436 results on '"Health Services history"'
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2. In Honor of Dr. Abdul Hussein Taba: Iranian Physician and Former Director of the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization.
- Author
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Mounesan L and Mostafavi E
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Iran, Malaria, Mediterranean Region, Smallpox, World Health Organization, Health Services history
- Abstract
The honorable Abdul Hussein Tabatabaei was born in 1911 in Iran and received his medical education in the United Kingdom. Famously known as Dr. A.H. Taba, he was a well-respected man for his significant impact on the improvement of the national and global healthcare services and support for social justice. Before joining the World Health Organization (WHO), he was twice elected to the Iranian national assembly and served as the under-secretary of health services in Iran. Later, he joined the WHO and was elected as the Director of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) in Alexandria in 1957 - a position he maintained for 25 years. During his tenure as the Regional Director, he rendered valuable assistance to the development and expansion of major health issues such as development and expansion of the health workforce, improvement of the national health services and controlling of various communicable diseases in the member countries and across the WHO regional offices., (© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)
- Published
- 2020
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3. Universal health coverage and capital accumulation: a relationship unveiled by the critical political economy approach.
- Author
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Hernández-Álvarez M, Eslava-Castañeda JC, Henao-Kaffure L, Orozco-Díaz J, and Parra-Salas LE
- Subjects
- Delivery of Health Care history, Delivery of Health Care legislation & jurisprudence, Delivery of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Global Health legislation & jurisprudence, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Health Services history, Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services statistics & numerical data, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Universal Health Insurance statistics & numerical data, Delivery of Health Care economics, Global Health economics, Global Health history, Health Services economics, Politics, Universal Health Insurance economics, Universal Health Insurance history, Universal Health Insurance legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objectives: To analyze the fundamentals of the global health agenda from 1944 to 2018, especially regarding Universal Health Coverage, in order to unveil its relations with capital accumulation in health services and to contribute to world social mobilization to change this tendency., Methods: A historical study was carried out based on a purposeful selection of primary sources on the global health agenda from multilateral organizations and secondary sources about the changes of capitalism from the study period., Results: The global health agenda changed from the state responsibility for health to an insurance healthcare system based on markets. The medical-industrial complex pressured national economies, broke postwar pacts, and urged economic globalization. The neoliberal, neoclassical, and neo-institutional discourse that promoted a new state-market relationship eased the new capital accumulation in healthcare into financial and cognitive capitalism., Conclusions: Understanding these relationships allows us to provide elements for social mobilization geared to transform the healthcare sector toward a new vision of health with a nature-society relationship that contributes to socially constructing human and environmental health, rather than gaining profits based on illness and chronic suffering.
- Published
- 2020
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4. Global health in the making: health demonstration areas in Europe, 1950s and 1960s.
- Author
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Rodríguez-Ocaña E
- Subjects
- Education history, Europe, Health Services history, History, 20th Century, Humans, World Health Organization history, Global Health history, Public Health Practice history
- Abstract
Global health is a multifaceted concept that entails the standardization of procedures in healthcare domains in accordance with a doctrine agreed upon by experts. This essay focus on the creation of health demonstration areas by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to establish core nodes for integrated state-of-the-art health services. It explores the origins, theoretical basis and aims of this technique and reviews several European experiences during the first 20 years of the WHO. Particular attention is paid to the historical importance of technical cooperative activities carried out by the WHO in regard to the implementation of health services, a long-term strategic move that contributed to the thematic upsurge of primary health care in the late 1970s.
- Published
- 2020
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5. Therapeutic tattooing in the Arctic: Ethnographic, archaeological, and ontological frameworks of analysis.
- Author
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Krutak L
- Subjects
- Arctic Regions, Biological Ontologies, Dermatologic Surgical Procedures, Female, Health Services history, History, Medieval, Humans, Indigenous Peoples, Male, Skin, Anthropology, Cultural history, Archaeology, Medicine, Traditional history, Mummies history, Tattooing history
- Abstract
This essay describes the potential for using ethnographic evidence and mummified tattooed skin to reflect on past therapeutic tattoo practice in the Arctic. It also considers the ways in which circumpolar concepts of disease emerged in relation to the agency of nonhuman entities. I argue that specific forms of curative tattooing offer interpretive models for the paleopathological and bioarchaeological study of care through an ontological framework of analysis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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6. Use of Computed Tomography scanning in a 'virtual' bioarchaeology of care analysis of a Central Coast Peruvian mummy bundle.
