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1. Validation of a brief version of the Social Provisions Scale using Canadian national survey data

Author

Heather M. Orpana, Justin J. Lang, and Kim Yurkowski

Subjects
social support, surveys, measurement, factor analysis, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Introduction: The 10-item Social Provisions Scale (SPS-10) has been implemented to measure social support in a number of national surveys in Canada. The objective of this study was to reduce the SPS-10 to a brief, five-item scale (SPS-5), while maintaining adequate measurement properties. Methods: Data from individuals aged 18 years and older who responded to the Social Provisions Scale module in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2012 Mental Health Focus cycle (CCHS 2012 MH) and the Canadian Community Health Survey 2017 Annual cycle (CCHS 2017) were analyzed. We used exploratory factor analysis and item-to-total correlations from the CCHS 2012 MH data to choose items. A correlation analysis between the SPS-5, SPS-10 and related positive mental health (PMH) constructs were used to assess the criterion-related validity of the SPS-5 compared to the SPS-10. A confirmatory factor analysis using data from the CCHS 2017 was conducted to confirm the factor structure of the SPS‑5. Results: The SPS-5 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88) and similar correlations as the SPS-10 with related PMH constructs. The SPS-5 and SPS-10 were also very highly correlated (r = 0.97). The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that a single factor model of the SPS-5 fit the data well. The SPS-5 and SPS-10 yield similar estimates of high social support, of 92.7 and 91.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The new SPS-5 demonstrated adequate measurement properties, and functioned in a similar manner to the SPS-10, supporting a reduced version of the Scale. The SPS-5 is a feasible and valid alternative to the SPS-10 that could be used to reduce respondent burden on national health surveys.

Published
2019
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2. Validation d’une version réduite de l’Échelle de provisions sociales au moyen de données d’enquêtes nationales canadiennes

Author

Heather M. Orpana, Justin J. Lang, and Kim Yurkowski

Subjects
soutien social, enquêtes, mesure, analyse factorielle, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Introduction : L’Échelle de provisions sociales à 10 items (SPS-10) a été mise en oeuvre dans un certain nombre d’enquêtes nationales canadiennes pour évaluer le soutien social. L’objectif de notre étude était de réduire l’échelle SPS-10 à une échelle à 5 items (SPS-5) tout en conservant des propriétés de mesure adéquates. Méthodologie : Nous avons analysé les données fournies par les personnes de 18 ans et plus ayant répondu aux questions du module utilisant l’Échelle de provisions sociales dans le cadre du cycle thématique sur la santé mentale de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2012 (ESCC-SM 2012) et du cycle annuel de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2017 (ESCC 2017). Pour choisir les items, nous avons effectué une analyse factorielle exploratoire et une corrélation item-total sur les données du cycle SM ESCC 2012. Nous avons utilisé une analyse de corrélation entre l’échelle SPS-5, l’échelle SPS-10 et les construits de santé mentale positive (SMP) correspondants pour évaluer la validité critérielle de l’échelle SPS-5 par rapport à l’échelle SPS-10. Nous avons effectué une analyse factorielle confirmatoire à partir des données du cycle ESCC 2017 afin de confirmer la structure des facteurs de l’échelle SPS‑5. Résultats : L’échelle SPS-5 présente une cohérence interne élevée (indice alpha de Cronbach de 0,88) et des corrélations avec les construits de SMP correspondants semblables à celles de l’échelle SPS-10. Les échelles SPS-5 et SPS-10 se sont aussi avérées très fortement corrélées (r = 0,97). L’analyse factorielle confirmatoire indique que le modèle à un seul facteur par provision, c’est-à-dire la SPS-5, est bien ajusté aux données. Les échelles SPS-5 et SPS-10 produisent des estimations similaires d’un soutien social élevé, de respectivement 92,7 et 91,5 %. Conclusion : La nouvelle échelle SPS-5 offre des propriétés de mesure adéquates et fonctionne de façon semblable à l’échelle SPS-10, étayant l’utilisation de cette version réduite. Elle constitue une solution de remplacement valide et utilisable de l’échelle SPS-10, ce qui pourrait alléger la tâche des participants aux enquêtes nationales sur la santé.

