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The health impacts of the diurnal temperature range (DTR), which may be affected by climate change, have received little attention. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the association of DTR and cardiopulmonary outcomes, (2) to select the proper thresholds for a DTR warning system, and (3) to identify vulnerable groups. The weather and health records in Taiwan from 2000 to 2019, with a maximum DTR of 12.8 °C, were analyzed using generalized additive models. The health outcomes included cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory disease (RD) categories and several sub-categories, such as ischemic heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The results showed that the associations of DTR and cardiopulmonary outcomes were as significant as, and sometimes even stronger than, those of the daily maximum temperature and daily minimum apparent temperature in the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The significant association began at DTR of 6 °C, lower than previously reported. The identified DTR warning thresholds were 8.5 and 11 °C for the warm and cold seasons, respectively. DTR is statistically significantly associated with a 5–36% and a 9–20% increase in cardiopulmonary emergency and hospitalized cases in the warm season with a 1 °C increase above 8.5 °C, respectively. In the cold season, DTR is significantly associated with 7–41%, 4–30%, and 36–100% increases in cardiopulmonary emergency, hospitalized, and mortality with a 1 °C increase above 11 °C, respectively. People with hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia had even higher risks. Vulnerable age and sex groups were identified if they had a lower DTR–health threshold than the general population, which can be integrated into a warning system. In conclusion, DTR may be increased on a local or city scale under climate change; a DTR warning system and vulnerable group identification may be warranted in most countries for health risk reduction. • Ignored health impacts of diurnal temperature range (DTR) warrant more evaluation. • Unlike regional scales, DTR in cities may be increased under climate change. • Significant cardiopulmonary impacts were associated with DTR as low as 6 °C. • The threshold method provides additional aspect in identifying vulnerable groups. • Methodology of identifying thresholds for a DTR warning system was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dissuasive cigarettes, cigarettes with an unappealing colour or displaying a health warning label, may deter young people from smoking uptake. Methods: Two online surveys were conducted with non-smokers aged 12–17 to explore perceptions of cigarette appeal, harm and product trial. Study 1 was a within-subject study which examined perceptions of four cigarettes with different coloured paper, and four cigarettes displaying a warning. Study 2 was a between-subject study (with limited power), in which respondents were randomized to one of four cigarettes: (1) regular cigarette; (2) least favourable warning from Study 1; (3) least favourable colour from Study 1; or (4) a combination of the least favourable warning and colour from Study 1. Warnings or colours were considered least favourable when they had lower scores on appeal, harm, and product trial. Results: In Study 1, a cigarette featuring the warning ‘cancer, heart disease, stroke’ and a drab dark brown cigarette were rated lowest on appeal and trial intentions, and highest on perceived harm. In Study 2, there were no significant differences in perceptions of appeal, harm or trial intentions between the regular and dissuasive cigarettes. Conclusions: Findings from our within-subject study suggest that a cigarette displaying the text ‘cancer, heart disease, stroke’ and a drab dark brown coloured cigarette are most dissuasive for Dutch non-smoking adolescents. Whether dissuasive cigarettes reduce appeal, reduce product trial, or increase perceptions of harm compared to a regular cigarette should be further examined in larger between-subject studies.