- Author
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Sutherland ML
- Subjects
- Artifacts, Burial, History, Ancient, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortuary Practice, Mummies diagnostic imaging, Mummies pathology, Osteomyelitis diagnostic imaging, Osteomyelitis pathology, Peru, Archaeology, Health Services history, Mummies history, Osteomyelitis history, Tomography, X-Ray Computed history
- Abstract
Background: CT scanning was utilized to investigate an intact mummy bundle within the bioarchaeology of care framework. The project sought to ascertain whether a 'virtual' analysis was feasible, thereby avoiding physical disturbance to bundle structure and contents., Methods: The bundle selected for this study contained an adult male (FA 54), Ichma culture, Peru, displaying evidence for two pathologies: chronic osteomyelitis of the right tibia, and cranial trauma. CT images provided the basis for bioarchaeology of care analysis, which followed Index of Care protocols., Results: CT images enabled description and diagnosis of FA 54, and revealed human neonate remains and material artifacts within the bundle. Probable disease impacts were identified, and likely forms of care provided were inferred. CT scanning was of limited value in identifying characteristics of textile wrapping (a clue to cultural identity) and in resolving questions regarding funerary treatment (primary vs. secondary burial), and this constrained consideration of wider social implications of caregiving., Conclusion: 'Virtual' examination of FA 54 achieved an advanced stage of bioarchaeology of care analysis, but building on this would require physical examination of bundle elements. Further investigation of CT imaging potential for bioarchaeology of care research in mummy studies is recommended., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2019
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7. Bioarchaeological evidence of care provided to a physically disabled individual from Pachacamac, Peru.
- Author
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Palma Málaga MR and Makowski K
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Remains, Female, History, Ancient, Humans, Peru, Archaeology, Disabled Persons, Health Services history, Long-Term Care history
- Abstract
This paper presents a bioarchaeology of care case study based on the skeletonized remains of an elderly female with a congenital condition that compromised both mobility and independence in undertaking certain basic tasks, and which generated requirements for long-term care in the form of both direct support and accommodation. The remains show evidence of bilateral cervical ribs, severe osteoarthritic destruction in the right shoulder joint, and a healed skull trepanation. The remains were recovered from a cemetery dating to the initial part of the Late Intermediate Period at the archaeological site of Pachacamac, Peru. The subject has been identified as belonging to an Ychsma ayllu. This paper applies the bioarchaeology of care methodology in considering the implications of care provision within the Ychsma socialcontext, and suggests that caregiving may have been a relatively common practice in this complex society. This case study is a good example of how the application of social theory through the bioarchaeology of care approach can enrich bioarchaeological studies., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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8. Possible evidence for care and treatment in the Tyrolean Iceman.
- Author
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Zink A, Samadelli M, Gostner P, and Piombino-Mascali D
- Subjects
- Acupuncture Therapy, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Diet, Fungi, Gastrointestinal Diseases diagnostic imaging, Gastrointestinal Diseases therapy, Health Status, History, Ancient, Humans, Ice Cover, Italy, Joint Diseases diagnostic imaging, Joint Diseases therapy, Male, Mummies diagnostic imaging, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Plants, Medicinal, Vascular Calcification diagnostic imaging, Vascular Calcification therapy, Gastrointestinal Diseases history, Health Services history, Joint Diseases history, Mummies history, Tattooing history, Vascular Calcification history
- Abstract
The Tyrolean Iceman is the world's oldest glacier mummy. He was found in September 1991 in the Italian part of the Ötztal Alps. Since his discovery a variety of morphological, radiological and molecular analyses have been performed that revealed detailed insights into his state of health. Despite the various pathological conditions found in the Iceman, little is known about possible forms of care and treatment during the Copper Age in Northern Italy. A possible approach to this topic is the presence of tattoos on the mummified body. In previous work, it was already believed that the tattoos were administered as a kind of treatment for his lower back pain and degenerative joint disease of his knees, hip and wrist. In other studies, the tattoos of the Iceman have been related to an early form of acupuncture. We carefully re-evaluated the various health issues of the Iceman, including joint diseases, gastrointestinal problems and arterial calcifications and compared them to the location and number of tattoos. Together with the finding of medically effective fungi and plants, such as the birch polypore or fern in his equipment and intestines, we suggest that care and treatment was already common during the Iceman's time., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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9. A 'cold case' of care: Looking at old data from a new perspective in mummy research.
