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Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture for pest control, but their improper usage and handling can lead to high farmer exposures, negative health effects, and pollution of water bodies. The purpose of this study was to investigate farmer's perceptions of the effects of pesticide runoff on water bodies, and to describe their self-reported knowledge of appropriate pesticide use, methods of application, sources of information, and related health issues and management strategies in Ethiopia. Data were collected via structured questionnaire, which was administered as an in-person interview to 582 farmers who cultivated vegetables. To assess unsafe pesticide handling practices, researchers observed the storage of pesticides and the condition of personal protective equipment and asked farmers about their pesticide disposal methods. The study found that nearly 87.97% of farmers reported mixing pesticides using a stick or their bare hands. Most respondents (88.83%) mixed pesticides to spray just on their farmland, and some (10.14%) were near water sources. It revealed that farmers have a low level of awareness about the risks and effects associated with pesticides and do not follow safe practices. Out of the farmers who had utilized pesticides, 55.67% reported encountering health issues associated with pesticide exposure. To reduce exposure and health risks, the study suggests implementing comprehensive interventions, such as integrated pest management, safety training, and alternative control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of As, Co, Fe, and Zn in Brassica perviridis grown on 23 soil samples collected in Northern Vietnam was investigated using neutron activation analysis by irradiating the samples in the Cd-screen channel of the REGATA facility at the IBR-2 reactor. According to ecological indices, the soil samples from several locations were characterized by a significant or extremely high degree of contamination, which may be associated with mining activities. The average content of As, Co, Fe, and Zn in vegetable samples was 0.17, 0.38, 320, and 176 mg·kg−1, respectively. For all samples, target hazard index values were less than one, except for Brassica perviridis grown on soils collected in Laocai and Phutho. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the air pollutants emitted from the petrochemical industry known to pose adverse health effects on workers. The database based on the third phase of The Environmental Health Study in the Korean National Industrial Complexes (EHSNIC) in Ulsan conducted from 2018 to 2021 was used. Subjects were divided into the exposed and control group according to the estimated pollution level and distances from the industrial complexes. Ambient benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were significantly higher in the exposed group compared to the controls, as well as their metabolites. Risk of chronic disease and atopic dermatitis was higher in the exposed group which was supported by higher serum inflammatory markers and high hazard index of the exposed region. These results can draw attention to people engaged with environmental plans and used as primary data when making policies to reduce pollutant levels around industrial complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program Human Health Assessment report 2021 presents a summary of the presence of environmental contaminants in human populations across the circumpolar Arctic and related health effects. Based on this report the objective of this paper is giving a short summary of the health effects related to the current level of persistent organic pollutants (POP) and metals. The overall key findings are as follows: i. metals and POP (polychlorinated biphenyls, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)) in the Arctic have known adverse health impacts on humans especially on developing foetuses and children. Lifestyle, diet and nutrition and genetics influence the risk; ii. POP and metals negatively impact the brain and immune system, increasing the risk of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes later in life and negatively affect foetal growth and development: iii. marine food omega-3 fatty acids can diminish adverse effects of high mercury exposure on cardiovascular and neurological outcomes; iv. the interaction of genetic, lifestyle, nutrition status and contaminants can influence the risk of cancer, metabolic disease, nervous system disorders, disruption of reproduction and foetal and child growth. Future investigations must focus on genetically and effect modifiers and mixtures of POP exposures to explore the effect of chemical interaction on health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project describes the external exposure levels of metalworking fluid (MWF) in an automobile parts manufacturing factory and analyzes the health effects of MWF on workers so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the MWF testing process and evaluating occupational hazards. MWF in the air of the workplace was collected according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health' analysis method (NIOSH 5524). The mass concentrations of MWF total aerosols and extracted aerosols were determined by weighing and binary or ternary solvent extraction. The quantitative relationship between them was analyzed. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to establish the group of subjects. Demographic information, allergic diseases, and clinical laboratory indicators were collected through questionnaire and health examination data, and the health effects of MWF were assessed. Personal sampling of 38 workers in three posts was carried out using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter. The arithmetic means of concentration of total aerosols was 0.43(0.13–1.02) mg/m3, and the extractable aerosols concentration was 0.23(0.05–0.55) mg/m3. There was a significant correlation between total and extractable aerosol levels, and a linear regression equation was established: Y = 0.469X + 0.024 (X is the total aerosols concentration, Y is the extracted aerosols concentration). There was no significant difference in blood routine, liver function, or other biochemical results or indicators between the exposed workers and controls (P > 0.05). The clear linear relationship between concentrations of aerosols indicates that the extracted aerosols level can be reasonably inferred from the total aerosols. Under the circumstances investigated in this project, MWF exposure did not induce significant adverse health effects, as evidenced by the results of occupational medical examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lantana camara L., or simply Lantana, a widespread weed, was chosen to develop an eco-friendly biochar. Lantana contains toxic compounds such as triterpenoids and alkaloids, which can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. Ingesting Lantana leaves can lead to severe symptoms, including nausea and liver damage. Lantana pollen can exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma. Effective management strategies are essential to mitigate these health risks. Pharmaceutical pollution is an emerging crisis in wastewater and even groundwater. This is exacerbated by the huge global consumption of pharmaceuticals. Converting Lantana into biochar offers a solution that was tested for removing acetaminophen (ACM) as a model pharmaceutical compound, addressing both environmental and health concerns. Lantana is globally ranked among the top 10 worst invasive species. In India, ∼132,000 km2 of pasture lands and ∼303,607 km2 of forest lands are colonized by Lantana, making it a reliable biochar feedstock. Lantana biochar (LB700) was produced through slow pyrolysis of dried Lantana at 700 °C (ramp rate = 7 °C/min) and subsequently employed for aqueous ACM sorption. LB700 was characterized by its Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and elemental composition. Batch ACM sorption was performed to find the influence of pH, initial ACM concentration, LB700 dose, and temperature. Equilibrium sorption data were interpreted using Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Toth, Redlich–Peterson, and Sips isotherm models, while kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo-first- and second-order rate equations. Maximum ACM adsorption (4.5 mg/g) occurred at pH 2 with 1.0 g/L of LB700 dose. ACM sorption drastically reduced after pH 8 due to electrostatic repulsion between deprotonated ACM and negatively charged LB700. Pseudo-second-order equation best-fitted with kinetic data (R2 = 0.91–0.97). A maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of 13.2 mg/g was obtained at 40 °C. The spontaneity and endothermicity of the reaction were inferred from negative ΔG° (−19.73 to −24 kJ/mol) and positive ΔH° (20.82 kJ/mol) values, respectively. The π–π stacking, H-bonding, van der Waals interactions, and pore diffusions are the dominant interactions. This study ingeniously addresses two pressing issues, Lantana invasion and pharmaceutical wastewater management, by providing an alternative solution through large-scale conversion of Lantana into biochar for treating pharmaceutical wastewater. Moreover, by converting Lantana into biochar, it effectively mitigates the health effects associated with this invasive plant, ensuring the preservation of environmental health and safety. Furthermore, it emphasizes the paramount importance for pharmaceutical industries