Published
2019
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3. Canadian trends in opioid-related mortality and disability from opioid use disorder from 1990 to 2014 through the lens of the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author

Heather M. Orpana, Justin J. Lang, Maulik Baxi, Jessica Halverson, Nicole Kozloff, Leah Cahill, Samiah Alam, Scott Patten, and Howard Morrison

Subjects
opioids, substance use, health burden, DALY, dependence, mortality, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years, death, years lived with disability, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Introduction: Several regions in Canada have recently experienced sharp increases in opioid overdoses and related hospitalizations and deaths. This paper describes opioid-related mortality and disability from opioid use disorder in Canada from 1990 to 2014 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methods: We used data from the GBD study to describe temporal trends (1990–2014) in opioid-related mortality and disability from opioid use disorder using common metrics: disability-adjusted life years (DALY), deaths, years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). We also compared age-standardized YLL and DALY rates per 100 000 population between Canada, the USA and other regions. Results: The age-standardized opioid-related DALY rate in Canada was 355.5 per 100 000 population in 2014, which was higher than the global rate of 193.2, but lower than the rate of 767.9 in the United States. Between 1990 and 2014, the age-standardized opioid-related YLL rate in Canada increased by 142.2%, while globally this rate decreased by 10.1%. In comparison with YLL, YLD accounted for a larger proportion of the overall opioid-related burden across all age groups. Health loss was greater for males than females, and highest among those aged 25 to 29 years. Conclusion: The health burden associated with opioid-related mortality and disability from opioid use disorder in Canada is significant and has increased dramatically from 1990 to 2014. These data point to a need for public health action including enhanced monitoring of a range of opioid-related harms.

Published
2018
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4. Tendances canadiennes en matière de mortalité liée aux opioïdes et d’invalidité découlant d’un trouble de consommation d’opioïdes, à la lumière de l’Étude sur la charge mondiale de morbidité (1990-2014)

Author

Heather M. Orpana, Justin J. Lang, Maulik Baxi, Jessica Halverson, Nicole Kozloff, Leah Cahill, Samiah Alam, Scott Patten, and Howard Morrison

Subjects
opioïdes, consommation de substances, fardeau sur la santé, AVAI, dépendance, mortalité, années de vie perdues, années de vie ajustées du facteur invalidité, décès, années vécues avec invalidité, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Introduction. Plusieurs régions du Canada ont récemment connu de brusques hausses de surdoses d’opioïdes ainsi que des hospitalisations et des décès connexes. Cet article traite de la mortalité liée aux opioïdes et de l'invalidité découlant d'un trouble de consommation d’opioïdes au Canada entre 1990 et 2014, à la lumière des données de l’Étude sur la charge mondiale de morbidité (ÉCMM). Méthodologie. Nous avons utilisé les données de l’ÉCMM pour décrire l'évolution (1990 à 2014) en matière de mortalité liée aux opioïdes et d’invalidité découlant d’un trouble de consommation d’opioïdes en calculant les années de vie ajustées du facteur invalidité (AVAI), les décès, les années de vie perdues (AVP) et les années vécues avec invalidité (AVI). Nous avons également comparé les taux d’AVP et d’AVAI pour 100 000 au Canada, aux États-Unis et dans d'autres régions. Résultats. Le taux normalisé selon l’âge d’AVAI lié aux opioïdes au Canada était de 355,5 par 100 000 en 2014, soit un taux supérieur au taux mondial de 193,2 mais inférieur au taux de 767,9 aux États-Unis. Entre 1990 et 2014, le taux normalisé selon l’âge d’AVP attribuables aux opioïdes a augmenté de 142,2 % au Canada alors qu’il a diminué de 10,1 % à l’échelle mondiale. Les AVI ont contribué à une plus grande proportion du fardeau global lié aux opioïdes que les AVP, et ce, dans tous les groupes d’âge. La perte de santé a été plus importante chez les hommes que chez les femmes, et particulièrement marquée chez les 25 à 29 ans. Conclusion. Le fardeau sur la santé dû à la mortalité liée aux opioïdes et à l’invalidité découlant d’un trouble de consommation d’opioïdes au Canada est important et s’est considérablement alourdi entre 1990 et 2014. Ces données révèlent la nécessité d’agir en santé publique, notamment par le renforcement de la surveillance des divers méfaits liés aux opioïdes.