- Author
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Tilley L and Nystrom K
- Subjects
- Americas, Caregivers, History, Medieval, Humans, Male, Mummies pathology, Research, Tuberculosis, Miliary pathology, Tuberculosis, Spinal pathology, Archaeology, Health Services history, Mummies history, Tuberculosis, Miliary history, Tuberculosis, Spinal history
- Abstract
In 1973, analysis of the mummified remains of a young boy dated to 700AD and from the Late Nasca period (Peru) identified (i) chronic Pott's disease, leading to loss of lower body mobility, and (ii) acute miliary tuberculosis, affecting most organs and the immediate cause of death (Allison et al., 1973). This report was the first to establish, beyond dispute, the presence of tuberculosis in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. Here, we revisit the 'Nasca Boy' from a bioarchaeology of care perspective. Contextualising the original study's results within what is known of contemporary lifeways, we apply the bioarchaeology of care methodology in considering the Nasca Boy's experience of living with tuberculosis; the type of care he required and how this may have evolved over a period of deteriorating health; and what such caregiving may suggest both about social organisation within his community and some of the more everyday aspects of Nasca existence. Up to now, the bioarchaeology of care approach has been employed almost exclusively with skeletal evidence; in this analysis of the Nasca Boy's remains, and in the accompanying wider-ranging discussion, we illustrate the potential of preserved soft tissue evidence to contribute to research into disability and care in the past. Although this report functions as a stand-alone case study, to obtain maximum benefit it should be read in conjunction with the Introduction to the special International Journal of Paleopathology issue on 'mummy studies and the bioarchaeology of care' (Nystrom and Tilley, 2018)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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10. The importance of pathophysiology to the understanding of functional limitations in the bioarchaeology of care approach.
- Author
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Beckett RG and Conlogue GJ
- Subjects
- Emphysema diagnostic imaging, Emphysema physiopathology, Female, History, 19th Century, Humans, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive diagnostic imaging, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive physiopathology, Radiography, West Virginia, Archaeology history, Emphysema history, Health Services history, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive history
- Abstract
This article presents a partial bioarchaeology of care case study of a mummified adult female with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from late historic period United States. It examines likely clinical and functional impacts of disease and corresponding need for provision of care, stopping short of Stage 4 Interpretation/analysis. The case study illustrates and argues for the importance of an interdisciplinary research team for achieving a comprehensive understanding of disability and care. The article highlights the necessity of knowledge of pathophysiology for identifying the potential interventions (supports) dictated by the associated functional limitations. inter alia, this case is a powerful illustration of the way analysis of preserved soft tissue can provide insights into disease and likely care that are inaccessible using skeletal analysis alone. The article represents an interesting contribution to the theory and methodology of both the bioarchaeology of care approach and mummy studies., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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11. Using evidence from hair and other soft tissues to infer the need for and receipt of health-related care provision.
- Author
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Brown EL and Wilson AS
- Subjects
- Adult, Body Remains chemistry, Body Remains pathology, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Chagas Disease pathology, Chile, Connective Tissue chemistry, Connective Tissue pathology, Diet history, Disabled Persons, Female, Health Services history, History, Ancient, Humans, Middle Aged, Mummies pathology, Muscles chemistry, Muscles pathology, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Archaeology, Chagas Disease history, Coca chemistry, Hair chemistry, Mummies history
- Abstract
The Bioarchaeology of Care approach developed by Tilley is usually applied to skeletalized human remains, given the usual constraints of preservation bias that are seen with archaeological assemblages. However, other tissues, such as hair are sometimes preserved and can provide a wealth of information that can supplement the skeletal data. Archaeological hair has been analysed for drug compounds for almost thirty years. This article integrates data from hair analyses for coca metabolites, stable light isotope analysis and aDNA to expand the potential of the Bioarchaeology of Care approach using the example of a spontaneously mummified adult female from northern Chile., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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12. The Skiles Mummy: Care of a debilitated hunter-gatherer evidenced by coprolite studies and stable isotopic analysis of hair.