to proactively treat their effluents, thereby safeguarding both environmental health and safety. Thus, this work strongly aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals including Clean Water and Sanitation (Goal 6) and Good Health and Well-Being (Goal 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is an annual herbaceous plant whose seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). This oil exhibits various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activities. In addition, incorporating perilla oil into a diet can effectively increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota. However, perilla oil is prone to oxidation, which reduces its nutritional value and lowers its bioavailability. To address these issues, encapsulation technologies such as emulsions, oleogels, liposomes and microcapsules have been employed, showing promising results. Nonetheless, further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms of perilla seed oil's health effects, validate its benefits through large-scale human clinical trials and optimize encapsulation techniques. Future investigations should also explore the synergistic effects of combining perilla seed oil with other functional components and its role in modulating gut microbiota to achieve comprehensive health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Drunkorexia is a novel alcohol-related disorder prevalent among adolescents and young adults. Extensive research on the causes and their relationship is lacking. Identifying these aspects could improve early detection and management by healthcare professionals. The aim of this review was to identify the influencing factors of drunkorexia in adolescents and young adults, as well as the main opportunities for action by health professionals. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in June and July 2024 using three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science). A search and review protocol were established and registered in PROSPERO. The research questions were formulated in Patient, Concept, Context (PCC) formats for an adequate literature review. Original articles from January 2008 to July 2024 were included. Reviews, meta-analyses, and doctoral theses or academic texts were excluded. In the screening phase, a methodological assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical appraisal tools to support study eligibility. Depending on the study design, different checklists were used, and cross-sectional studies that received scores of 4/8 or higher, quasi-experimental designs that obtained 5/9 or higher, and qualitative research that obtained 5/10 or higher were accepted. Results: A total of 1502 studies were initially found. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 20 studies were selected. Complications of emotion regulation, both positive and negative metacognitive beliefs, inability to effectively manage stress and anxiety, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, self-discipline and self-control, or differences in social expectations are predisposing factors for drunkorexia. The management of malnutrition and dehydration is an opportunity for clinical professionals to address this problem. In addition, mental health issues can provide another opportunity to manage heavy alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Drunkorexia must be recognized as a new disease to be addressed from a multidisciplinary perspective. In this way, increasing research on this trend would support prevention and intervention strategies. The use of digital platforms is essential for raising social awareness of this negative habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous benzoic acid causes detrimental effects on public health, but the underlying mechanisms often remain elusive. Benzoic acid (0.00-40.00 mg L-1) was detected from sixty fermented goat milk samples in six replicates, indicating the existence of endogenous benzoic acid. Herein, we investigated the effects of benzoic acid on the variations of metabolome and proteome signatures in fermented goat milk via integrative metabolomics (LOQ 2.39-98.98 µg L-1) and proteomics approach based on UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Explicitly, benzoic acid reduced the content of taurine (7.06-4.80 mg L-1) and hypotaurine (3.86-1.74 mg L-1) due to a significant decrease in the levels of glutamate decarboxylase 1 by benzoic acid. The reduction in lactose (7.13-5.31 mg L-1) and d -galactose (4.39-3.37 mg L-1) content was related to the decrease in αl-actalbumin and β-galactosidase levels, respectively, in fermented goat milk containing 40.00 mg L-1 benzoic acid. Meanwhile, the levels of maltose (22.84-16.53 mg L-1) and raffinose (4.19-3.10 mg L-1) progressively decreased with increasing benzoic acid concentrations (0.00-40.00 mg L-1), which had detrimental effects on the nutritional quality of fermented goat milk. Additionally, the concentration of benzoic acid and fermentation temperature are the most important factors to control the loss of nutrients in fermented dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Potential application of the outcomes of the present study is feasible for the development of more targeted wellbeing measures in order to promote human health and prevent unfavorable pregnancy impacts related to increased oxidative stress due to pollution. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defense that can lead to reproductive disorders and poor pregnancy outcomes. Environmental pollution under climate change is involved in reactive oxygen species formation and may cause various dysfunctions of the reproductive system. Oxidative stress is a widespread factor that affects the physiology of the male and female reproductive systems, leading to high levels of DNA damage and infertility. Miscarriage, preeclampsia, and premature birth are all linked to oxidative stress. Environmental pollution induces excesses of oxidative stress by expanding ROS generation or overwhelming the physiological responses of the antioxidant defense system. This increases cellular damage, inflammation, and the development of numerous diseases. Here, we present a brief outline of the physiological and developmental roles that oxidative stress plays during pregnancy. We also offer some insights into the underlying mechanisms that have been put forth, which culminate in a summary of the harmful effects of oxidative stress that have an environmental origin in pregnancy-related complications. The current work may motivate the design of more focused wellbeing measures in order to prevent and promote human health and anticipate unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the influence of wine, beer, and spirits consumption, respectively, on non-pathological, age-related cognitive decline from young adulthood to late midlife in a large follow-up study of Danish men. Methods: The study includes 2456 middle-aged Danish men from the Lifestyle and Cognition Follow-up study 2015, with information on adult-life consumption (from age 26) of wine, beer, and spirits self-reported in late midlife and age-related cognitive decline assessed using the same validated intelligence test administered in young adulthood and late midlife. Associations were adjusted for consumption of other alcoholic beverages, year of birth, age at follow-up, retest interval, education, young adulthood intelligence, and personality. Results: Most of the men had wine (48%) or beer (42%) as their preferred beverage type. For all three alcoholic beverages, consumption of more than 14 units weekly was associated with a greater decline in unadjusted analyses, but this trend was only significant for wine. In contrast, adjusted models showed that moderate wine and spirits consumption was associated with less decline than abstention for these alcohol types (p = 0.03 for 8–14 units/week of wine and p = 0.03 for 1–7 units/week of spirits). Statistical tests suggested a difference between the estimated effects of consumption of 8–14 units/week of wine and beer on cognitive decline. Conclusions: While patterns of associations were similar across beverages, moderate wine and spirits consumption may mitigate cognitive decline, in contrast with beer. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to inherent differences between men with different alcoholic beverage preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper explores the multifaceted relationship between sweet cherry nutrients and human health, aiming to uncover the comprehensive impact of these bioactive compounds from orchard to wellness. Furthermore, it highlights how advanced crop techniques can be pivotal in optimizing these beneficial compounds. Synthesizing existing literature, the paper examines the diverse bioactive nutrients in sweet cherries, including antioxidants, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals, and elucidating their mechanisms of action and potential health benefits. From antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory effects, the paper elucidates how these nutrients may mitigate chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, it explores their role in promoting gastrointestinal health, enhancing exercise recovery, and modulating sleep patterns. The review discusses emerging research on the potential anti-cancer properties of sweet cherry compounds, highlighting their promising role in cancer prevention and treatment. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of sweet cherry consumption on metabolic health, weight management, and skin health. