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The AlN thin-film ultrasonic transducers were deposited by reactive RF magnetron sputtering technique. The effects of deposition parameters: target-substrate distance, argon-nitrogen flow ratio, deposition time, substrate temperature and radial distance from the deposition center on the ultrasonic performance of AlN thin films were studied. A metal electrode layer was deposited on the AlN film transducer to fabricate an ultrasonic temperature sensor, and the effects of the size and thickness of the electrode layer on the performance of the sensor were studied. Piezoelectric response measurements were performed in air over a temperature range of −60 °C–900 °C, and the dependence of ultrasonic response (time-of-flight and pulse echo amplitude) on temperature was analyzed. Long-term heat treatment in air at 750 °C for 128 h showed that the high-entropy alloy oxide protective layer could effectively delay oxidation of the AlN layer and improve the service life of the sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study examined the rheological and textural properties of gels produced through emulsion gelation using pea protein isolate (PPI). Emulsions were prepared with varying PPI concentrations (2%–10%) and 0.25 oil fraction, followed by heat treatment. Higher PPI concentrations improved encapsulation efficiency (EE), but heat slightly reduced it, though EE remained above 90%. Droplet size decreased with higher PPI. The emulsion was then gelled with different kappa‐carrageenan (KC) concentrations (1%–2%) and pH levels (4–7). Gel hardness increased with KC content, while adhesiveness decreased. Springiness, cohesiveness and water‐holding capacity (WHC) rose with pH and KC, while meltability decreased. Rheological tests showed stronger gels with higher KC and lower pH. Storage time generally increased gel strength, except at pH 4. This work highlights the interplay between PPI, KC, pH and storage time in shaping the properties of pea protein‐based emulsions and gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe development of friction stir welding (FSW) created the basic foundation for friction stir processing (FSP). This process entails refining the local microstructure and achieving the localised plastic deformation due to the stirring effect of the tool, which may involve adding additional filler material as required. The rotating tool involved in the process has a shoulder and pin responsible for heat generation for plastic deformation and localised mixing. The rotating tool is inserted and traversed on the desired surface, tailoring the material properties. The tool’s exposure to the surface causes localised plastic deformation and thermal gradient, and microstructural changes occur locally. The present investigation uses Friction Stir Processing (FSP) to fabricate an aluminium metal matrix composite. Recently, the use of aluminium alloy has been replaced by composites because of their increased mechanical and physical properties (specific properties). The experiment leads to manufacturing an aluminium metal matrix composite using aluminium oxide, boron carbide and commercially pure copper dust. Later, the effect of heat treatment on the respective metal matrix composite is studied. A comparative study among three different types of FSP techniques viz. FSP, Reinforced FSP, and Heat-treated Reinforced FSP have been performed. The tool revolution speed (RPM) and tool traverse speed of 400 RPM and 10 mm/min had been implemented, respectively. The T4 Heat-Treatment cycle was used during the current investigation. This investigative study was performed to analyse the changes in grain sizes and hardness values at the stir zone (SZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and on the base materials (BM) of the samples. The reinforced FSP metal matrix composite (MMC) showed an 81.26% increase in the micro-hardness value (HV) compared to the base metal. Further on analysing the microstructures, the reinforced FSP composite showed a 65.20% reduction in grain size. Moreover, the Heat-Treated sample showed an increase in the micro-hardness value by 99.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of heat‐treatment (900°C∼1600°C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alumina–silica fiber was well investigated. The results indicated that the recommended temperature threshold for the use of the alumina–silica fiber was not more than 1100°C to maintain its mechanical integrity. Above this temperature, the elastic modulus of the fibers increased, and the tensile strength significantly decreased, mainly because of the transformation of the structure from γ‐Al2O3 and amorphous SiO2 to mullite. The tensile strength of the fiber was 0.87 GPa at 1200°C. Compared to the as‐received fibers, the strength retention was only 63.50%. Moreover, as revealed by Weibull statistical analysis, the formation of more defects due to mullite phase transformation resulted in higher dispersion of the fiber tensile strength. However, at this temperature, the Young's modulus of the fiber increased from the initial value 146.24 ± 5.19 GPa to 183.06 ± 5.83 GPa. Finally, the rate of mullite reaction was seen to be strongly temperature dependent. The higher the heat‐treated temperature, the shorter the time required for γ‐Al2O3 and amorphous SiO2 to completely transform into mullite grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Inconel-718 ranges from structural components to engine parts such as turbine blades and compressor discs. Inconel-718 is an age-hardenable alloy. We are presenting a comparative tribological study on as-cast and heat-treated Inconel-718 superalloy. The wear behavior of both as-cast and aged Inconel-718 alloy was investigated using a linear reciprocating tribometer at 25 ∘ C, 225 ∘ C, and 450 ∘ C against Si3N4 ball. The heat treatment of Inconel-718 alloy resulted in the improvement of the hardness of the alloy. All the tribological tests were conducted under a constant 20 N normal load. The observed coefficient of friction was found to be decreasing with the increase in temperature. The wear tracks were characterized by a three-dimensional optical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed wear volume loss (mm3) of the aged alloy was less than that of the as-cast Inconel-718 alloy. SEM of the worn sample reveals that the main operating wear mechanism at 25 ∘ C is delamination whereas at elevated temperatures of 225 ∘ C and 450 ∘ C, the main operating wear mechanism is abrasion, adhesion, oxidation and spalling. SEM of the counter-surface was also conducted in order to understand the adhesion on its surface and it was found that the adhered oxide contained mainly Ni and Nb oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, AlSi10Mg samples were manufactured by laser-powder bed fusion process to explore the fracture toughness dependence on both built orientation and aging treatment. The experiments were performed on as-built and directly-aged (200 ∘ C/4 h) conditions, with the latter revealed to be a valuable treatment for improving fracture toughness. A comprehensive investigation involving detailed microstructural analysis, grain-orientation mapping, and crack-tip strain measurements was conducted to investigate the mechanisms governing the material behavior. The