- Author
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Verostick KA, Teixeira-Santos I, Bryant VM Jr, and Reinhard KJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Chagas Disease pathology, Diet, Paleolithic, Feces chemistry, Fossils, Frailty history, History, Ancient, Humans, Male, Malnutrition, Mummies parasitology, Mummies pathology, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Starvation, Texas, Archaeology, Chagas Disease history, Hair chemistry, Health Services history, Mummies history, Nutritional Status
- Abstract
The Skiles Mummy (SMM), a naturally mummified adult male from the late archaic period of Lower Pecos Canyonlands of South Texas, represents a unique case of care. SMM is an exceptional mummy within this region due to both the retention of a full head of hair, and having a diagnosed case of megacolon, a complication commonly associated with Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Stable isotopic analysis of his hair is consistent with a diet incorporating of C
4 /CAM plants with some C3 plants, freshwater resources, and higher trophic level animals. However, the segments of hair most proximal to the scalp exhibited elevated δ15 N values. Data from previous research indicate starvation and malnutrition can cause δ15 N values to rise. The presence of large fecal boluses in the digestive tract suggest peristalsis ceased in the last four to five months of life, and this, together with results from coprolite analysis, indicate he would not have been able to adequately absorb protein and nutrients during this time. His condition would have rendered him immobile. Following Tilley's index of care, someone would have had to bring him food resources, as well as attending to his daily needs., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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13. Mummy studies and the bioarchaeology of care.
- Author
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Nystrom KC and Tilley L
- Subjects
- Feces, Gastrointestinal Contents, History, Ancient, Humans, Mummies pathology, Muscles pathology, Skin pathology, Subcutaneous Tissue pathology, Archaeology, Health Services history, Mummies history
- Abstract
The bioarchaeology of care is a framework through which researchers can begin to infer the level of care an individual may have required based on the presence of paleopathological evidence. To date, all of the research that has employed the framework has been based on evidence derived from skeletal material. This special issue was organized in order to highlight how the analysis of mummified soft tissue, as well as other sources of data commonly associated with mummified remains, such as coprolites and intestinal contents, has the potential to provide valuable insight into the reconstruction of care in the past., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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14. Victorian systems will not solve modern prison health problems.
- Author
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Price K and Godfrey B
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Mental Health history, Prisoners statistics & numerical data, Prisons organization & administration, United Kingdom, Health Services history, Prisons history
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. "Everything Possible Is Being Done": Labour, Mobility, and the Organization of Health Services in Mid-20 th Century Newfoundland.
- Author
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Twohig PL
- Subjects
- Health Services economics, Health Services Administration economics, History, 20th Century, Newfoundland and Labrador, Personnel Selection economics, Education, Nursing standards, Health Services history, Health Services Administration history, History of Nursing, Nurses supply & distribution, Personnel Selection history
- Abstract
This article is the Presidential Address to the 2018 meeting of the Canadian Society for the History of Medicine at the University of Regina. It examines the organization of the nursing service in Newfoundland during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as the recruitment and retention of nurses in cottage hospitals and nursing stations in outport communities. A number of interconnected strategies were used by the Newfoundland government to staff the nursing service, including recruiting internationally educated nurses, adjusting expectations with respect to registration standards, and using both trained and untrained workers to support nurses' labour. Although this article is intended more as a reconnaissance suggesting the possibilities of such research, it does analyze the interconnected issues of geography, funding and pay, the nursing shortage, and the renegotiation of nursing labour that characterized this period. Furthermore, although this is a case study of Newfoundland and Labrador, it is worth considering how, or whether, the linked strategies used in the province were transferable to other communities across rural, remote, or northern Canada.
- Published
- 2019
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16. Lugenia Burns Hope.
- Author
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Frierson JC
- Subjects
- Health Services history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Residence Characteristics history, United States, Black or African American history
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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17. The Canadian Army Medical Corps affair of 1916 and Surgeon General Guy Carleton Jones.
- Author
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Bernier JR and McAlister VC
- Subjects
- Canada, History, 20th Century, Humans, Health Services history, Hospitals, Military history, Military Personnel history, Politics, World War I
- Abstract
Summary: The rapid expansion of military medical service in the First World War, successfully completed under the direction of Surgeon General Guy Carleton Jones, remains an extraordinary achievement in Canada's history. In 1916, a conflict of personalities threatened confidence in the service. Eventually Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden's intervention restored the status quo, but the affair eclipsed Jones's outstanding career.