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of sweet cherry nutrients and their health effects, this paper offers valuable insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and consumers interested in utilizing nature's bounty for holistic wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented fruits and vegetables are rich in phenolic compounds, minerals, and vitamins, which have potential health benefits for the prevention of many diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. There is a growing demand for the development of nondairy probiotic products based on fruits and vegetables in view of changing lifestyles (e.g., vegetarianism, veganism, and allergy to dairy products) and the rise of nutritional diet therapy. In this review, the processes and health potential of fermented fruits and vegetables are described. The study focuses on the role of bacteria and fungi in fermented fruits and vegetables, outlines the process of transformation of bioactive components, and systematically summarizes the possible mechanisms of antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and blood pressure‐lowering effects. The health effects of fermented fruits and vegetables depend mainly on the microorganisms present in the fermentation process and the bioactive components they produce, such as phenols, vitamins, and organic acids. These active compounds exert many health effects such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐obesity, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, and other health benefits. Therefore, the development of fermented foods based on fruits and vegetables can be a promising way to adapt to the market demand and to reduce the wastage of agriculturally produced fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution in the interior of our homes is caused by diverse chemical, physical, and biological entities. This review comprehensively explores the current understanding of sources and health impacts of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Trend analysis of indoor air research worldwide revealed a quantum jump of 2.8 times in the number of publications during the last ten years. Indoor air pollutants are innumerable, but only a few are widely prevalent in most households. The qualitative complexity of pollutants translates to different health problems, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and deaths. There exist wide-scale disparities in the negative impacts among different economic strata, genders, and age groups; children and elderly populations are more vulnerable. In developing countries, pollutants primarily arise from traditional sources, whereas in developed countries, pollutants from non-conventional sources are comparatively significant. Only a few countries have indoor air regulations, policies, monitoring plans and effective enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study used the AirQ + software developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the health impacts associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Mashhad, Iran. For this purpose, we analyzed the daily average concentrations of PM2.5 (with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) registered by the air quality monitoring stations from 2016 to 2021. The levels of PM2.5 surpassed the Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) limit value of 5 µg/m3 (annual value) established by WHO. The findings revealed that the burden of mortality (from all-natural causes) at people above 30 years old associated with PM2.5 exposures was 2093 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1627–2314] deaths in 2016 and 2750 [95% CI: 2139–3038] deaths in 2021. In general, the attributable mortality from specific causes of deaths (e.g., COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), IHD (ischemic heart diseases) and stroke) in people above 25 years old increased between the years, but the mortality from lung cancer was stable at 46 [95% CI: 33–59] deaths in 2016 and 48 [95% CI: 34–61] deaths in 2021. The attributable mortality from ALRI (Acute Lower Respiratory Infection) in children below 5 years old increased between the years. We also found differences in mortality cases from IHD and stroke among the age groups and between the years 2016 and 2021. It was concluded that burden of disease methodologies are suitable tools for regional and national policymakers, who must take decisions to prevent and to control air pollution and to analyze the cost-effectiveness of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of nanotechnology has experienced exponential growth, with the unique properties of nanomaterials (NMs) being employed to enhance a wide range of products across diverse industrial sectors. This study examines the toxicity of metal- and carbon-based NMs, with a particular focus on titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), silica (SiO2), cerium oxide (CeO2), silver (Ag), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The potential health risks associated with increased human exposure to these NMs and their effect on the respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermal, and immune systems were evaluated using in vitro assays. Physicochemical characterisation of the NMs was carried out, and in vitro assays were performed to assess the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis/necrosis, and inflammation in cell lines representative of the systems evaluated (3T3, Caco-2, HepG2, A549, and THP-1 cell lines). The results obtained show that 3T3 and A549 cells exhibit high cytotoxicity and ROS production after exposure to ZnO NMs. Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines show cytotoxicity when exposed to ZnO and Ag NMs and oxidative stress induced by SiO2 and MWCNTs. THP-1 cell line shows increased cytotoxicity and a pro-inflammatory response upon exposure to SiO2. This study emphasises the importance of conducting comprehensive toxicological assessments of NMs given their physicochemical interactions with biological systems. Therefore, it is of key importance to develop robust and specific methodologies for the assessment of their potential health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Considering the dynamic influence of environmental, social, economic, and political factors in the emergence and growth of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) over the years and pre-existing differences, the adverse effects of air pollution on the health and well-being of the people have remained major areas of academic inquiry and policy interventions. The present study examines the global trend of deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributable to air pollution with particular reference to the BRICS countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Methods: This study has used the global burden of disease estimates by using different rounds of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study report published by the Institute of Health Metrics Evaluation. This study has calculated the cause of death and DALYs due to environmental risk factors (i.e. Air pollution). Data analysis has been done by using the standard formula for the calculation of death (mortality) rate and DALYs rate. Similarly, we calculated the age and gender-wise death and DALYs rate by using the appropriate numerator and denominator. Results: The study discovered a significant shift in disease patterns over this period, as communicable diseases like respiratory infections and tuberculosis were replaced by non-communicable diseases such as ischemic heart disease (17.2 million), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14.59 million), and stroke (17.02 million) as the primary causes of air pollution-related deaths in 2019 at the global level. Additionally, the study identified a worrying increase in deaths linked to neonatal disorders and respiratory infections caused by ambient particulate matter pollution in South Africa, India, and Brazil. The impact of air pollution on public health is evident across different age groups and genders, with people aged 50-69 years, those aged 70 and above, and children under 5 years being more vulnerable. Furthermore, the male population is disproportionately affected by communicable and noncommunicable diseases caused by air pollution. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for policymakers to implement evidence-based interventions to tackle this global health problem. The interventions should aim to reduce the emerging crisis of non-communicable diseases related to air pollution, particularly among vulnerable age groups and the male population, ultimately improving public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human pesticide exposure remains a significant issue, impacting both the environment and human health. Occupational pesticide exposure is primarily linked to improper worker practices, often due to a lack of knowledge or difficulty interpreting label information and other technical aspects of pesticide application. This systematic review aims to identify the pesticides most used by agricultural workers, the symptoms they experience due to exposure, and the GHS hazard statements on these pesticide labels. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the search identified 16 articles addressing health effects associated with the most frequently used pesticides. These studies predominantly come from Asia (68.8%), Africa (25%), and America (6.2%), with most pesticides being outside the list approved by the EC. Related symptoms were reported in 80 to 100% of the studies that included these pesticides. An evident relationship has been identified between GHS hazard statements and associated symptoms for certain pesticides. Therefore, companies and public authorities must collaborate to improve workers' training, particularly in reading and interpreting product labels. Additionally, they must thoroughly explain the risks associated with improper pesticide practices and application to safeguard workers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the level of Omani school students' awareness of air pollution and its health effects due to gender and grade variables. A study was conducted in four governorates in Oman, viz. Muscat, Al Dakhiliyah, north and south Al Batinah, in the 2022/2023 academic year. A closed online questionnaire was used with a total of 1,337 respondents from grades 9th, 10th, & 11th. The results of the study showed that the level of students' awareness regarding air pollution and its health effects was moderate. Significant differences in students' awareness of air pollution and its health effects due to gender and grade variables were obtained. Female students were more vulnerable than males to the effects of air pollution, hence they were significantly careful about air quality when doing outdoor sports activities. In contrast, male students' awareness of the schools' role regarding air pollution awareness and reduction actions was significantly higher than female students. Social media was a main source of access to information about air pollution. Inhaling contaminated air was the most common route of exposure to the toxic air pollutants reported by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exacerbation of wildfires caused by global warming poses a significant threat to human health and environmental integrity. This review examines the particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants resulting from fire incidents and their impacts on individual health, with a specific focus on the occupational hazards faced by firefighters. Of particular concern is the release of carbon-containing gases and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from forest fires and urban conflagrations, which exceed the recommended limits and pose severe health risks. Firefighters exposed to these pollutants demonstrate an elevated risk of developing pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and cancer compared to the general population, indicating an urgent need for enhanced protective measures and health management strategies for firefighters. Through a meticulous analysis of the current research findings, this review delineates future research directions, focusing on the composition and properties of these pollutants, the impacts of fire-emitted pollutants on human health, and the development of novel protective technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture for pest control, but their improper usage and handling can lead to high farmer exposures, negative health effects, and pollution of water bodies. The purpose of this study was to investigate farmer’s perceptions of the effects of pesticide runoff on water bodies, and to describe their self-reported knowledge of appropriate pesticide use, methods of application, sources of information, and related health issues and management strategies in Ethiopia. Data were collected via structured questionnaire, which was administered as an in-person interview to 582 farmers who cultivated vegetables. To assess unsafe pesticide handling practices, researchers observed the storage of pesticides and the condition of personal protective equipment and asked farmers about their pesticide disposal methods. The study found that nearly 87.97% of farmers reported mixing pesticides using a stick or their bare hands. Most respondents (88.83%) mixed pesticides to spray just on their farmland, and some (10.14%) were near water sources. It revealed that farmers have a low level of awareness about the risks and effects associated with pesticides and do not follow safe practices. Out of the farmers who had utilized pesticides, 55.67% reported encountering health issues associated with pesticide exposure. To reduce exposure and health risks, the study suggests implementing comprehensive interventions, such as integrated pest management, safety training, and alternative control methods.

Individuals are constantly exposed to hazardous factors that can affect their health, the hazards encountered in the workplace can lead to the development of occupational diseases. Risk mitigation measures help to reduce the risks, but they are often designed without consideration of interactions between occupational exposures. Therefore, there is a need for research and it resulted in international research plans and programmes. The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the scientific results related to the link between multiple occupational exposures and human health outcomes. Sixty-three articles were reviewed. Research articles were included only if they mentioned: several combined exposures, the direct characterisation of each exposure, and exposure/health outcome associations. Seven activity sectors were identified: ‘extraction and energy production and distribution’, ‘health care’, ‘banks, public administration and defence’, ‘chemical production’, ‘manufacturing industry’, ‘agriculture and food industry’ and ‘transport and logistics’. Six multiple exposures scenarios were identified: chemical (n = 35), chemical/physical-biomechanical (n = 22), chemical/psychosocial-organisational (n = 6), physical-biomechanical (n = 9), physical-biomechanical/psychosocial-organisational (n = 13), and psychosocial-organisational (n = 12). The health problems identified concern nervous, mental, respiratory, musculoskeletal, auditory and other systems. Eighty-eight of 97 (91%) multiple exposure/health problem associations were reported to be statistically significant. Twenty studies (32%) provided specific risk prevention advice for multiple exposures. Prevention aimed at reducing risks to workers' health is still underdeveloped, further research is needed to improve prevention methods. No study was related to biological risk, and some other multiple exposures known to have health effects were not identified as well. This highlights the need for more multiple exposures research.

Rashid Lateef,1,2 Israr Ahmad,2 Abbas Ali Mahdi,3 Neha Lohia,1 Hisham A Alhadlaq,4 Mohd Javed Akhtar,4 Maqusood Ahamed4 1School of Life and Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India; 3Department of Biochemistry, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India; 4King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Maqusood Ahamed, King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia, Email mahamed@ksu.edu.saBackground: Researchers have shown substantial interest in bismuth oxide/reduced graphene oxide (Bi2O3/RGO) nanocomposites due to their superior features that are not achievable by each material alone. The growing applications and manufacturing of Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites have raised concerns regarding their potential human health risks. This work was designed to explore the possible toxicity mechanisms of Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites in two distinct mammalian cell lines, normal rat kidney cells (NRK52E) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2).Methods: Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites were prepared by a simple hydrothermal technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the synthesized nanocomposites. The cytotoxicity of Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites in NRK52E and HepG2 cells was examined by MTT cell viability assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were measured as the biomarkers of oxidative stress. The apoptosis study was carried out by measuring several parameters, including cell cycle and caspase-3.Results: High-quality Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites of ≈33– 38 nm size without impurities, where crystalline Bi2O3 particles are evenly attached to the RGO sheets. Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites exhibit cytotoxic effects on NRK52E and HepG2 cells, which were dose- and time-dependent. Interestingly, NRK52E exhibited marginally higher vulnerability to Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites compared to HepG2. Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites also cause a dose-dependent increase in ROS production and a decrease in GSH levels. Exposing NRK52E and HepG2 cells to Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites results in activation of the caspase-3 enzyme and chromosomal condensation. The apoptotic response of Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites against both types of cells was further confirmed by AO-EB dual staining and altered cell cycle.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the toxicity of Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites in both NRK52E and HepG2 cells is attributed to their ability to produce ROS, leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as a consequence of oxidative stress. Keywords: Bi2O3/RGO nanocomposites, health effects, NRK52E, HepG2, Caspase-3, ROS, apoptosis