results revealed that specimens subjected to direct aging display higher toughness, thereby enhancing the fracture resistance of AlSi10Mg. Moreover, a considerable variation in fracture toughness values was observed for the different printing orientations, indicating the existence of manufacturing-induced anisotropy. The findings highlight that this anisotropy mainly correlates with the distinctive microstructure induced by the additive manufacturing process. In particular, this study focuses on the different preferential crack paths dictated by the melt pool boundaries orientation respective the crack propagation direction. A substantial reduction in fracture toughness was observed when the crack propagates along the melt pool boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a suitable balance of hardness, strength, and toughness is required in civil engineering and construction, wear-resistant medium carbon steels are frequently utilized. The ability to resist plastic deformation brought on by stress or abrasion is measured by hardness. High hardness materials are typically more brittle and prone to fracture but also stronger and more resistant to corrosion. A double-quenching procedure was used in the current investigation and contrasted with the traditional single-quenching process. Additionally, a variety of cooling media are used during quenching treatments. The results demonstrate that distilled water is the most effective cooling medium to cool the models in the heat treatment of medium carbon steels because it is free of salts, suspended particles, and metal contaminants. The results show that the hardness increased following the first quenching and tempering by 37.5% above the hardness value predicted by the original model, and it increased once more following the second quenching and tempering by 10% over the hardness value following the first heat-treatment. The previous austenite grain limits and the high-angle beam limits are the main factors that give a share in to the increased hardness, and the main elements that affect how effectively they function are the high slip transmission factor and the high spacing angle between slip levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of cobalt (Co) addition on the microstructural and wear properties of an aluminum (Al) scrap alloy containing high iron (Fe) impurity content (3%). Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy confirmed the presence of Co in Fe-rich intermetallics. Upon increasing the Co concentration, β-Al5FeSi phase was seen to be refined without significant morphological modifications. Furthermore, Co addition promoted the formation of a new quaternary phase Al32Si7Fe4Co phase, which was finely distributed throughout the microstructure and acts as a tribo-layer in the Al scrap alloy, offering enhanced wear resistance and improved stability against wear. Standard EN-31 steel disk with compositions chromium (Cr)-1.6%, manganese (Mn)-0.75%, silicon (Si)-0.35%, and carbon (C)-0.9% was used for the wear test. Microhardness and wear properties were evaluated for both the as-cast and heat-treated alloys, with the as-cast samples exhibiting superior wear resistance and a lower coefficient of friction compared to the T6 heat-treated samples. Addition of Co showed refinement in the β-Fe rich intermetallics over the morphological modifications. Similarly, Co addition enhanced the hardness and wear resistance in the as cast alloys. This work provides a detailed analysis contributing significant understandings into the wear mechanisms and potential applications of Co modified recycled Al in various industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the static magnetic field (SMF) was applied in the L-PBF process of a typical γʹ strengthening Ni-based superalloy of GH4099 concerning the as-built and heat-treated conditions. The SMF during the L-PBF process can effectively refine the cellular str ucture, refine the grain size, promote the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), and reduce the dislocation density. After the solution-aging procedure, the SMF samples exhibited a refined grain structure, suggesting that the tailored microstructure is inherited after the solution-aging treatment. The tensile test results show that by applying the SMF during the L-PBF process, the ductility can be notably improved on both building planes under the as-built and heat-treatment conditions, and the anisotropy along different directions can be reduced. It reveals that the SMF in L-PBF can be an effective method to modulate the microstructure and improve the comprehensive mechanical properties for γʹ strengthening Ni-based superalloys.

Diffusion barrier composite films based on microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and clay were developed with attention paid to the influence of thermal annealing and a fluorine-free surface silylation on their microstructure, water contact angle (WCA), mechanical properties, oxygen transmission rate (OTR), and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The OTR of MFC at 23 °C increased from 1.2 to 25.3 cm3/m2/day/bar as relative humidity increased from 50% to 80%. Annealing increased the film’s crystallinity, surface roughness, and hydrophobicity, while decreasing its OTR by 20% at 80%RH. The addition of clay led to a 30% decrease of OTR at 80%RH due to partial exfoliation and to a 50% decrease when combined with annealing. Silylation increased the hydrophobicity of surface of the film and its combination with clay and annealing led to a WCA of 146.5°. The combination of clay, annealing, and silylation considerably reduced the OTR at 80%RH to a value of 8 cm3/m2/day/bar, and the WVTR at 23 °C and 50%RH from 49 g/m2/day for MFC to 22 g/m2/day. The reduction of OTR and WVTR was found to correlate with the increase in surface hydrophobicity of the film, which was attributed to the reduced access of water molecules within the MFC network.

Increasing the operating temperature and pressure of an automotive engine and reducing its weight can improve fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions. These can be achieved by changing the engine piston material from conventional aluminum alloy to high-strength heat- resistant steel. American Iron and Steel Institute 4140 modified steels (AISI 4140 Mod.s), which have improved strength, oxidation resistance, and wear resistance at high temperature were developed by adjusting the AISI 4140 alloy compositions and optimizing the heat treatment process for automotive engine applications. In this study, the effects of modifying alloy compositions on the microstructure, mechanical properties (both at room and high temperatures), and oxidation of AISI 4140 Mod.s were investigated. Effective grain refinement occurred due to the influence of high-temperature stable carbide forming elements such as Mo, and V. The bainite structure changed to martensite structure under the influence Cr and Ni. As the Cr and W contents increased, the oxidation resistance was improved, and the oxide layer thickness decreased after 10 hours exposure at 500°C. The AISI 4140 Mod. exhibited a 35% improvement in room temperature strength, 70% improvement in high-temperature strength, and 40% improvement in high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to conventional AISI 4140.