Aims: To systematically review the literature on (i) whether and how various risk messages about nicotine vaping products (NVPs) alter harm perception and behavioural intentions of smokers and non‐smokers and (ii) how trust in sources of NVP risk communication affects message reception and behavioural intentions. Methods: Seven electronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for articles published up to April 2020. Experimental and quasi‐experimental studies on message effects and cross‐sectional studies on source credibility were included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Evidence Project Risk of Bias Tool were used to assess the quality of observational and intervention studies, respectively. For each outcome variable, we indicated whether there was an effect (as a 'yes' or 'no') and used effect direction plots to display information on the direction of effects. Results: Nicotine addiction messages resulted in greater health and addiction risk perceptions, relative risk messages comparing the health risks of NVPs to cigarette smoking increased the perception that NVPs are less harmful than combustible cigarettes, and a nicotine fact sheet corrected misperceptions of nicotine and NVPs. Smokers' intention to purchase, try or switch to NVPs was higher when exposed to a relative risk message and lower when exposed to nicotine addiction warnings. Trust in NVP risk information from public health agencies was associated with lower odds of; (i) NVP use and (ii) perceiving NVPs as less harmful, whereas those who trusted information from NVP companies were more likely to perceive NVPs as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. Conclusions: Relative risk messages may help improve the accuracy of harm perceptions of nicotine vaping products and increase smokers' intentions to quit smoking and/or to switch to vaping, although the literature is nascent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portable smartphone device is reported that uses 3D printing technology for the primary diagnosis of diseases by detecting acetone. The key part of the device consists of red carbon dots (RCDs), which are used as internal standards, and a sensing reagent (3-N,N-(diacethydrazide)-9-ethylcarbazole (2-HCA)) for acetone. With an excitation wavelength of 360 nm, the emission wavelengths of 2-HCA and RCDs are 443 nm and 619 nm, respectively. 2-HCA effectively captures acetone to form a nonfluorescent acylhydrazone via a condensation reaction occurring in aqueous solution, resulting in obvious color changes from blue-violet to dark red. The detection limit for acetone is 2.62 μM (~ 0.24 ppm). This is far lower than the ketone content in normal human blood (≤ 0.50 mM) and the acetone content in human respiratory gas (≤ 1.80 ppm). The device has good recovery rates for acetone detection in blood and exhaled breath, which are 90.56–109.98% (RSD ≤ 5.48) and 92.80–108.00% (RSD ≤ 5.07), respectively. The method designed here provides a reliable way to provide health warnings by visually detecting markers of ketosis/diabetes in blood or exhaled breath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We used discrete choice experiment to examine impacts of cannabis edible packaging. • Participants prefer branded packages to plain packages. • Participants prefer health claims to no health claims. • Participants using cannabis prefer youth-appealing packages to branded packages. • Package style and health claim are the most important package attributes. Cannabis edibles recently gained considerable market share in the United States. The tobacco and food literatures consistently suggest that product packaging regulations are crucial to substance control, but little is known about how product packaging may impact cannabis edible use. This study aims to estimate the impacts of packaging on individual preferences for cannabis edibles and explore heterogeneities in preferences by cannabis use status and use purposes. 1578 adults were recruited, who lived in 18 states and Washington D.C. in the United States that legalized recreational cannabis by the time of data collection in August and September of 2022. An online discrete choice experiment was conducted to elicit individual choices between cannabis edibles with variations in five packaging attributes: package style, health claim, potency indicator, warning label position, and warning label text. Mixed logit regressions were used to assess associations between package attributes and package choices. Subsample analysis was conducted by cannabis use status (users vs. nonusers) and use purposes (medical-only, recreational-only, and dual-purpose) to detect heterogeneities. Almost all subsamples prefer branded packages to plain packages, any health claim to no health claim, and any potency indicator to no potency indicator. Cannabis users, particularly recreational-only users and dual-purpose users, also prefer youth-appealing packages to branded packages. Warning label position and text have limited impacts on choices. Overall, package style is perceived to be the most important attribute among the five (relative importance 33.2–50.8%), followed by health claim (relative importance 22.6–30.5%). In the United States, adults' preferences for cannabis edibles are associated with packaging features. Policies requiring plain package and prohibiting youth-appealing package and unsubstantiated health claims may be effective methods of cannabis control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Graphic yellow warnings with images that reflect concrete consequences are the most effective to communicate the risks of cannabis use. • Graphic yellow warnings diminish product appeal, increases harm perception, discourages intention to try them and grab attention. • The most effective themes were mental health, smoke toxicity, aesthetic implications and driving high. Health warning label on cannabis products has been recently studied, and with the latest trends of regulation around the world, there is a need to determine the most effective ways to apply this strategy. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different health warning label designs (pictorial vs text-only, background color, warning themes) on cannabis products. An online experiment study (N =533) was carried out in Colombia with a between-subject design. Participants were randomly assigned to five package conditions: without warning, text-only white warning, text-only yellow warning, pictorial white warning, and pictorial yellow warning. Participants performed an attention task and rated each of the stimuli based on product appeal, perceived addictiveness, harm perception, and interest in trying cannabis products. Pictorial health warnings were generally the most effective. Especially, pictorial health warnings with a yellow background were found to decrease product appeal and interest in trying cannabis products, as well as increase harm perception compared to other designs. The most effective warning themes were mental health, smoke toxicity, aesthetic implications, and traffic accidents. The current study provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of different designs of cannabis health warnings. Our results suggest that graphic yellow warnings are the most effective in communicating the risks of cannabis use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early identification of animals in need of management intervention is critical to maximize animal health and welfare and minimize issues with productivity. Feeding behavior, captured by automated feeding systems, can be used to monitor the health and welfare status of individual pigs. Here, we present a framework for monitoring feeding behavior of grow-finish pigs in real time, using a low-frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) system. Using historical data, an autoregressive linear model for predicting daily time at the feeder was developed and utilized to detect anomalous decreases in feeding behavior associated with health status of the pig. A total of 2,826 pigs were individually monitored with our warning system over the entire grow-finish period, and health warnings were compared to caretaker diagnoses. The system detected 55.7% of the caretaker diagnoses, and on average these events were detected 2.8 d earlier than diagnosis by the caretaker. High numbers of potentially spurious health warnings, generated by the system, can be partly explained by the lack of a reliable and repeatable gold standard reference data set. Results from this work provide a solid basis for monitoring individual animals, but further improvements to the system are necessary for practical implementation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Published by Oxford University Press for the American Society of Animal Science 2024.)

Introduction: Larger health warning labels on cigarette packages were introduced in India in 2016 to more clearly inform consumers about the health risks associated with tobacco use. The aim of this study was to know the adolescent's perception on the introduction of new cigarette packaging and plain packaging of cigarette packs. Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out among adolescents aged 16–19 years. Eighteen participants were selected using purposive sampling technique. Three focus group discussions with the first group consisting of 6 smokers and the second and third groups consisted of 6 quit smokers and 6 nonsmokers were conducted. The data were later transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory approach. Results: Nearly all participants were aware of tobacco products, brand names, colors, and pictorial warnings on tobacco products. While the nonsmokers perceived fear was greater regarding warning and the pictorial messages, the current smoker's perceptions were unaffected by fear appeals. Almost all participants reported that new cigarette warning labels were more visible, informative, and scarier than the older ones. Conclusion: Positive impact of warning labels was seen among nonsmokers and few quit smokers whereas the current smoker's perceptions were unaffected.

Objectives: Health warning messages could be an effective means of communicating the health risks associated with waterpipe (WP) smoking. The objective of this study was to select a message that conveyed the risks associated with WP smoking. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used to explore the effectiveness of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) mandated message, and others, among young adults using focus groups and surveys. Two focus group studies and one convenience survey were conducted to examine the FDA's mandated message and 11 other WP warning messages. The final study, conducted with a random sample of firstyear university students, examined the effectiveness and reactance of the chosen message using previously validated items (scored on a 1-5 scale). Results: The FDA's mandated message did not resonate well with focus group participants. In the random sample of students, the top message (WARNING: Hookah smoke contains poisons that cause lung and oral cancers) had high effectiveness (M = 4.49) and a low reactance (M = 2.12). Conclusions: Our studies suggest that other messages are more effective for communicating the risks associated with WP smoking than the FDA's message for WP tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Communication sciences improve the organization of life in society. In the interdisciplinarity that characterizes it, it also draws on anatomy. The anatomical graphic symbology, for example, the skull or bony head, due to its universal nature, facilitates the communication process and warns of potential health damages, sometimes of mortal considerations. This article highlights the participation of anatomy in communication processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco consumption rate is still high in spite of much being done to discourage many people from taking up that habit. The number of tobacco related deaths is expected to rise to over eight million deaths yearly by 2030. In India 42.4% of men, 14.2% of women and 28.6% of all adults currently use tobacco (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco). Objective: To determine the prevalence of tobacco consumption and awareness about its ill effects in a community. Materials and methods: It was a community based cross sectional study including 200 subjects. The information regarding the to- bacco use in any form among the respondents aged 15 and above was collected. Suitable percentage and proportion expression of the result was given. Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco consumption was found to be 40%. Eighty percent of them were tobacco smokers. Nearly 90 percent of the respondents had some idea about tobacco and its ill effects. Seventy percent of the total respondents felt the need to attend such de-addiction programmes. Conclusion: Awareness regarding ill effects of tobacco consump- tion still needs improvement among the members of the commu- nity studied, as there is ignorance towards ill health of tobacco use.