Abstract Prior research on e-cigarettes’ health impacts is inconclusive due to confounding by previous tobacco smoking. Studies of e-cigarette use among people without an established smoking history are informative for this question. A cross-sectional survey was administered across six geopolitical world regions to adults aged 18+ without a history of established cigarette smoking or regular use of other nicotine/tobacco products. Two cohorts were defined based on e-cigarette use: “Vapers Cohort” (N = 491) who used e-cigarettes in the past 7 days and “Control Cohort” (N = 247) who never regularly used e-cigarettes. Frequency of respiratory symptoms (Respiratory Symptom Evaluation Score (RSES)) were compared between cohorts, adjusting for sociodemographics. Tobacco use history and patterns of e-cigarette use was also examined. Respiratory symptoms were rare among both the Vapers and Control Cohorts: 83.3% and 88.4%, respectively, reported “rarely” or “never” experiencing all five RSES items (p = 0.125). The Vapers (vs. Control) Cohort reported modestly more frequent respiratory symptoms (adjusted mean RSES 1.61 vs. 1.43, respectively, p

Under the harsh environmental conditions characterized by intense ultraviolet radiation and elevated ozone (O3) background, the temporal dynamics of atmospheric O3 concentrations and their associated environmental ramifications in the densely populated and emission-concentrated urban regions of the Tibetan Plateau have garnered considerable scientific interest. This comprehensive study meticulously compiles O3 concentration data spanning 2015 to 2023 from 7 cities of Xizang, conducting rigorous trend analyses and employing a robust suite of 13 risk assessment indicators to gauge the implications for human health and ecological vegetation. It shows that O3 concentrations of these cities demonstrate significant geographical variations, with the central city of Lhasa recording the highest O3 mass concentration, while those in the southern cities of Shannan and Rikaze are relatively lower. O3 concentrations of Nagqu, located in the north, are comparable to those of Lhasa and are significantly higher than those of Ali in the west, as well as those of Linzhi and Changdu in the east Plateau. O3 concentrations of Changdu and Linzhi peak in June and March-April, respectively, while the other cities reach their peaks in May. Since 2015, interannual variations in O3 concentrations of Ali, Nagqu, Lhasa, and Linzhi do not show statistically significant trends. In contrast, Shannan, Rikaze, and Changdu experience significant increases in concentration. Specifically, AMDA8_max and AMDA8_4th in Rikaze and Changdu increase significantly, whereas the other cities show decreasing trends. Similarly, both NDGT90 and NDGT70 exhibit comparable trends. SOMO35 indicator, which indicates human health risks, and AOT40 and W126 indicators, which are closely related to ecological vegetation and crop growth, show a high degree of consistency in their trends relative to diurnal O3 concentration changes. In Lhasa, values of these indicators exceed safety thresholds, particularly during spring and summer, highlighting the combined effect of high background O3 concentrations in the Plateau and intensified O3 photochemical formation due to anthropogenic emissions, posing potential threats to human health and ecosystems. Although the current O3-related risk indicators of Rikaze and Changdu have not yet reached critical levels, their significant upward trends should not be overlooked. With the continuous rise in anthropogenic pollutant emissions in the region, adverse effects of O3 photochemical formation are anticipated to intensify. Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance monitoring and assessment in these cities and to implement effective measures to mitigate or control O3 pollution, thereby safeguarding regional environmental security and promoting sustainable development.

Industrial noise sources are among the environmental noise sources that are ranked second among the causes of ill health in Europe by the World Health Organization. The aim of this paper is to summarize and review of published information focusing on noise annoyance from industrial activities and mining. A search for articles was performed using the bibliographic databases platforms. The epidemiological evidence shows that environmental noise may be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, impaired cognitive development in children, mental health, post-irritability, and sleep disturbances. As a result of efforts to minimize the effects of industrial noise on human health, the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority published A Guide to the Noise Policy for Industry in 2017, which sets out recommended noise levels, methods, and procedures for noise management based on the latest scientific evidence. Social networks can be used to assess the population’s noise annoyance and to verify the effectiveness of the measures. The industrial noise sources are typically defined by low-frequency noise. Low-frequency noise has very low attenuation and is only slightly affected by obstacles, therefore it can be a major cause of night noise annoyance. An association was confirmed between exposure to low-frequency noise and sleep disturbance, psychological problems, cognitive impairment, increased social conflicts, anxiety, emotional instability, nervousness, and reduced mental performance – concentration, and visual perception. In view of the long tradition of mining and industry, the assessment of noise from these activities from the perspective of its impacts on human health is an inherent part of legislative processes. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(5):425–431

Abstract The study used the AirQ + software developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the health impacts associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Mashhad, Iran. For this purpose, we analyzed the daily average concentrations of PM2.5 (with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) registered by the air quality monitoring stations from 2016 to 2021. The levels of PM2.5 surpassed the Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) limit value of 5 µg/m3 (annual value) established by WHO. The findings revealed that the burden of mortality (from all-natural causes) at people above 30 years old associated with PM2.5 exposures was 2093 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1627–2314] deaths in 2016 and 2750 [95% CI: 2139–3038] deaths in 2021. In general, the attributable mortality from specific causes of deaths (e.g., COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), IHD (ischemic heart diseases) and stroke) in people above 25 years old increased between the years, but the mortality from lung cancer was stable at 46 [95% CI: 33–59] deaths in 2016 and 48 [95% CI: 34–61] deaths in 2021. The attributable mortality from ALRI (Acute Lower Respiratory Infection) in children below 5 years old increased between the years. We also found differences in mortality cases from IHD and stroke among the age groups and between the years 2016 and 2021. It was concluded that burden of disease methodologies are suitable tools for regional and national policymakers, who must take decisions to prevent and to control air pollution and to analyze the cost-effectiveness of interventions.

Ferulic acid (FA), the most abundant phenolic acid in cereals, widely exists in both free and bound forms in grains, legumes and other plant-based foods. FA has various functional activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, thus exhibiting high application values in the fields of food and medicine. To date, although a large number of in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown the importance of cereal FA in maintaining intestinal health, it is still unclear how FA is metabolized by the gut microbiota. In order to offer new insights into the molecular mechanism of the regulatory effect of FA the gut microbiota and offer a theoretical reference for better development and utilization of cereal FA and its metabolites, this paper provides a systematic review of the recent literature concerning intestinal microbial metabolism of cereal FA from three aspects of the existing forms, intestinal release and metabolism, and physiological health effects.

Abstract The study sought to find out consumers’ perceptions regarding the use of earthenware bowls and plastic bowls to serve hot foods in two most patronized food joints within the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to gather data from consumers and operators of the selected food joints to assess knowledge of the chemical composition and potential health effects of plastic bowls used in serving foods and to determine the consumer preference to plastic or earthenware bowl. A non-probability sampling technique was purposefully used to select the respondents. A sample of thirty-two (32) respondents comprising thirty (30) consumers and two (2) operators were used for the study. The main data-gathering instruments used were interviews and observation. Data gathered had been analyzed to draw conclusions. The study revealed among others, that most of the customers had inadequate information about the potential health effects on eating from plastic bowls and the health benefits of using earthenware bowls. Based on these findings, it was recommended among others, that responsible authorities like Food and Drug Authority (FDA) should help the consumers to have a more profound knowledge concerning likely health implications of incessantly eating of hot foods in plastic bowls.