- Published
- 2018
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18. Creating Occupational Therapy: The Challenges to Defining a Profession.
- Author
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Reed KL
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Health Services history, Occupational Therapy history, Professional Competence
- Abstract
The creation of a new profession in the early 20th century, such as occupational therapy, required a commitment to certain ideas and a willingness to accept certain challenges. This study examines the commitment to the idea of therapeutic and health supporting occupation by the early leaders and proponents of the profession and the challenges they faced in gaining acceptance of occupational therapy as a profession capable of delivering a valued health care service to society. Six challenges are reviewed as they occurred in the history of the profession and as they continue to challenge the profession into the present era.
- Published
- 2018
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19. "Honey, Milk and Bile": a social history of Hillbrow, 1894-2016.
- Author
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Stadler J and Dugmore C
- Subjects
- Emigrants and Immigrants, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Housing, Humans, Research, Social Discrimination, Social Problems history, South Africa, Transients and Migrants, Urbanization history, Cities history, Health Services history, Urban Population history
- Abstract
This commentary constructs a social history of Hillbrow, an inner-city suburb in Johannesburg, South Africa, based on a review of relevant published historical, anthropological and sociological texts. We highlight the significant continuities in the social structure of the suburb, despite the radical transformations that have occurred over the last 120 years.Originally envisaged as a healthy residential area, distinct from the industrial activity of early Johannesburg, Hillbrow was a prime location for health infrastructure to serve the city. By the late 1960s, the suburb had been transformed by the rapid construction of high rise office and apartment buildings, providing temporary low cost accommodation for young people, migrants and immigrants. In the 1980s, Hillbrow defied the apartheid state policy of racial separation of residential areas, and earned the reputation of a liberated zone of tolerance and inclusion. By the 1990s, affected by inner-city decay and the collapse of services for many apartment buildings, the suburb became associated with crime, sex work, and ungovernability. More recently, the revitalisation of the Hillbrow Health Precinct has created a more optimistic narrative of the suburb as a site for research and interventions that has the potential to have a positive impact on the health of its residents.The concentration of innovative public health interventions in Hillbrow today, particularly in the high quality health services and multidisciplinary research of the Hillbrow Health Precinct, creates the possibility for renewal of this troubled inner-city suburb.
- Published
- 2017
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20. Health and health care in Israel: an introduction.
- Author
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Clarfield AM, Manor O, Nun GB, Shvarts S, Azzam ZS, Afek A, Basis F, and Israeli A
- Subjects
- Accreditation statistics & numerical data, Clinical Governance statistics & numerical data, Delivery of Health Care history, Demography statistics & numerical data, Emigration and Immigration statistics & numerical data, Health Expenditures, Health Services history, Health Services statistics & numerical data, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Israel, Life Expectancy, National Health Programs history, National Health Programs organization & administration, National Health Programs standards, Primary Health Care history, Primary Health Care organization & administration, Primary Health Care standards, Private Sector organization & administration, Private Sector statistics & numerical data, Universal Health Insurance organization & administration, Universal Health Insurance statistics & numerical data, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Health Services standards
- Abstract
Starting well before Independence in 1948, and over the ensuing six decades, Israel has built a robust, relatively efficient public system of health care, resulting in good health statistics throughout the life course. Because of the initiative of people living under the British Mandate for Palestine (1922-48), the development of many of today's health services predated the state's establishment by several decades. An extensive array of high-quality services and technologies is available to all residents, largely free at point of service, via the promulgation of the 1994 National Health Insurance Law. In addition to a strong medical academic culture, well equipped (albeit crowded) hospitals, and a robust primary-care infrastructure, the country has also developed some model national projects such as a programme for community quality indicators, an annual update of the national basket of services, and a strong system of research and education. Challenges include increasing privatisation of what was once largely a public system, and the underfunding in various sectors resulting in, among other challenges, relatively few acute hospital beds. Despite substantial organisational and financial investment, disparities persist based on ethnic origin or religion, other socioeconomic factors, and, regardless of the country's small size, a geographic maldistribution of resources. The Ministry of Health continues to be involved in the ownership and administration of many general hospitals and the direct payment for some health services (eg, geriatric institutional care), activities that distract it from its main task of planning for and supervising the whole health structure. Although the health-care system itself is very well integrated in relation to the country's two main ethnic groups (Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews), we think that health in its widest sense might help provide a bridge to peace and reconciliation between the country and its neighbours., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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21. Do benefits in kind or refunds affect health service utilization and health outcomes? A natural experiment from Japan.