Introduction: Larger health warning labels on cigarette packages were introduced in India in 2016 to more clearly inform consumers about the health risks associated with tobacco use. The aim of this study was to know the adolescent's perception on the introduction of new cigarette packaging and plain packaging of cigarette packs. Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out among adolescents aged 16-19 years. Eighteen participants were selected using purposive sampling technique. Three focus group discussions with the first group consisting of 6 smokers and the second and third groups consisted of 6 quit smokers and 6 nonsmokers were conducted. The data were later transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory approach. Results: Nearly all participants were aware of tobacco products, brand names, colors, and pictorial warnings on tobacco products. While the nonsmokers perceived fear was greater regarding warning and the pictorial messages, the current smoker's perceptions were unaffected by fear appeals. Almost all participants reported that new cigarette warning labels were more visible, informative, and scarier than the older ones. Conclusion: Positive impact of warning labels was seen among nonsmokers and few quit smokers whereas the current smoker's perceptions were unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We used eye-tracking to examine how little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) pack features influence adults' (aged 18-34) visual attention to warning labels. Methods: Adults who were ever users of LCCs (N = 181) viewed a series of LCC pack images in a mixed design that varied the background color of a text-based warning label (yellow vs white) and the inclusion of a price promotion (present vs absent) as between-subject factors. Eye-tracking technology measured the number of fixations, dwell time, and entry time on the warning label. Recall of the warning and risk perceptions were also assessed. Results: Participants who saw LCC packs with price promotions looked at warning labels less often (B = -1.10, 95% CI -1.89, -0.32) and for shorter periods of time (B = -245.41, 95% CI -474.87, -15.96). The yellow background of the warning was associated with greater recall of the warning statement and with lower perceptions of the risk of heart disease and stroke. Conclusions: Our study provides some evidence that price promotions distract from warnings about LCCs' health effects and that the background color of the warning statement might make a difference in recall and response to the warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this study, we sought to determine how smokers allocate their attention when viewing the 9 cigarette pictorial warning labels (PWLs) proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and identify PWL attributes associated with increased attention. Methods: Using eye-tracking data from an exploratory within-subject study, we examined smokers' attention (latency, latency duration, and dwell time) to areas of interest (image vs textual warning) for each PWL among 95 daily, non-treatment-seeking smokers (62.1% male, 48.4% white, mean [SD] age = 32.98 [10.14], mean [SD] cigarettes/day = 15.51 [8.43]). We also compared attention measures by PWL message congruency, textual warning location, and participant rankings of effectiveness. Results: Attention measures differed significantly among PWLs (ps < .001) and by features and self-reported effectiveness rankings (ps < .001 - .039). Congruent PWLs, those displaying text across the warning label, and those ranked most effective were associated with sustained attention to image, whereas incongruent PWLs, those displaying left text, and those ranked least effective, were associated with faster and sustained attention to text. Conclusions: Smokers allocated their attention differently across PWLs. Formats and participant effectiveness rankings of PWLs were associated with visual attention patterns, suggesting the importance of these features to the design of potential future PWLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: E-cigarettes are sold in flavors such as "skittles," "strawberrylicious," and "juicy fruit," and no restrictions are in place on marketing e-cigarettes to youth. Sweets/fruits depicted in e-cigarette advertisements may increase their appeal to youth and interfere with health warnings. This study tested a brain biomarker of product preference for sweet/fruit versus tobacco flavor e-cigarettes, and whether advertising for flavors interfered with warning labels.Methods: Participants (N = 26) were college-age young adults who had tried an e-cigarette and were susceptible to future e-cigarette use. They viewed advertisements in fMRI for sweet/fruit and tobacco flavor e-cigarettes, menthol and regular cigarettes, and control images of sweets/fruits/mints with no tobacco product. Cue-reactivity was measured in the nucleus accumbens, a brain biomarker of product preference. Advertisements randomly contained warning labels, and recognition of health warnings was tested post-scan. Visual attention was measured using eye-tracking.Results: There was a significant effect of e-cigarette condition (sweet/tobacco/control) on nucleus accumbens activity, that was not found for cigarette condition (menthol/regular/control). Nucleus accumbens activity was greater for sweet/fruit versus tobacco flavor e-cigarette advertisements and did not differ compared with control images