Diffusion barrier composite films based on microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and clay were developed with attention paid to the influence of thermal annealing and a fluorine-free surface silylation on their microstructure, water contact angle (WCA), mechanical properties, oxygen transmission rate (OTR), and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The OTR of MFC at 23 °C increased from 1.2 to 25.3 cm3/m2/day/bar as relative humidity increased from 50% to 80%. Annealing increased the film's crystallinity, surface roughness, and hydrophobicity, while decreasing its OTR by 20% at 80%RH. The addition of clay led to a 30% decrease of OTR at 80%RH due to partial exfoliation and to a 50% decrease when combined with annealing. Silylation increased the hydrophobicity of surface of the film and its combination with clay and annealing led to a WCA of 146.5°. The combination of clay, annealing, and silylation considerably reduced the OTR at 80%RH to a value of 8 cm3/m2/day/bar, and the WVTR at 23 °C and 50%RH from 49 g/m2/day for MFC to 22 g/m2/day. The reduction of OTR and WVTR was found to correlate with the increase in surface hydrophobicity of the film, which was attributed to the reduced access of water molecules within the MFC network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on fabricating optical fibers with a controlled process of crystallization core during the drawing process. The research and synthesis of the core material of silica-germanium-antimony oxide glass were discussed. We also investigated the optical and luminescence properties were in relation to concentrating Eu 2 O 3 and P 2 O 5. Based on this investigation, we selected the most promising material for optical fiber core. In the next step, we drew optical fibers using a well-known rod-in-tube method. After drawing, we examine the optical fibers for luminescence shape changes. We observed a promising similarity between optical fibers and heat-treated samples with confirmed nanocrystals. Finally, XRD and TEM measurements confirm EuPO 4 nanocrystals at the core of the optical fiber. Highlighting the successful control of crystallization in the one-step method used to draw optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of natural fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as an eco-friendly substitute for synthetic FRPs in structural strengthening applications is gaining substantial momentum. This study delves into the effectiveness of jute fabric reinforced epoxy composites in bolstering the flexural strength of impaired concrete beams. An array of variables, encompassing the number of fabric layers (ranging from 1 to 3), fiber heat treatment, externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) configuration (soffit vs. U-shape), and fiber type (jute vs. glass), underwent systematic scrutiny. The comprehensive analysis of 30 pre-cracked high-performance concrete beams yielded compelling findings. In particular, the application of heat-treated jute EBR, especially when employing two or three layers, resulted in significant increases in peak loads, translating to improvements ranging from 85 to 120% when compared to the control beam. This treatment significantly improves the bond between the fibers and the matrix, consequently enhancing the structural performance. Notably, jute composites can attain equivalent strengthening performance compared to glass FRP while offering substantial cost savings and significantly reducing carbon emissions, rendering them a more environmentally sustainable and economically viable choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled synthesis of two‐dimensional nanocrystals of graphene particles instead of amorphous carbon quantum dots is highly challenging and requires tremendous efforts to optimize the reaction conditions. It has been observed that as a significant bio‐compatible zero‐dimensional material, graphene quantum dots are considered as a novel material for opto‐electronics, energy, biological and environmental applications. However, very few are known about their utilization in photocatalytic degradation of pesticides, especially organochlorine pesticides which are resistant to removal by conventional wastewater treatment methods. In this work, graphene quantum dots were produced from rice husk at relatively low temperatures, resulting in an average particle size of 3.3 nm. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy clearly showed the formation of spherical quantum dots having lattice fringes and the selected area electron diffraction pattern showed the crystallinity of the graphene quantum dots. A study of photodegradation of three highly toxic organochlorine pesticides namely, dichlorodiphenyl trichloro ethane, cypermethrin and fenvalerate were carried out using as‐synthesized graphene quantum dots from rice husk. Interestingly, all these pesticides were found to be degraded around 60 % to 70 % under visible light conditions. It confirmed that synthesized graphene quantum dots from rice husk can act as prominent photocatalyst for the degradation of pesticides and other pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D-printed carbon fibre-reinforced composites (CFRC) using fused deposition modelling (FDM) offer the potential for building complex geometries and low waste. However, these composites have weaker interlaminar bonding and higher void content than traditional composites. This paper explores the effect of temperature on improving the mechanical properties of 3D-printed short carbon fibre-reinforced polyamide (PACF). Two types of printed structures were tested: one with a 0° build orientation (parallel to extruder movement) and the other with a 90° build orientation (perpendicular to extruder movement). Both samples were heat-treated at 150°C. Force vs. displacement data was obtained from the MTS testing machine. After that, the tested samples were viewed under an optical microscope. Images obtained from the optical microscope are then analyzed to see how the samples failed by checking the microstructure. The average ultimate strength, ultimate strain, and elastic modulus were used for the analysis. The sample follows a trend where the strength and elastic modulus increase after heat treatment. The result also showed that the 0° build orientation samples have higher mechanical performance than the 90° build orientation sample. Also, from the ultimate strain values, it was evident that samples printed in the 0° absorbed more energy, exhibiting 83% higher resistance before final failure. Lastly, an optical microscope was used to investigate the failure mechanisms of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of heat treatment (boiling and roasting) on the antioxidant properties and phytochemical profile of African pear pulp. African pear was subjected to boiling and roasting treatment at 100 °C for 5 mins and 150 °C for 10 mins respectively. The raw, boiled, and roasted pears were analysed for antioxidants and phytochemicals were profiled using HPLC. The results of antioxidants showed that total phenols (mg GAE/g) decreased by 34 % in the boiled pears and by 18 % in the roasted pears; total flavonoids (Rutin equivalent) decreased by 50 % in the boiled pear while it was not significantly affected by roasting; DPPH radical scavenging abilities decreased from 84.15 % to 50.82 % and from 84.15 % to 57.04 % in the boiled and roasted pears. Beta-carotene was found to decrease by 17 % and 64 % in the boiled and roasted pears. HPLC quantification of phytochemicals revealed Beta Caryophyllene as the most abundant in the raw and heat-treated pears though heat treatment increased all the phytochemicals quantified. Roasting was found to significantly increase all the bioactive compounds quantified. This suggests that the roasted pear will contribute to better nutrition and health security when consumed compared to the boiled pear.

Understanding 6xxx AA (Al–Mg–Si alloys) relies heavily on structural analysis at the atomic level. Because the nanoscale precipitates that form during artificial ageing essentially strengthen the alloys, it is crucial to lessen the negative effects of Natural Ageing (NA) and enhance the age hardening of Al–Mg–Si alloys. Numerous studies have shown that when different elements are added to 6xxx AA, NA is suppressed. This work includes a thorough and numerical description of the various elements that are added to 6xxx AA. This article gives information on the additional elements Li, Cu, Zn, and Ag that will form new phases and occupy a preferred site in 6xxx AA at different weight percentages. However, between metastable phases, 6xxx AA exhibit different element segregation, which improved the mechanical properties like hardness reported in this review work. Additionally, research on the addition of various other elements, such as Ni, Co, Au, and Cd to 6xxx AA is reported in this review paper to summarise the influence of these elements on the evolution of microstructural features and their correlation with mechanical properties. This area has received very little research and may be used in the future to enhance the mechanical properties of 6xxx AA. By encouraging precipitate nucleation, morphology, and mechanical properties through the addition of foreign elements, the results of this review paper reveal a novel pathway for precipitation hardening.