- Author
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Takaku R and Bessho S
- Subjects
- Health Services history, Health Services Needs and Demand history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Japan epidemiology, Mortality, National Health Programs history, Strikes, Employee economics, Health Services statistics & numerical data, Health Services Needs and Demand economics, National Health Programs economics, Physicians
- Abstract
Although the payment systems of public health insurance vary greatly across countries, we still have limited knowledge of their effects. To quantify the changes from a benefits in kind system to a refund system, we exploit the largest physician strike in Japan since the Second World War. During the strike in 1971 led by the Japan Medical Association (JMA), JMA physicians resigned as health insurance doctors, but continued to provide medical care and even health insurance treatment in some areas. This study uses the regional differences in resignation rates as a natural experiment to examine the effect of the payment method of health insurance on medical service utilization and health outcomes. In the main analysis, aggregated monthly prefectural data are used (N=46). Our estimation results indicate that if the participation rate of the strike had increased by 1% point and proxy claims were refused completely, the number of cases of insurance benefits and the total amount of insurance benefits would have decreased by 0.78% and 0.58%, respectively compared with the same month in the previous year. Moreover, the average amount of insurance benefits per claim increased since patients with relatively less serious diseases might have sought health care less often. Finally, our results suggest that the mass of resignations did not affect death rates., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. [The development of medical care in prison system of Russia (end of XVII-early XX centuries)].
- Author
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Spasennikov BA and Pertli LF
- Subjects
- Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Prisons legislation & jurisprudence, Russia, Health Services history, Prisons history
- Abstract
The article considers historical medical aspect of development of medical care of convicts in Russia. The first mentioning about treatment of ill criminals relates to 1775. In 1788 the Regulations of prisons was prepared using experience ofprison systems of European states. From 1819, organization of medical care ofpopulation fell within the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that created conditions for organization of medical care in prison system. The legal basics of medical care of convicts were adopted in 1831. In 1850, out of980 000 of jailed prisoners died 1598 (0.16%) of them. In 1879, in the prison Headquarters was organized position of inspector of medical care. This employee coordinated rendering of medical care of prisoners and developed sanitary hygienic measures. The primary unit of national penitentiary system made up authorities of management ofparticular places of confinement. In 1887physicians andfeldshers were accredited to them. The state placed very high demands to medical personnel. The treatment of ill prisoners implemented at the expense of the state. During analyzed period, uniform medical statistics of morbidity. It is demonstrated that special attention was paid to infectious diseases.
- Published
- 2016
23. Brexit and health services.
- Author
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Hervey T and Peers S
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Patient Safety, United Kingdom, Health Services economics, Health Services history, Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, State Medicine economics, State Medicine history, State Medicine legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The Health Service of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the World War I.
- Author
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Petnehazy D and Fatula J
- Subjects
- Austria, History, 20th Century, Humans, Hungary, Military Personnel history, World War I, Health Services history, Military Medicine history
- Abstract
Based on until unknown details and data authors evaluate the activity of the medical service of the Austro-Hungarian army in the First World War. They analyse the types of injuries, the various infectious diseases and also injuries caused by the military use of gases. They give a detailed analysis of the stages of medical care from the battlefield to the rear and evaluate the different ways of surgical interventions used in serious cases. Authors conclude that before the war the Austro-Hungarian army did not have an elaborated military health doctrine: it had to be and only could be elaborated based on the analysis of the everyday war experience.
- Published
- 2016
25. [50 years of Swine Health Service (SGD)].
- Author
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Scheidegger R, Estermann A, and Sidler X
- Subjects
- Animals, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Swine, Switzerland, Animal Husbandry history, Health Services history, Societies history
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. [Health care in the prisons of the Kingdom. General Royal Ordinance of prisons of 1834].