of sweets and fruits. Greater nucleus accumbens activity was correlated with poorer memory for health warnings.Conclusions: These and exploratory eye-tracking findings suggest that advertising for sweet/fruit flavors may increase positive associations with e-cigarettes and/or override negative associations with tobacco, and interfere with health warnings, suggesting that one way to reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes to youth and educate youth about e-cigarette health risks is to regulate advertising for flavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After Canada was the first country in the world to introduce pictorial warnings on cigarette packs, they now discuss a proposal to place a warning on each individual cigarette as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Health warnings printed on cigarette packets are an important vehicle in that they demonstrate and inform people of the threats and health risks related to smoking. Increasing the effectiveness of this vehicle is one of the purposes of this study. Research Methods: Since this research aims to describe the associations between dependent and independent variables and determine whether or not independent variables influence dependent variables, it is a correlational study in the category of descriptive research. The research group was composed of 848 randomly chosen undergraduate students. The data were collected through a questionnaire used in similar research. Path analysis and logistic regression analysis were employed in the analysis of the data. Findings: According to the findings, the variables of response efficacy, self-efficacy, probability of harm and the severity of harm have high rates of explanation in both groups, but are higher in the combined warning group. It is apparent that the severity of harm and probability of harm will not be influential in behaviours in both groups without the variable of the instrument of fear. The reason for this is that fear can be associated with the function of the moderator. Implications for Research and Practice: In conclusion, it may be stated that the written text warnings and combined warnings printed on cigarette packets can be influential (and combined warnings are more influential) in preventing individuals from smoking. Enlarging this project and applying it to different groups is important in terms of understanding the durability of the relevant behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recently, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to start requiring nicotine exposure labels for nicotine-containing liquid products. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety labels, messages, and packaging from a broad range of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) products manufactured prior to the announcement of this new requirement. Methods: We purchased 105 ENDS products and e-liquids from across the US as well as from online shops. Products were analyzed for the presence of health warnings (eg, do not drink), instructions for use related messages (eg, keep upright), legal disclaimers (eg, not FDA approved), and nicotine content related messages (eg, contains nicotine). Results: The majority of analyzed products had messages regarding instructions for use of the products (84.8%) and legal disclaimers (81.9%). Most of the products studied had nicotine content related warnings (72.4%). Only slightly more than half of the products had some sort of health warning (63.8%). All analyzed e-liquids had child-resistant packaging. Conclusions: Prior to the establishment of these new requirements by FDA, the majority of ENDS products examined had exposure labels and child-resistant packaging as product constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most researches use the fixed-length sample to identify ECG abnormalities based on MIT ECG dataset, which leads to information loss. To address this problem, this paper proposes a method for ECG abnormality detection and health warning based on ECG Holter of PHIA and 3R-TSH-L method. The 3R-TSH-L method is implemented by:(1) getting 3R ECG samples using Pan-Tompkins method and using volatility to obtain high-quality raw ECG data; (2) extracting combination features including time-domain features, frequency domain features and time-frequency domain features; (3) using LSTM for classification, training and testing the algorithm based on the MIT-BIH dataset, and obtaining relatively optimal features as spliced normalized fusion features including kurtosis, skewness and RR interval time domain features, STFT-based sub-band spectrum features, and harmonic ratio features. The ECG data were collected using the self-developed ECG Holter (PHIA) on 14 subjects, aged between 24 and 75 including both male and female, to build the ECG dataset (ECG-H). The algorithm was transferred to the ECG-H dataset, and a health warning assessment model based on abnormal ECG rate and heart rate variability weighting was proposed. Experiments show that 3R-TSH-L method proposed in the paper has a high accuracy of 98.28% for the detection of ECG abnormalities of MIT-BIH dataset and a good transfer learning ability of 95.66% accuracy for ECG-H. The health warning model was also testified to be reasonable. The key technique of the ECG Holter of PHIA and the method 3R-TSH-L proposed in this paper is expected to be widely used in family-oriented healthcare., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)