Published
2018
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5. Changes over time in means of suicide in Canada: an analysis of mortality data from 1981 to 2018

Author

Li Liu, Heather M. Orpana, Mark S. Kaplan, Lil Tonmyr, and Colin A. Capaldi

Subjects
Adult, Male, Canada, Joinpoint regression, Adolescent, Suicide mortality rate, Suicide prevention, Asphyxia, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, 0302 clinical medicine, Suicide, Completed, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sex Distribution, Child, Aged, business.industry, Research, Poisoning, Mortality rate, Correction, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 030227 psychiatry, Vital Statistics, Mental Health, Mortality data, Regression Analysis, Female, Wounds, Gunshot, business, Demography
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Ongoing surveillance of the means of suicide is necessary for effective prevention. We examined how mortality rates owing to different means of suicide changed in Canada from 1981 to 2018. METHODS: We obtained data from 1981 to 2018 on suicide deaths of individuals aged 10 years and older, from the Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database. We used joinpoint regression analysis to examine changes over time in the suicide mortality rate for the 3 most common means of suicide. RESULTS: The age-standardized suicide mortality rate declined in earlier decades for both sexes, but did not significantly change in recent decades for either sex. The age-standardized rate of suicide by suffocation increased from 1993 for females (2.1% per year) and from 1996 for males (0.4% per year). The age-standardized rate of suicide by poisoning decreased for females (2.2% per year) and males (2.1% per year) from 1981 to 2018. The age-standardized rate of suicide by firearm decreased from 1981 to 2008 (7.4% per year) but did not significantly change there-after for females; for males, it decreased 2.1% per year from 1981 to 1993 and 5.7% per year from 1993 to 2007, but did not significantly change thereafter. INTERPRETATION: For both sexes, the rate of suicide by poisoning is decreasing, the rate of suicide by suffocation is increasing, and the rate of suicide by firearm has not significantly changed in the last decade. Given the high proportion of suicide deaths by suffocation, its increasing rate and the difficulty of restricting the means of suffocation, other approaches to suicide prevention are needed.