To reveal the influence of naphthalene ring to properties of polyarylate, different proportions of HBA/HNA liquid crystal polyarylates containing naphthalene ring were prepared by two-step melt polymerization of acetylated monomers 4-acetoxy-benzoic acid (AHA) and 6 -acetoxy- 2-naphthoic acid (ANA). The structure and properties of liquid crystal polyarylates containing naphthalene ring were analyzed. To investigate the effect of heat treatment on the melting and crystallization behavior of liquid crystal polyarylates containing naphthalene rings, liquid crystal polyarylates containing naphthalene rings were heat-treated at 300°C. The results showed that the naphthalene ring monomer 1-INA can disrupt the linear structure of the molecular chain and effectively reduce the melting point of polyarylates; Different proportions of liquid crystal polyarylates containing naphthalene ring exhibited different melting and crystallization behaviors after heat-treatment. The melting point and crystallization temperature of 870-N30 polyarylate gradually increase with the extension of heat-treatment time (melting point gradually increases from 213.1 °C) to 277.6°0, while 1390-N10 polyarylate showed the opposite trend (melting point gradually decreases from 311.6 °C to 290.1 °C), indicating that 870-330 polyarylate has better adjustable and controllable melting temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the tensile behaviors of additively manufactured (AM) 17-4PH stainless steels heat-treated within various temperature ranges from 400 °C to 700 °C in order to identify the effective aging temperature. Despite an aging treatment of 400–460 °C increasing the retained austenite content, an enhancement of the tensile properties was achieved without a strength-ductility trade-off owing to precipitation hardening by the Cu particles. Due to the intricate evolution of the microstructure, aging treatments above 490 °C led to a loss in yield strength and ductility. A considerable rise in strength and a decrease in ductility were brought about by the increase in the fraction of precipitation-hardened martensitic matrix in aging treatments over 640 °C. The impact of heat-treatment pathways on aging effectiveness and tensile anisotropy was then examined. Direct aging at 482 °C for an hour had hardly any effect on wrought 17-4PH, but it increased the yield strength of AM counterparts from 436–457 to 588–604 MPa. A solid-solution treatment at 1038 °C for one hour resulted in a significant drop in the austenite fraction, which led to an increase in the yield (from 436–457 to 841–919 MPa) and tensile strengths (from 1106–1127 to 1254–1256 MPa) with a sacrifice in ductility. Improved strength and ductility were realized by a solid-solution followed by an aging treatment, achieving 1371–1399 MPa. The tensile behaviors of AM 17-4PH were isotropic both parallel and perpendicular to the building direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid polyborosilazane, solid polyborosilazane, Si, and Sb 2 O 3 were used as inorganic fillers to prepare low-temperature-cured and high-temperature-applicable polyborosilazane adhesive films. The mechanical properties of the bonded C/C composites were tested at 25 °C after treatment at different temperatures from room temperature to 1400 °C. The results showed that the addition of Sb 2 O 3 significantly improved the mechanical properties of the adhesive, which was mainly due to the formation of borosilicate glass in the high-temperature melting decomposition system of Sb 2 O 3 , and the oxidation produced volume compensation. The shear strength of the bonded specimens gradually decreased from 12 MPa at curing to 4.18 MPa at 600 °C; then it increased up to 8.06 MPa at 1000 °C. When the temperature exceeds 1000 °C, the value decreases again. In general, the bonding strength of C/C composites at 1200 °C remains above 4 MPa. The adhesion strength of Si-modified polyborosilazane adhesive film was 4.88 MPa at 1000 °C, indicating that it should be suitable for joining C/C composites for high-temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the broad research available in the literature dealing with garlic health benefits, little information is found regarding the functional properties of garlic components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emulsification properties of garlic water-soluble compounds (GWSC), encompassing proteins, saponins, and carbohydrates, after heat treatment (10 min at 95 °C) or pH adjustments (2.5, 3.5, and 7.8). After the various treatments, the extracts were used as such or filtrated (0.45 µm), and 10% soybean oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using low (0.48%) or high (6.55% wt/wt) extract concentrations. Results showed that whereas at low GWSC concentrations, both heating and acidifying resulted in the formation of bigger oil droplet sizes (i.e., from d32 = 0.36 µm using unmodified extract to d32 = 7–22 µm at pH 2.5 with or without extract filtration), the effects were opposite at the highest GWSC concentration. In the latter, heat treatment clearly reduced the droplet size as observed from the micrographs as well as the degree of creaming, though the occurrence of depletion and/or bridging flocculation was still strong. The acidification of the extract at this high GWSC concentration significantly reduced the droplet size, as observed from the micrographs; however, a strong flocculation was observed. Removal of protein aggregates, and possibly also saponin micelles, from the extract resulted in an obvious increase in emulsion droplet size. This research brings valuable insights on this study and utilisation of novel natural food emulsifiers from plant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the microstructure evolution during the thermomechanical treatments of the twin roll cast strip of magnesium alloy. Magnesium alloy composed of 0.6 wt% Zn and 0.6 wt% Ca was manufactured by TRC and subsequently rolled at 370 °C, and the rolled sheets were heat treated at 400 °C for various periods of time. In the as-TRC plate, the dendritic cast structure inclined in the rolling direction was observed with the centerline segregation. The as-rolled sheet shows a mixture of fine recrystallized grains and the remaining cast structure. The annealing at 400 °C brings about the recrystallization and a gradual grain coarsening for 16 h. After the 16 h heat treatment, secondary recrystallization accompanying the abnormal grain growth was observed, which is attributed to the easier grain boundary motion resulting from the dissolution of Mg2Ca and Ca2Mg5Zn5 precipitates. The as-TRC plate shows a basal-type texture with a slight basal pole spread in the transverse direction, whereas the basal poles tilted by approximately 10° in the rolling direction are formed in the rolled sheet. During the 2 h heat treatment, the texture significantly weakens accompanying the formation of the basal poles inclined by approximately 30° in the transverse direction. These results suggest that a homogeneous microstructure with a weak texture can be obtained by the hot-rolling and heat treatments of the TRC plate, which is advantageous for an improved sheet formability, whereas the heat treatment longer than 16 h causes abnormal grain growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leading export product of Hungary is canned sweetcorn, which is available in single-component or blended varieties with a focus on colour retention, for