Abstract Background Cigar use among adults in the United States has remained relatively stable in the past decade and occupies a growing part of the tobacco marketplace as cigarette use has declined. While studies have established the detrimental respiratory health effects of cigarette use, the effects of cigar use need further characterization. In this study, we evaluate the prospective association between cigar use, with or without cigarettes, and asthma exacerbation. Methods We used data from Waves 1–5 (2013–2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to run generalized estimating equation models examining the association between time-varying, one-wave-lagged cigarette and cigar use and self-reported asthma exacerbation among US adults (18+). We defined our exposure as non-established (reference), former, exclusive cigarette, exclusive cigar, and dual use. We defined an asthma exacerbation event as a reported asthma attack in the past 12 months necessitating oral or injected steroid medication or asthma symptoms disrupting sleep at least once a week in the past 30 days. We adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, household income, health insurance, established electronic nicotine delivery systems use, cigarette pack-years, secondhand smoke exposure, obesity, and baseline asthma exacerbation. Results Exclusive cigarette use (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.54) and dual use (IRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08–1.85) were associated with a higher rate of asthma exacerbation compared to non-established use, while former use (IRR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.80–1.28) and exclusive cigar use (IRR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.42–1.17) were not. Conclusion We found no association between exclusive cigar use and self-reported asthma exacerbation. However, exclusive cigarette use and dual cigarette and cigar use were associated with higher incidence rates of self-reported asthma exacerbation compared to non-established use. Studies should evaluate strategies to improve cigarette and cigar smoking cessation among adults with asthma who continue to smoke.

Abstract The present work’s objective is to give a comprehensive overview of the quality of groundwater in Qatar in terms of heavy metals content as well as investigating the cause and effect of the elevation in their levels above the WHO/US-EPA standards. The scope of the study included (1) physical and chemical analysis of 82 groundwater samples collected from various locations around Qatar, (2) development of ArcGIS maps depicting the variations in the levels, (3) assessment of the human health risks associated with the existing levels using three of the most used models which are: Hazard index (HI), Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (NCPI) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). There is no extensive study ever reported to assess the health risks linked with the consumption of groundwater characterized with such heavy metals levels in Qatar. The chronic daily intake (CDI) of the investigated heavy metals (Ag, Mn, Cr, V, Mo and Sr) through ingestion and dermal pathways had a range of 1.4 × 10–5–6.7 × 10–1 mg/kg/day while the NCPI’s range was reported at 0–4.39. Moreover, the HI and ILCR were found to have a range of 0–3.2 and 5.6 × 10–4–5.5 × 10–2, respectively. The assessment of health risks, conducted in the present work, could be beneficial in building the baseline of heavy metals levels in groundwater in Qatar. This will also help in the determination of any future contamination of groundwater.

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BACKGROUND: To enhance the self-management ability of elderly diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, priority should be given to the accurate evaluation of their current self-management ability, and then provide corresponding guidance. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application value of Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors among Older Koreans (DSMB-O) in self-management of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Using convenient sampling, this study retrospectively collected the clinical data of 215 elderly patients with T2DM who were admitted to our hospital from June 2020 to June 2022. Enrolled patients were divided into an effective-control group (n = 80) and an ineffective-control group (n = 135) based on whether the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was < 7.5% for further comparison of the collected data. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the comparison of the proportion of diabetes mellitus (DM) course ( χ 2 = 26.000, P < 0.001), DSMB-O score (17.67 ± 4.07 VS 14.67 ± 4.70 points, t = 4.582, P < 0.001), and Summary Diabetes Self Care Activity (SDSCA) score (43.16 ± 11.17 VS 37.58 ± 12.47 points, t = 5.492, P < 0.001) between the two groups. The total score of DSMB-O was negatively correlated with both HbA1c (r = - 0.281, P < 0.001) and complications (r = - 0.193, P = 0.004); moreover, the total score of SDSCA was also negatively correlated with both HbA1c (r = - 0.234, P < 0.001) and complications (r = - 0.153, P = 0.025). Among various dimensions of DSMB-O, active exercise (OR = 0.699, 95%CI: 0.541 ∼ 0.902) and blood glucose monitoring (OR = 0.603, 95%CI: 0.431 ∼ 0.817) were protective factors for T2DM patients with HbA1c levels < 7.5%. The area under the curve (AUC) of SDSCA score and DSMB-O score predicting self-management level in elderly T2DM patients was 0.643 (95%CI: 0.611 ∼ 0.756) and 0.716 (95%CI: 0.689 ∼ 0.774), respectively. CONCLUSION: DSMB-O exhibits a higher accuracy in predicting the self-management level of elderly patients with T2DM than that of SDSCA. Regular exercise, medication, blood glucose monitoring, and reducing the risk of complications are all intimately associated with the control of blood glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been recognized as gold standard for infant development. 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), being one of the Generally Recognized as Safe HMOs, represents a core trisaccharide within the realm of HMOs; however, it has received comparatively less attention in contrast to extensively studied 2′-fucosyllactose. The objective of this review is to comprehensively summarize the health effects of 3-FL, including its impact on gut microbiota proliferation, antimicrobial effects, immune regulation, antiviral protection, and brain maturation. Additionally, the discussion also covers the commercial application and regulatory approval status of 3-FL. Lastly, an organized presentation of large-scale production methods for 3-FL aims to provide a comprehensive guide that highlights current strategies and challenges in optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, and practices towards Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among maintenance and administration workers in selected health facilities in the Modimolle-Mookgopong Municipality. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to select 250 participants. Maintenance workers were populated within the age range of 26–35 years, being more than administrative personnel (COR 1.59, CI 0.8–3.16). Maintenance workers showed more knowledge of noise being an unwanted sound (COR 1.04, CI 0.29–3.73), an ear infection (COR 4.65, CI 1.48–14.58) and poor hearing of speech as a sign of hearing loss (AOR 0.25, CI 0.07–0.86). Thirty-four percent (34%) of maintenance workers believed that ear screening and assessments are important while 17.9% believed not to be important. Forty-eight percent (58%) of maintenance workers suggested that they could not use hearing protectors effectively without training while 13.7% suggested training is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter especially PM2.5 has always been a prime concern for human health. An Integrated Exposure–Response (IER) function and Value of Statistical Life (VSL) approach is used in the present study, for Delhi, India, to monitor the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and premature mortality for the five diseases: ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke (STR), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung neoplasms (LNC), and lower respiratory infections (LRI) and economic loss occurring due to them. It was found in the study that IHD (64%) has the highest risk, followed by stroke (19%), COPD (10%), LRI (4%), and LNC (3%). Significant economic loss for these diseases during the study period (on average annually) was found to be: IHD [20160.15, 95% CI:16,432.88—24,290.06], STR [6088.12, 95% CI: 4583.80- 7963.50], COPD [3176.32, 95% CI:2246.27—3818.32], LNC [881.13, 95% CI: 696.37 – 1087.61], LRI [1170.48, 95% CI:852.44—1542.76] million USD. Scenario modeling was done as part of this investigation to see if Delhi meeting India's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) threshold (40 µg/m3) would lower premature deaths and provide economic benefits. Premature mortality has decreased for the following conditions: LRI (51.81%), LNC (47.76%), COPD (47.48%), STR (22.08%), and IHD (20.53%). Further, premature mortality can be potentially reduced, on average, by 95.66% for LRI, 90% for LNC, 88.75% for COPD, 85.40% for STR, and 62.19% for IHD for the study duration if 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) PM2.5 exposure limit (10 µg/m3) were reached. Similarly, economic benefits of 7987.39 [95% CI: 6219.57 – 9812.56] and 22,461.14 [95% CI: 17,585.92 – 27,707.95] million USD could have been reaped by maintaining NAAQS and WHO (2005 guidelines) prescribed limits. The estimated reduction in premature mortality and associated economic benefits due to decreased PM2.5 exposure calls for mitigation measures on an urgent basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the health effects of heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air around the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex, Busan, and the necessity of reduction measures. We measured the concentrations of heavy metals and VOCs in PM2.5 in five areas with dense population around the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex. A health risk assessment was conducted, and the spatial risk distribution for the entire Saha-gu area was predicted using inverse distance weighting (IDW). Our results indicated that the carcinogens benzene, As, and Cr6+, and the non-carcinogen m,p-xylene, have the potential to adversely affect health. In particular, As was found to have the potential to express health effects at all measurement points. Additionally, based on the IDW results, the minimum values of benzene, arsenic, and m,p-xylene exceeded the threshold level, potentially affecting the health of residents across the entire Saha-gu area. In contrast, Cr6+ could potentially impact health only in some parts of Saha-gu as only its maximum value exceeded the threshold level. We demonstrated the importance of reducing air pollutant emissions from general industrial complexes. Our results will be useful in establishing more systematic mitigation measures to protect the health of residents near the Sinpyeong–Jangrim Industrial Complex and developing air pollutant management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cigar use among adults in the United States has remained relatively stable in the past decade and occupies a growing part of the tobacco marketplace as cigarette use has declined. While studies have established the detrimental respiratory health effects of cigarette use, the effects of cigar use need further characterization. In this study, we evaluate the prospective association between cigar use, with or without cigarettes, and asthma exacerbation. Methods: We used data from Waves 1–5 (2013–2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to run generalized estimating equation models examining the association between time-varying, one-wave-lagged cigarette and cigar use and self-reported asthma exacerbation among US adults (18+). We defined our exposure as non-established (reference), former, exclusive cigarette, exclusive cigar, and dual use. We defined an asthma exacerbation event as a reported asthma attack in the past 12 months necessitating oral or injected steroid medication or asthma symptoms disrupting sleep at least once a week in the past 30 days. We adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, household income, health insurance, established electronic nicotine delivery systems use, cigarette pack-years, secondhand smoke exposure, obesity, and baseline asthma exacerbation. Results: Exclusive cigarette use (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.54) and dual use (IRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08–1.85) were associated with a higher rate of asthma exacerbation compared to non-established use, while former use (IRR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.80–1.28) and exclusive cigar use (IRR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.42–1.17) were not. Conclusion: We found no association between exclusive cigar use and self-reported asthma exacerbation. However, exclusive cigarette use and dual cigarette and cigar use were associated with higher incidence rates of self-reported asthma exacerbation compared to non-established use. Studies should evaluate strategies to improve cigarette and cigar smoking cessation among adults with asthma who continue to smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the ecological and atmospheric recovery of the Hexi Corridor region, this paper analyzes the migration changes of land use characteristics and utilizes multivariate data and BenMAP-CE software to study the pollution characteristics of ozone and its precursors and the impact on human health in the Hexi Corridor region. The results showed that the increase of cultivated land area in the Hexi Corridor mainly originated from grassland. The MDA8-O3 concentrations met the primary and secondary standards of the Ambient Air Quality Standards on 43% and 99% of the days, respectively. NO2 showed a negative weekend effect with O3, and HCHO was opposite to it. Temperature, barometric pressure, and vegetation were highly correlated with O3-NO2-HCHO. Ozone pollution in the study area caused about 60% of all-cause premature deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. The study suggests that controlling exogenous transport in Wuwei City during the high ozone period (except August) is mainly dominated by the west and northwest, and that synergistic management of VOCs and NOx emissions can reduce O3 pollution and, consequently, reduce the risk to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people still struggle with quitting smoking despite available treatment options, making it one of the most significant public health challenges that our society faces. The use of electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) has become increasingly popular among people who are seeking to quit smoking. The objective of this review paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, several types, and impact of E-cigarettes, along with supporting evidence indicating their efficacy in aiding smokers to quit tobacco usage. Additionally, the review discusses recent developments in the treatment of smoking cessation, which include conventional smoking cessation methods. Also, the review discusses the challenges, potential risks, ethical considerations, and controversies surrounding the use of E-cigarettes. The present review presents a comprehensive examination of the existing methods and approaches employed in smoking cessation, including the emerging utilization of E-cigarettes as an effective option in smoking cessation. It explores their efficacy as a valuable instrument in promoting smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for maintaining human health, for example, plays a crucial role in preventing aging-related diseases. However, most studies on the health effects of Se among the community middle-aged and elderly have been observational or the health indices were single, and the related study among the Chinese population is limited. Additionally, China is recognized as among the countries facing a significant deficiency in Se, and Se contents in the human body may decrease with age. Therefore, a two-step study was conducted to explore the health effects of Se exposure and supplementation among such populations in China. Firstly, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the health outcomes between such populations residing in Se-rich regions and non-Se-rich regions, involving a total of 102 subjects, with 51 residing in Se-rich regions and 51 in non-Se-rich regions. The hair-Se (H-Se) contents, serum-Se (S-Se) contents, and total cholesterol of subjects from Se-rich regions were significantly higher than their counterparts. Notably, significant positive associations were observed between S-Se and lipids. Secondly, a before-after self-control Se supplementation study among subjects residing in non-Se-rich regions was conducted. A total of 40 subjects administered Se tablets orally for 30 days, with Se of 120 μg/day. The results showed significant increases in H-Se and S-Se. Se supplementation also exhibited positive effects on alanine aminotransferase, homocysteine, and fasting glucose; however, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased. Overall, the community middle-aged and elderly residing in Se-rich regions or receiving quantitative Se supplementation could effectively improve Se contents in bodies and certain health indices, excluding lipids. These improvements encompass liver function, cardiovascular health, and glucose metabolism. These findings enhance our understanding of how Se impacts the health of the middle-aged and elderly, emphasizing the significance of targeted interventions for such populations in non-Se-rich regions. Trial registration: ChiCTR2000040987 (https://www.chictr.org.cn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed workers' exposure to vehicle exhaust emissions and its health effects at the Lebombo Port of Entry. A quantitative cross-sectional design was adopted, and a structured questionnaire was administered on 209 adult workers to measure their knowledge on vehicle exhaust emissions exposures. Air samples were also collected from the participants using air sampling pumps. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 27. Logistic regression was performed to examine the association between dependent variables and some sociodemographic factors. Vocational certificates and associate degrees were attributed to workers in the South African Police Services and those in Agriculture: (Odds Ratio) = 2.83%, Confidence Interval (1.41–5.65) and (Odds Ratio) = 4.58%, Confidence Interval (2.10–9.99), respectively. Divorced males had a high level of knowledge and awareness of vehicle exhaust emission and their health effects: (Adjusted Odds Ratio) = 5.31%, Confidence Interval (1.08–26.14). Males had better knowledge of vehicle exhaust emission with carcinogenic effects: (Adjusted Odds Ratio) = 3.28%, Confidence Interval (1.11–9.67). Having an associate's degree as the highest level of education and irritation of nose and eyes were associated with lower awareness of vehicle exhaust emissions: (Adjusted Odds Ratio) = 0.42%, Confidence Interval (0.19–0.97) and (Adjusted Odds Ratio) = 0.31%, Confidence Interval (0.13–0.76), respectively. The diesel particulate matter concentration was higher during day shifts (0.027 mg/m3) compared to night shifts (0.021 mg/m3), p = 0.001. Seventy-one workers (34%) reported experiencing acute headaches often, and fewer workers (n = 31, 14.8%) reported to have never suffered from an acute headache. A majority of workers (71 (34%)) experienced acute irritation of nose and eyes often compared to a few (33 (16%)) workers who experienced the same less often. In addition, a majority of workers (84 (40.2%)) experienced acute fatigue and nausea often, while fewer workers (37 (17.7%)) experienced fatigue and nausea very often. The majority of workers (n = 116, 55.5%) suffered cough and sneezing more often compared to others. There is an urgent need for improved and effective controls to reduce workers' exposure to vehicle exhaust emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims were to highlight noise levels on board and the health effects of noise on seafarers. Data was collected from multiple databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ebsco Host. Initially, the search resulted in a total of 197 articles, 16 were chosen. Several ships were found which most sailors had noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) (n = 6). The engine room has been defined as having the highest level of noise. In addition, noise exposure was associated with hearing loss, tinnitus, sleep disturbances, communication difficulties, poor concentration, dizziness, depression, anxiety, headache, fatigue, and stress. Noise exposure is not the only factor that causes health problems: the duration of exposure while working, years of career as a maritime worker, age, lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol consumption), and even hobbies related to loud sound (such as concert/disco attendance, listen to loud music, etc.) were associated with the adverse health effects experienced by seafarers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers are increasingly interested in foods that offer a well-balanced dietary profile as well as metabolic, physiological, and functional benefits. Dairy fermented products are widely consumed since they provide health benefits via probiotics. However, lactose intolerance, cholesterol content, allergic milk proteins are limiting factors for the consumption of dairy-derived probiotic foods. This problem has led to the exploration of non-dairy fermented probiotic foods derived from cereals, fruits, vegetables and plants. They represent a promising carrier for probiotic microorganisms. In this paper, chemical, microbiological and biological features of traditional non-dairy fermented foods were reviewed, especially by focusing on their probiotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution has long been a major global concern in developing countries, posing serious health and environmental challenges. The awareness of the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment and various ways to mitigate the impact of air pollution was investigated in Awka, Anambra State. The population size was 1000. In carrying out this research, three hypotheses were postulated and tested at a 5% level of agreement. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the subjects, and simple percentages, and weighted mean statistics were used to analyze the data. In contrast, the Chi-square was used in testing the hypotheses. Results reveal that over 50% of the residents of Awka are fully aware of the air pollution problem in the town and are knowledgeable about the dangers of air pollution. Air pollution is prevalent in Awka town, which is largely caused by heavy traffic resulting in increased vehicular emissions of poisonous gases. The findings show that air pollution significantly negatively impacts human health and the environment. The study recommends awareness creation, enactment of suitable legislation, and activities that promote air pollution, such as open incineration of wastes and bush burning, especially for agricultural purposes, should be discouraged. We underscore the necessity of facilitating more research on the associations between exposure and health in marginalized communities that are disproportionately affected by air pollution yet inadequately represented in existing investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of environment in promoting happiness has been well known, but the impact of the government's ecological environment policy on residents' happiness remains to be explored. This paper uses the first batch of pilot policies for the construction of eco-civilized cities in China (Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guizhou) as a quasi-natural experiment to empirically study the impact of ecological civilization construction in China on residents' subjective well-being. Using the data from the China Household Finance Survey and difference in difference method, we find that Chinese ecological civilization construction has significantly improved the happiness of local residents. Mechanism analysis shows that the "happiness effect" mechanism of Chinese ecological civilization construction by improving household income, health level, and the living environment of residents. In addition, the "happiness effect" of Chinese ecological civilization construction shows group heterogeneity, and ecological civilization construction plays a larger role in promoting the well-being of residents of low-asset families, urban families, and families that own their own houses. Finally, the "happiness effect" of Chinese ecological civilization construction shows regional heterogeneity, and the construction of ecological civilization has a more striking effect on improving the well-being of residents in Jiangxi province and Guizhou province. According to the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first to study the impact of China's macroeconomic environmental policies on residents' happiness, and the present study contributes to the research on residents' happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of reviewOrganosulfur compounds are intentionally added to natural gas as malodorants with the intent of short-term nasal inhalation to aid in leak detection. Regulatory exposure limits have not been established for all commonly used natural gas odorants, and recent community-level exposure events and growing evidence of indoor natural gas leakage have raised concerns associated with natural gas odorant exposures. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed scientific publications on human exposures and animal toxicological studies of natural gas odorants to assess toxicological profiles, exposure potential, health effects and regulatory guidelines associated with commonly used natural gas odorants.Recent findingsWe identified only 22 studies which met inclusion criteria for full review. Overall, there is limited evidence of both transient nonspecific health symptoms and clinically diagnosed causative neurotoxic effects associated with prolonged odorant exposures. Across seven community-level exposure events and two occupational case reports, consistent symptom patterns included: headache, ocular irritation, nose and throat irritation, respiratory complaints such as shortness of breath and asthma attacks, and skin irritation and rash. Of these, respiratory inflammation and asthma exacerbations are the most debilitating, whereas the high prevalence of ocular and dermatologic symptoms suggest a non-inhalation route of exposure. The limited evidence available raises the possibility that organosulfur odorants may pose health risks at exposures much lower than presently understood, though additional dose-response studies are needed to disentangle specific toxicologic effects from nonspecific responses to noxious organosulfur odors. Numerous recommendations are provided including more transparent and prescriptive natural gas odorant use practices.