Published
2021
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6. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Gregory A Roth, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mina G Adib, Amha Admasie, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Animut Alebel, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Leopold N Aminde, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Monika Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Peter S Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Umar Bacha, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Katherine E Ballesteros, Maciej Banach, Kajori Banerjee, Marlena S Bannick, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Miguel A Barboza, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lope H Barrero, Quique Bassat, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T Baune, Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Ezra Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle L Bell, Aminu K Bello, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adam E Berman, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Ashish Bhalla, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Molly H Biehl, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Ver Bilano, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Brigette F Blacker, Berrak Bora Basara, Rohan Borschmann, Cristina Bosetti, Kayvan Bozorgmehr, Oliver J Brady, Luisa C Brant, Carol Brayne, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Gabrielle Britton, Traolach Brugha, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Charlton S K H Callender, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Chris D Castle, Clara Castro, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Jung-Chen Chang, Fiona J Charlson, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Flavia M Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Aaron J Cohen, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Benjamin C Cowie, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, John A Crump, Matthew Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul I Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José Das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Adrian C Davis, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De La Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa Degenhardt, Tizta T Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Betsu Demtsu, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C Des Jarlais, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath D Dharmaratne, Daniel Dicker, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Eric L Ding, M Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Klara Dokova, David Teye Doku, Christl A Donnelly, E Ray Dorsey, Pratik P Doshi, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Kerrie E Doyle, Tim R Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce B Duncan, Andre R Duraes, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Matthias Endres, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Carla Sofia E sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Maryam S Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Valery L Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Joao C Fernandes, Alize J Ferrari, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Christina Fitzmaurice, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Carla Fornari, Tahvi D Frank, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M Furtado, Neal D Futran, Silvano Gallus, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Miguel A Garcia-Gordillo, William M Gardner, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Bereket Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Johanna M Geleijnse, Ricard Genova-Maleras, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Peter W Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Mamata Ghimire, Katherine B Gibney, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K Gill, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Maurice Giroud, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Ellen M Goldberg, Srinivas Goli, Hector Gómez-Dantés, Philimon N Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Taren M Gorman, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra C Goulart, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Ayman Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander Gugnani, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes, Yuming Guo, Prakash C Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Tekleberhan B Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Graeme J Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Roderick J Hay, Simon I Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Mohsen Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans W Hoek, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, H Dean Hosgood, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Thomas Hsiao, Guoqing Hu, John J Huang, Abdullatif Husseini, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Susan Hutfless, Bulat Idrisov, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Nazrul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir Kumar Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Moti Tolera Jalu, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Kathy J Jenkins, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, Catherine O Johnson, Sarah C Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kaul, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Dhruv Satish Kazi, Adane Teshome Kefale, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mona M Khater, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Getiye D Kibret, Zelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam, Daniel N Kiirithio, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Mika Kivimäki, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Michael J Kutz, Igor Kuzin, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Deepesh P Lad, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Jennifer O Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C Lansingh, Sonia Lansky, Heidi J Larson, Arman Latifi, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Georgy Lebedev, Paul H Lee, James Leigh, Mostafa Leili, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Shanshan Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Chris Lonsdale, Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevicius, Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T Mackay, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Emilie R Maddison, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P Maghavani, Marek Majdan, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Ana-Laura Manda, Luiz Garcia Mandarano-Filho, Helena Manguerra, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Laurie Marczak, Ashley Marks, Guy B Marks, Gabriel Martinez, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, Winfried März, Melvin B Marzan, Joseph R Masci, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Prashant Mathur, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Brian J McMahon, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Tefera C Mekonnen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka I Millear, Ted R Miller, Molly Katherine Miller-Petrie, G K Mini, Parvaneh Mirabi, Mojde Mirarefin, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Habtamu Mitiku, Babak Moazen, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mohammed A Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Viswanathan Mohan, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Joana Morgado-Da-Costa, Shane Douglas Morrison, Marilita M Moschos, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Kate Muller, John Everett Mumford, Jonah Musa, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Jean B Nachega, Gabriele Nagel, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Sanjeev Nair, Farid Najafi, Luigi Naldi, Hae Sung Nam, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Nahid Neamati, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles R J Newton, Frida N Ngalesoni, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Anh Quynh Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Ha Thu Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Molly R Nixon, Nomonde Nolutshungu, Shuhei Nomura, Ole F Norheim, Mehdi Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Peter S Nyasulu, Christopher M Odell, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T Olagunju, Pedro R Olivares, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kanyin L Ong, Sok King Sk Ong, Eyal Oren, Heather M Orpana, Alberto Ortiz, Justin R Ortiz, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Simon Øverland, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Raziye Özdemir, Mahesh P A, Rosana Pacella, Smita Pakhale, Abhijit P Pakhare, Amir H Pakpour, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Andrea Parisi, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Hadi Parsian, Shanti Patel, Sanghamitra Pati, George C Patton, Vishnupriya Rao Paturi, Katherine R Paulson, Alexandre Pereira, David M Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Michael R Phillips, Frédéric B Piel, David M Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Farhad Pishgar, Suzanne Polinder, Maarten J Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Ashwini Pujar, Swayam Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Caroline A Purcell, Mostafa Qorbani, Hedley Quintana, D Alex Quistberg, Kirankumar Waman Rade, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Kazem Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Prabhat Ranjan, Puja C Rao, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Christian Razo-García, K Srinath Reddy, Robert C Reiner, Marissa B Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Shahab Rezaeian, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Kedir Teji Roba, Nicholas L S Roberts, Stephen R Robinson, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Perminder S Sachdev, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Hosein Safari, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Nasir Salam, Joseph S Salama, Payman Salamati, Raphael De Freitas Saldanha, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi, Sundeep Santosh Salvi, Inbal Salz, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Itamar S Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Mehdi Sayyah, Elke Schaeffner, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G Scott, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Katya Anne Shackelford, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Mehdi Shahbazi, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammadbagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Peilin Shi, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Ivy Shiue, Farhad Shokraneh, Mark G Shrime, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Donald H Silberberg, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Natacha Torres Da Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Karen Sliwa, Mari Smith, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Eugène Sobngwi, Samir S Soneji, Moslem Soofi, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Luciano A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Vladimir I Starodubov, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Dan J Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Leo G Stewart, Mark A Stokes, Michelle L Subart, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L Sykes, P N Sylaja, Dillon O Sylte, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Nikhil Tandon, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Nuno Taveira, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Belay Tessema, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Amanda G Thrift, George D Thurston, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G To, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna E Torre, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Suryakant Tripathi, Christopher E Troeger, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Nu Thi Truong, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Derrick Tsoi, Lorainne Tudor Car, E Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley N Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Eduardo A Undurraga, Rachel L Updike, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A Uthman, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Gaurang Vaidya, Pascual R Valdez, Elena Varavikova, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Santos Villafaina, Francesco S Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Gregory R Wagner, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Judd L Walson, Yanping Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Molla Mesele Wassie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, T Eoin West, Ronny Westerman, Harvey A Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Lauren B Wilner, Shadrach Wilson, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D A Wolfe, Shouling Wu, Yun-Chun Wu, Grant M A Wyper, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Simon Yadgir, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Bereket Yakob, Lijing L Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Gökalp Kadri Yentür, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M Yimer, Paul Yip, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Gerald Yonga, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Anthony Lin Zhang, Kai Zhang, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Liesl Joanna Zuhlke, Mohsen Naghavi, and Christopher J L Murray., Rubagotti, Enrico, Abay, Solomon M., Roth, Gregory, Abd Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abbastabar, Hedayat, and Abbasi, Nooshin