which the food industry mainly uses ascorbic acid and EDTA in the brine of canned vegetable. Thoughtful customer behavior is pushing the food industry to switch to natural plant extracts instead of synthetic additives. In order to investigate if acerola plant extract is suitable as a replacement for ascorbic acid, we investigated the potential uses of two varieties of acerola extract in three different concentrations in the case of canned mixed sweet corn and red bean. After production, and after 1 week of thermostating at 55°C and storage at room temperature for 4 and 8 weeks, the changes in pH value, salt concentration, water-soluble dry matter content, colour, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of the brine were all evaluated in this experiment. The results showed that both acerola extracts were promising in fixing the colour, with the higher application of the first extract and the lowest and highest dosage of the second extract showing the best results. During storage, the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of some samples decreased slightly compared to their initial values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anisotropic mechanical behavior of Al–Cu–Li (AA2198) alloy under different artificial ageing conditions as well as for different thicknesses of the material was examined in the present investigation. Material characterization was performed for three different sheet directions, namely, longitudinal (0°), diagonal (45°) and transverse (90°) to the rolling direction. The results showed that the grain structure did not have significant changes by applying different artificial ageing times. In T3 heat treatment condition, only δ′ (Al3Li) phase was observed, while with increasing the ageing time, the major precipitates were T1 (Al2CuLi) phases. The latter was found to increase in size with artificial aging time. Almost similar yield strength values were observed for all investigated thicknesses, while the higher thickness specimens showed higher elongation at fracture values. Anisotropy was slightly higher at T3 condition, while the lowest anisotropy degree was noticed at the peak-aged condition. The specimens extracted in the diagonal direction showed high variation in mechanical properties, when compared with the respective results at the other two investigated directions, independently from the thickness of the specimens as well as from heat treatment condition. The smaller thickness specimens presented lower elongation at fracture values and for all investigated sheet directions, since they undergo plane stress conditions. Analysis of work hardening behavior showed that Bauschinger effect, which was not observed in T3 condition, became increasingly more prominent with artificial ageing time in all directions investigated.

Heat-induced physical changes of rocks, as would happen in fire accidents, have crucial importance in the long-term stability of underground openings such as tunnels or radioactive waste disposal chambers. The thermal behaviour of monzogranite from the Radioactive waste repository of Bátaapáti (Hungary) was studied in that context. Room temperature (22 °C) and a series of high temperature (250 °C, 375 °C, 500 °C, 625 °C, 750 °C) heat-treated samples were tested. P and S- ultrasound pulse velocity, bulk density, Duroskop rebound, uniaxial compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity were measured and compared, detecting temperature-related changes. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis and Median tests were carried out to analyze the heat-induced rock mechanical and mineralogical alteration processes. Based on these results using the data set of physical parameters, it is possible to predict the heating temperature of granitic rocks when the firing or heat stress conditions are unknown. Additionally, the data could be utilized for design and monitoring systems in underground repositories or tunnel systems constructed in granitic rock settings globally. The study demonstrated that significant alteration occurs above 500 °C; all studied rock-mechanical parameters decreased rapidly. These changes are linked to the thermal expansion, micro-cracking in micro-fabric, and volumetric increase and fragmentation of quartz inversion. Consequently, the propagation velocities of P- and S-waves also decreased significantly. Bulk density and Duroskop surface strength significantly decreased above 375 °C, while uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity dropped drastically at 750 °C after a linear decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of altering the phase equilibria of multicomponent oxide systems through precise control of configurational entropy has opened a platform with unlimited possibilities to fine-tune material properties. The current work is aimed at tailoring the mechanical and thermal properties of (MgNiCoCuZn)O by an intelligent design of constituent phase structure resulting from controlled cooling from the stabilization temperature. Based on the cooling rates, the amount of CuO nucleation was found to vary between 5.4 and 12.3 wt%, along with a corresponding decrease in Cu2+ content in the matrix. It was observed that with the decrease in Cu2+ ion concentration in the matrix, the Young's modulus and hardness increased by 33% and 26%, respectively, along with a corresponding decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion by 15%. Similarly, an increased nucleation of CuO precipitates led to the improvement of fracture toughness of the material by 15%, while its thermal conductivity remained unaltered. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of heat-treatment conditions of Fe powder compacts on densification, microstructure, strength and magnetic properties were investigated. The prepared Fe powder was compressed in a mold of diameter 20 mm at a pressure of 800 MPa for 30 sec. This Fe powder compact was heat-treated under different atmospheres (air and 90% Ar + 10% H2 and heat-treatment temperatures (300 and 700℃). The Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an Ar+H2 mixed gas atmosphere showed a denser microstructure and higher density than the Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an air atmosphere. Oxygen content in the heat-treatment conditions played a significant role in the improvement of the densification and magnetic properties.

The microstructure and content of precipitates in metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si) play a crucial role in the synthesis of silicone monomers. However, only few studies were focused on the regulation of precipitates due to the complexity. Herein, the evolution of the macro and microscopic structural transformation of the precipitates was explored by investigating the responses to heat-treatment at different temperatures. The results demonstrate that as the heat-treatment temperature increases, macroscopically, the inclusions first split and then gradually turn to roundness. Furthermore, the Si8Al6Fe4Ca phase was significantly increased after the heat-treatment at 900 °C, enhancing the selectivity of the silicone monomer synthesis. The chemical reaction is assumed according to the conservation of elements mass, 3Si2Al2Ca + 4FeSi2 = Si8Al6Fe4Ca + 2CaSi2 +2Si. This work provides the potential of heat-treatment in regulating the precipitates of MG-Si, which could provide a higher-quality raw material for the synthesis of silicone monomers.

