, physical inactivity and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels at 52% (95% CI 45 to 59), 34% (95% CI 26 to 42) and 62% (95% CI 56 to 68), respectively, were highest in Karkar Island. Conclusion Adult residents in the three different communities are at high risk of developing NCDs, especially the West Hiri periurban population. There is an urgent need for appropriate multisectoral preventive interventions and improved health services. Improved monitoring and control of NCD risk factors is also needed in all regions across PNG.
Published: 2017

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