Subjects
Overview, Disease, Territory, Causes of death, humanities
Abstract

Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. The Lancet Publishing Group

Published
2019

7. Global Burden of Disease Study trends for Canada from 1990 to 2016

Author

Carolyn C. Gotay, Aaron M. Drucker, Nicole Kozloff, Kedar K.V. Mate, Scott B. Patten, Heather M. Orpana, Justin J. Lang, Samiah Alam, Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda, and Leah E. Cahill

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Population ageing, Canada, business.industry, Research, Population, Poison control, General Medicine, Population health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Years of potential life lost, Life Expectancy, Injury prevention, Life expectancy, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, education, Demography
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study represents a large and systematic effort to describe the burden of diseases and injuries over the past 3 decades. We aimed to summarize the Canadian data on burden of diseases and injuries. METHODS: We summarized data from the 2016 iteration of the Global Burden of Disease Study to provide current (2016) and historical estimates for all-cause and cause-specific diseases and injuries using mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life years in Canada. We also compared changes in life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy between Canada and 21 countries with a high sociodemographic index. RESULTS: In 2016, leading causes of all-age disability-adjusted life years were neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and mental and substance use disorders, which together accounted for about 56% of disability-adjusted life years. Between 2006 and 2016, the rate of all-cause age-standardized years of life lost declined by 12%, while the rate of all-cause age-standardized years lived with disability remained relatively stable (+1%), and the rate of all-cause age-standardized disability-adjusted life year declined by 5%. In 2016, Canada aligned with countries that have a similar high sociodemographic index in terms of life expectancy (82 yr) and health-adjusted life expectancy (71 yr). INTERPRETATION: The patterns of mortality and morbidity in Canada reflect an aging population and improving patterns of population health. If current trends continue, Canada will continue to face challenges of increasing population morbidity and disability alongside decreasing premature mortality.