This work presents an attempt to identify local changes in materials caused by local grinding burnings by using the eddy current (EC) method. The locally heat-treated AISI 9310 steel specimen was prepared by using a laser surfacing process to imitate three different grinding burns. These burn marks were characterized in terms of changes in microstructure and hardness on the surface and cross-section of the specimen. On such a basis, the depth of the heat-affected zone caused by the grinding tool was examined. Subsequently, the specimen was subjected to the EC measurements for the quantitative description of the signal from each of the defects by using a commercial NORTEC 600D flaw detector working in specimen scanning mode and with a pencil probe. The changes in the amplitude and the phase angle of the signal from three defects indicate the possibility to identify burns along with their quantitative description and subsequent estimation of their depth. The differences in the phase angle value, related to the local changes in the stress state, serve as an effective indicator of the specimen overheating degree in the area of the EC induction.

Intermetallic compounds (IMCs), known for their hardness, play an important role in the precipitation strengthening of alloys. However, precipitation in excessive amounts or as large particles can result in embrittlement of the material. Thus, controlling the distribution of IMCs among the matrix is crucial for the design of strong and ductile alloys. In this research, a supersaturated Ti-Cu alloy formed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) was heat-treated at different phase regions to produce lamellar, network, and dispersed distributions of Ti2Cu IMC precipitates. To comprehensively understand the formation mechanisms of each IMC distribution structure, in-situ microstructure observation was performed during the heat-treatments. The lamellar IMC structure obtained from heat treatment above the beta-transus temperature, was found to derive from the rejection of Cu atoms towards the boundaries of lamellar alpha grains formed during cooling. The network IMC structure obtained from heat-treatment in the α+β phase region involved the formation of a Cu-rich β-Ti layer between α-Ti grains during heating, and subsequent precipitation of Ti2Cu into an α-encapsulating network upon cooling. Finally, the dispersed structure of IMCs was observed to result from regular nucleation and growth of Ti2Cu during heat treatment in the α+IMC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexibility of NiTi based endodontic files is improved by heat treatment, leading to lower risk of failure, ledges, and canal transportation during the preparation of curved root canals. The aim of this study is to investigate and clearly highlight the influence of every parameter of heat treatment on the flexibility of NiTi wires and thus of endodontic instruments. A full factorial Design of Experiment (DoE) and a designed bending–torsion bench following the ISO 3630-1 standard were used for this investigation. Temperature, holding time, and cooling method were selected as contributing factors, while maximum bending moment, hysteresis size, and stiffness during martensitic transformation were selected as outputs. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the relationship between contributing and output variables to assess how the experimentation fits with the model. The experimental results showed that wires heated at 425 °C for 30 min are more flexible. Moreover, heat treatment temperature is the most critical factor influencing the flexibility and hysteresis size of the NiTi wire followed by the holding time, while the cooling method has a negligible effect. The regression analysis showed that the model is effective at predicting the relationship between contributing factors, bending moment response, and hysteresis size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The major objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of heat‐treating colostrum on the subsequent growth characteristics (weight gain, body size, dry matter intake and feed efficiency rate) and health of Holstein calves. Methods: A total of 1200 neonatal Holstein calves on one commercial dairy farm were enrolled. The calves were divided into heat‐treated (60°C for 90 min) and unheated (raw) colostrum groups. Calf serum IgG and total protein concentrations were measured before and after colostrum consumption. Health characteristics and disease prevalence were recorded during the suckling period. Results: Consumption of heat‐treated colostrum led to increased serum IgG (P < 0.0001) and total protein (P < 0.0001) concentrations, increased apparent efficacy of IgG absorption (P < 0.0001) and increased general health condition, weight gain (P < 0.0001) and clinical performance. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Heat‐treatment of colostrum is an effective method to improve health and increase growth characteristics (weight gain, body size, dry matter intake and feed efficiency rate) of neonatal dairy calves, most likely by decreasing microbial load and facilitating IgG absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Oat poses a challenge to the processing industry due to its relatively high lipid content and lesser‐known technological properties. Our aim was to investigate the impact of an industrial heat treatment procedure on the hydrolysis and oxidation deterioration processes, technological properties, and molecular composition of different oat cultivars. Findings: The results showed that heat treatment stopped the hydrolysis of the fatty acid effectively. However, this did not slow down the oxidation processes. The viscosity decreased in the dough system, while it increased in the slurry as a result of heat treatment. In the heat‐treated samples, the molecular size of some proteins and fiber components increased, the solubility of the fiber components decreased, and the starch composition changed. Conclusions: During the oxidation process, the periodicity of peroxide formation was identified. The modification of technological properties can be explained by the molecular size and solubility changes taking place in proteins and fiber components. Significance and Novelty: Observing and interpreting the periodicity of peroxide formation can be important in inhibiting oxidation processes. Furthermore, we took the first step in examining the properties and changes of oat macromolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WC-Co coatings were produced on SS 410 plates and subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures (from 300 to 900 °C). The microstructural studies and structural analysis of the coatings before and after heat treatment were carried out by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. From the Vickers indentation method, hardness values were measured, and higher microhardness was observed for the coatings after heat treatment. The sample that was heat-treated at 750 °C exhibited the highest hardness. From the sliding wear test results, the wear resistance of the coatings was observed as increased after the heat treatment. However, it was found that the heat-treated coatings at 600 °C exhibited higher wear resistance. Cracking and fracture were the dominant wear mechanisms observed for the heat-treated coatings, along with coating delamination and oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tryon Creek (35WA288) is an ancestral Nez Perce dwelling within Hells Canyon National Recreation Area in northeastern Oregon. The site consists of several household features located on an alluvial terrace west of the Snake River, dating between 1600-500 B.P. Here various flake attributes, abundance of heat-treatment, and raw material composition are compared across occupation levels. The spatial distribution of raw materials and heat-treatment across the site are quantitatively explored using measures of abundance and autocorrelation. The overall abundance of heat-treatment changes significantly through time, reflecting concomitant curation and lithic preparation. Clusters of heat-treated material, separated by raw material type and positioned away from fire-cracked rock (FCR), are also present through time, perhaps reflecting differences in activity zones. Overall, these methods provide a clearer picture of lithic preparation within the household and across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wollastonite (CaSiO 3) is a well-known rock-forming mineral and an important constituent in ceramics and cement industries due to its outstanding mechanical, chemical, and thermal stabilities. Despite technological importance, functional properties such as photon upconversion in CaSiO 3 wollastonite ceramics have not been studied. In this contribution, Yb- and Er-doped CaSiO 3 (Yb/Er–CaSiO 3) wollastonite ceramics were synthesized via microwave hydrothermal technique followed up by heat-treatment in an air environment. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the β-wollastonite (2M) phase in the synthesized samples heat-treated at 1050 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis has shown that the binding energy of Ca 2p orbitals decreases after doping, indicating a change in the crystal environment of Ca in the CaSiO 3 and hence a successful incorporation of Yb3+ and Er3+ ions in the lattice. The 980 nm excitation resulted in ultraviolet, violet and strong green and red upconversion emissions as well as downshifting infrared emissions due to the energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+ ions. An absolute upconversion quantum yield in the 400–800 nm range is 0.04%. The most intense phonon band was observed at 969 cm−1 in the Yb/Er–CaSiO 3 system. This study demonstrates that the β-wollastonite can be developed as a new kind of efficient upconversion phosphor material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the coating process and heat-treatment cycles on the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of NiCrBSi coatings deposited by High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) and High-Pressure High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HP-HVOF) techniques were investigated. The metallographic assessments, Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray Diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurements, and nano-indenter tests were run on the as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings. The tribological properties were assessed using ball-on-disk wear test. The worn surfaces were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results of the nano-indentation test indicated that the Young's modulus of the coatings increased through the heat-treatment up to 20%. The tribological measurements indicated that the wear resistance of the as-sprayed HP-HVOF coating was 60% greater than that of the HVOF due to improved metallurgical properties and optimal hardness to Young's modulus ratio. Moreover, heat-treatment of the HVOF coatings at 950 °C for 1 h increased the wear resistance up to 50%, while increasing temperature up to 1000 °C caused a decrease in the wear resistance because of the considerable reduction in the microhardness. The worn surface studies revealed the existence of tribo-oxidation and abrasion as the main wear mechanisms involved in all samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) This work answers the question of whether and to what extent there is a significant difference in mechanical properties when different additive manufacturing processes are applied to the material 1.2709. The Laser-Powder-Bed-Fusion (L-PBF) and Laser-Metal-Deposition (LMD) processes are considered, as they differ fundamentally in the way a part is manufactured. (2) Known process parameters for low-porosity parts were used to fabricate tensile strength specimens. Half of the specimens were heat-treated, and all specimens were tested for mechanical properties in a quasi-static tensile test. In addition, the material hardness was determined. (3) It was found that, firstly, heat treatment resulted in a sharp increase in mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus, yield strength and ultimate strength. In addition to the increase in these properties, the elongation at break also decreases significantly after heat treatment. The choice of process, on the other hand, does not give either process a clear advantage in terms of mechanical properties but shows that it is necessary to consider the essential mechanical properties for a desired application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the effects of heat‐treatment and loading directions on compressive properties of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites (CCFRC). After heat‐treatment at different conditions, specimens with different stacking sequences were compressed under different loading directions. The effect of heat‐treatment on the porosity and crystallinity of composites was investigated. The porosity of short carbon fiber reinforced composites decreased but that of CCFRC increased after heat‐treatment at 200°C. The compressive properties of specimens were investigated in combination with changes in porosity and crystallinity. It was found that the compressive properties of composites usually increased with decreasing porosity induced by heat‐treatment. While the fiber direction was parallel to the applied loading direction, the yield strength of C‐CCFRC and S‐CCFRC increased from 208.1 to 281.6 MPa and from 218.5 to 264.4 MPa, respectively, though the porosity increased. After heat‐treatment at 100°C for 4 h, the crack initiation of CCFRCs was delayed during compressive tests. Besides, heat‐treatment could change failure modes of CCFRC after heat‐treatment at 200°C for 4 h. More specifically, heat‐treatment at 200°C for 4 h could result in delamination and a decrease in energy absorption of C‐CCFRC (from 7.23 to 4.05 J). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroless Ni-B (ENB) alloy coatings are extensively used due to their good tribological, physical, electrical and mechanical properties. The behaviour of coatings generally depends on the concentration of bath parameters, heat-treatment temperature, as well as heat-treatment duration. The current study was carried out to deposit coatings over steel specimens with various NaBH4 concentrations and heat-treated at various temperatures to study the significance of NaBH4 concentration as well as heat-treatment temperature on corrosion resistance of the Ni-B coatings. Ni-B coatings were heat-treated for an hour at different temperatures for example, 350°C, 450°C and 550°C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) test methods were employed to analyse the corrosion behaviour of the as-deposited as well as heat-treated coatings. The tests were conducted against a corrosive environment consisting of 3.5% NaCl solution. It was observed that the as-deposited coatings with low boron content exhibit a mixture of amorphous and nanocrystalline structures. The same gradually becomes amorphous with the rise in sodium borohydride concentration. The increase in boron content with sodium borohydride concentration in the coating bath led to the transformation of phase structure. This amorphous phase structure of as-deposited coatings further transforms into a crystalline structure upon heat treatment. This crystallinity increases with heat-treatment temperature. The as-deposited coatings show cauliflower-like surface morphology at all concentrations of NaBH4 but the same becomes a coarse-grained structure with clustered aggregates leading to a rough surface. The as-deposited coatings show better corrosion resistance behaviour compared to heat-treated ones, especially at the higher temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion resistance of untreated (B265TiN), quenched (B265TiQ), and annealed (B265TiA) B265 titanium alloy was studied in 2–10 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl solution at 30, 70, and 95°C by potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic measurement, open circuit potential measurement, and optical microscopy. B265TiN was the most resistant of the alloys to general corrosion at 30°C with values between 0.094 and 3.782 mm/year. B265TiQ exhibited the highest corrosion rate values (0.210–23.399 mm/year). Its plots show significant increase in cathodic slope. At 70 and 95°C, B265TiN exhibited the lowest corrosion rate in 2 and 6 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl solution, while B265TiQ exhibited the corresponding highest values. Optical characterization shows B265TiN, B265TiQ, and B265TiA alloys are highly resistant to corrosion in 2 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl at 30°C compared to 10 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl, where marginal deterioration occurred on B265TiN, significant degradation on B265TiQ, and localized degradation on B265TiA. The extent of degradation increased at 70 and 95°C. B265TiN exhibited the highest resistance to metastable pits formation compared to B265TiQ and B265TiA. Potentiostatic values at 70°C shows high temperature exposure of Ti alloy to accelerated corrosion. Metastable pit initiation values at 70°C are significantly greater. Open circuit potential measurement at 30°C shows B265TiN demonstrated least vulnerability to corrosion with stable oxide formation at 2 M and 6 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl, and B265TiQ was least vulnerable at 10 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl. At 70°C, B265TiQ was least vulnerable to corrosion with unstable oxide formation at 2 M and 6 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl compared to B265TiN at 10 M H2SO4 + 10% NaCl.