Published
2018

8. The natural history of health-related quality of life: a 10-year cohort study

Author

Heather M, Orpana, Nancy, Ross, David, Feeny, Bentson, McFarland, Julie, Bernier, and Mark, Kaplan

Subjects
Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Aging, Canada, Health Status, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Residence Characteristics, Quality of Life, Humans, Female, Sex Distribution, Aged
Abstract

Taking account of the impacts of institutionalization and death, this study describes the normative trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in Canada as individuals age from mid-to late life.A nationally representative sample of 7,915 community-dwelling adults aged 40 and older in 1994/1995 was studied using 10 years of data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey. Growth curve models of HRQL over age were fitted to describe the evolution of HRQL. Successive models were tested, first including only those living in a household throughout the entire period, then adding those who moved to an institution, and finally, including those who had died.HRQL remained generally stable until approximately age 70, when it began to decline. Excluding individuals when they were institutionalized, or ignoring the impact of death resulted in overly optimistic trajectories of HRQL in later years.These results demonstrate the importance of following individuals into institutions and accounting for death in the production of realistic health estimates in aging populations.

Published
2009

9. Income and psychological distress: the role of the social environment

Author

Heather M, Orpana, Louise, Lemyre, and Ronald, Gravel

Subjects
Adult, Male, Canada, Adolescent, Incidence, Health Status Disparities, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Young Adult, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk Factors, Income, Humans, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Stress, Psychological, Aged, Proportional Hazards Models
Abstract

This article examines the relationship between lower income and the risk of experiencing high psychological distress over twelve years.Data from the first 12 years of the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (1994/1995 through 2006/2007) were analysed. Proportional hazards modelling was conducted to determine whether lower household income was associated with a greater risk of experiencing high distress, when adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline health status. It was also used to examine the relationship between reporting a stressor and experiencing a subsequent episode of distress.Overall, 11% of the initial sample experienced at least one episode of high distress during the 12 years of the study. Low-income respondents were at a significantly higher risk of becoming psychologically distressed, and many of the stressors were associated with a significantly higher risk of becoming distressed. Stressors accounted for 22% of the relationship between low income and distress for men, and more than a third of this relationship for women.Low income is an important risk factor for becoming psychologically distressed, and stressors account for part of this increased risk.

Published
2009

10. Using the national population health survey to identify factors associated with patterns of psychological distress over 10 years

Author

Heather M, Orpana

Subjects
Data Matters
Abstract

To use longitudinal data to group individuals based on their pattern of episodes of high distress, and to identify the socio-demographic correlates of these groups as well as their healthcare utilization.The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) was used to study 15,254 individuals over a period of 10 years from 1994/95 to 2004/05. We examined the socio-demographic correlates and healthcare utilization of different distress pattern groups.Significant differences between the no distress, single and multiple distress episode groups were observed on both socio-demographic characteristics and healthcare utilization.Data about the same individuals over time provide better information than data collected at a single point in time. This information can be used to improve planning and provision of mental healthcare services.

Published
2009

11. Trends in weight change among Canadian adults

Author

Heather M, Orpana, Mark S, Tremblay, and Philippe, Finès

Subjects
Adult, Male, Canada, Adolescent, Body Weight, Weight Loss, Humans, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Weight Gain, Health Surveys, Body Mass Index
Abstract

Longitudinal analyses were used to examine the rate of change of self-reported weight among adults over two-year intervals from 1996/1997 to 2004/2005, and to determine if the pace at which Canadians' weight is changing has slowed down or accelerated. Associations between weight change and sex, age group and body mass index (BMI) category arealsoexamined.The data are from the 1996/1997 through 2004/2005 National Population Health Survey.Average weight changes over two-year intervals were calculated by sex, age group and BMI category. Linear regression was used to determine if the rate of weight change was stable, increased or decreased over time.From 1996/1997 to 2004/2005, Canadian adults gained, on average, 0.5 to 1 kg per two-year period. Although people aged 18 to 64 continued to gain weight, the amount gained decreased significantly in the most recent interval, 2002/2003 to 2004/2005. This downturn is due, in part, to a significant decrease in the proportion of men gaining weight during that period. However, among people who gained weight, the amount gained in two years increased over the entire eight-year period.

Published
2007

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