Chitin nanofibril (ChiNF) is a promising building block used to fabricate chitin fibers, films or gels via self-assembly from its aqueous suspension. Although mechanical strengthening of its assembled structures has made great advances, the unsatisfactory water-resistance is still a crucial obstacle to practical application and even rarely referred to. Herein, ChiNF was prepared via deacetylation-ultrasonication treatment and the strategies of molecule-bridging, heat-treatment and deacidifying that aiming to improve the strength and water-resistance of its assembled films were evaluated. Molecule-bridging, including tannic acid (TA) or/and chitosan (CS), improved the mechanical properties to some extent, but had no obvious positive effects on water-resistance; heat-treatment was a useful route to enhance both strength and water-resistance; interestingly, deacidifying was more efficient than heat-treatment with respect to improving strength and water-resistance, implying the presence of acid was the major reason for deteriorating assembled structures. Combining molecule-bridging, deacidifying and heat-treatment produced a strong ChiNF-TA/CS cast film with excellent water-resistance. Different from the commonly-used approach of vacuum filtration, these strategies are very suitable for large-scale production of the ChiNF-based self-supported films or coatings via solution casting. Furthermore, the reverse dialysis deacidification simultaneously produced highly concentrated suspensions suitable for dry-spinning, and thus strong chitin macrofibers were successfully fabricated. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The findings from the microstructural and textural analysis of as-printed and heat-treated electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V (EBM-Ti64) samples are discussed in this work. The initial microstructures of both samples were characterized precisely. The as-printed microstructure exhibits aligned grain boundaries parallel to the building direction, with the presence of α platelets. In contrast, the heat-treated microstructure reveals a lamellar α / β structure with a considerably wide interlamellar spacing. This work addresses the transformations from β → α + α ́ and α ́ → α + β occurring when materials are heated up to below the β -transus temperature. While the α ́ → α ˝ + β transformation is deemed unlikely to take place, the process can still occur through spinodal decomposition of β , β → β V − poor + β V − rich → α ˝ + β V − rich where α ˝ eventually transforms into α + β. A thorough characterization of three primary morphologies of the α phase was revealed. Due to exposure to high temperatures, as experienced in the environment of a rocket engine fan, it was necessary to conduct isothermal hot compression experiments on the homogenized EBM-Ti64 alloy. These experiments aim to investigate the hot deformation behavior within the temperature range of 250–350 °C and a strain rate of 10 s−1. The findings indicate that the modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model and its corresponding numerical simulation, based on stress-strain and work-hardening characteristics, effectively predict the flow behavior of this microstructurally complex alloy. Microstructure and mechanical properties of deformed as-printed and heat-treated samples at 250 ℃ , 300 ℃ , and 350 ℃ show that although dynamic recrystallization is not feasible under these conditions, we observe grain refinement and decreasing interlamellar spacing. These findings align with mechanical properties, where higher total strain and lower ultimate compression strength were noted as the testing temperature increased. Additionally, heat-treated materials exhibited inferior mechanical characteristics under each testing circumstance. Texture rotation (90 degrees) after deformation is evident in all pole figures. Considering the orientation distribution function maps, more intense <0001> fibre and {10 1 ̅ 0} <0001> textures were formed. Assessments of the slip systems revealed that the basal slip system has the lowest activity when considering texture orientations. Conversely, the most significant deformation contribution, particularly in the c-axis, comes from contraction twin and 1st order pyramidal. • Ti64 rods, printed through the EBM technique, were compressed at service temperatures (250˚C, 300˚C, 350˚C). • Superior properties in as-printed samples are due to the lower fraction of β and the higher activity of slip systems. • Various α phase morphologies (allotriomorphous, coarse α -plates, large α -precipitations) were detected and analyzed. • Texture rotated by 90˚ in the basal pole figure, also (100) and (110) planes became parallel to the loading directions. • DRX occurrence as the result of sufficient stored energy is predicted by numeric modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the broad research available in the literature dealing with garlic health benefits, little information is found regarding the functional properties of garlic components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emulsification properties of garlic water-soluble compounds (GWSC), encompassing proteins, saponins, and carbohydrates, after heat treatment (10 min at 95 °C) or pH adjustments (2.5, 3.5, and 7.8). After the various treatments, the extracts were used as such or filtrated (0.45 µm), and 10% soybean oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using low (0.48%) or high (6.55% wt/wt) extract concentrations. Results showed that whereas at low GWSC concentrations, both heating and acidifying resulted in the formation of bigger oil droplet sizes (i.e., from d32 = 0.36 µm using unmodified extract to d32 = 7–22 µm at pH 2.5 with or without extract filtration), the effects were opposite at the highest GWSC concentration. In the latter, heat treatment clearly reduced the droplet size as observed from the micrographs as well as the degree of creaming, though the occurrence of depletion and/or bridging flocculation was still strong. The acidification of the extract at this high GWSC concentration significantly reduced the droplet size, as observed from the micrographs; however, a strong flocculation was observed. Removal of protein aggregates, and possibly also saponin micelles, from the extract resulted in an obvious increase in emulsion droplet size. This research brings valuable insights on this study and utilisation of novel natural food emulsifiers from plant sources.

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An in situ BN coating was prepared on the surface of a nearly stoichiometric continuous SiC fibre with trademark Cansas-3301 (C3). The coated fibre was then subjected to continuous pyrolysis at 1800 °C, obtaining a fibre named Cansas-BN-1800 (C18). After annealing in Ar at 1500 °C for 1 h, the strength retention ratio of C3 was 49%, and that of C18 was almost unchanged. The strength decrease of the C3 fibre was mainly caused by the formation of surface defects resulting from fibre decomposition and active oxidation. However, the in situ BN coating on C18 protected the fibre from forming surface defects, resulting in high strength. Due to slight growth of the grain and purification of the grain boundary during fast heating at 1800 °C, C18 showed excellent creep resistance in the range of 1200–1500 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]