- Author
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Leiva-Tapia J
- Subjects
- Africa, Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration, History, 19th Century, Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Prisoners legislation & jurisprudence, Prisons legislation & jurisprudence, Prisons organization & administration, Spain, Health Services history, Health Services Accessibility history, Human Rights history, Prisoners history, Prisons history
- Abstract
In the 19th century, the concept of "prison health" began to make an appearance in Spanish legislation as an integral part of prison management. Thanks to a series of ideological and progressive principles in the same century, laws were decreed and regulated to address the need for adequate medical care for prisoners in Africa, Spain and the overseas territories. The most important of these was the Royal Ordinance of Prisoners of the Kingdom of 1834, and subsequent Regulation of 1844.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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27. Unite lead officer Obi Amadi on BME pioneer list.
- Subjects
- Black People, History, 21st Century, Humans, United Kingdom, Awards and Prizes, Health Services history
- Published
- 2014
28. The changing role of the British state and its citizens.
- Author
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McKee M and Stuckler D
- Subjects
- Aged, Female, Health Services history, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Social Work history, United Kingdom epidemiology, Federal Government history, Health Status
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Declines with age in childhood asthma symptoms and health care use: an adjustment for evaluations.
- Author
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Ko YA, Song PX, and Clark NM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Asthma physiopathology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Health Services statistics & numerical data, History, 21st Century, Humans, Least-Squares Analysis, Male, Symptom Assessment, Asthma history, Health Services history
- Abstract
Rationale: Asthma is a variable condition with an apparent tendency for a natural decline in asthma symptoms and health care use occurring as children age. As a result, asthma interventions using a pre-post design may overestimate the intervention effect when no proper control group is available., Objectives: Investigate patterns of natural decline over time with increasing age in asthma symptoms and health care use of children. Develop a statistical procedure that enables adjustment that accounts for expected declines in these outcomes and is useable when intervention evaluations must rely solely on pre-post data., Methods: Mixed-effects models with mixture distributions were used to describe the pattern of symptoms and health care use in 3,021 children aged 2 to 15 years in a combined sample from three controlled trials. An adaptive least squares estimation was used to account for overestimation of intervention effects and make adjustments for pre-post only data. Termed "Adjustment for Natural Declines in Asthma Outcomes (ANDAO)," the adjustment method uses bootstrap sampling to create control cohorts comparable to subjects in the intervention study from existing control subjects. ANDAO accounts for expected declines in outcomes and is beneficial when intervention evaluations must rely solely on pre-post data., Measurements and Main Results: Children under 10 years of age experienced 18% (95% confidence interval, 15-21%) fewer symptom days and 28% (95% confidence interval, 24-32%) fewer symptom nights with each additional year of age. The decline was less than 10% after age 10 years, depending on baseline asthma severity. Emergency department visits declined regardless of baseline symptom frequency (P = 0.02). The adjustment method corrected estimates to within 2.4% of true effects through simulations using control cohorts., Conclusions: Because of the declines in symptoms and health care use expected with increasing age of children with asthma, pre-post comparisons will greatly overestimate intervention effects. The ANDAO provides means to adequately estimate treatment effects when a control group design is not possible., (© 2014 Society for Public Health Education.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. [Public health services and healthcare workforce in Bakar of the 18th and 19th century].
- Author
-
Čulina T
- Subjects
- Croatia, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, Humans, Health Services history, Health Workforce history, Public Health history
- Abstract
This review article draws on scarce and poorly studied archival information and several published articles to describe the development and organisation of public health services in the town of Bakar over the 18th and 19th century. For a short while at the turn of the 19th century, Bakar established a hospital run by two physicians and one surgeon to treat patients affected by the so called Škrljevo disease, an endemic type of syphilis. As the century went on, the number of healthcare providers increased by two more physicians, four surgeons, and three to six licensed midwives. There was also a town pharmacy, that worked all that time. As a busy port, the town also provided well-organised maritime sanitary services. As its economy changed over the two centuries to come to a halt after an initial boom, which resulted in a severe drop in population from 7600 to 2000 people, public services deteriorated, including public health. Maritime services suffered the hardest blow, while the workforce gradually came down to one or two physicians and surgeons and several midwives.
- Published
- 2014
31. [The armed forces health service and its nurses in the Great War].
- Author
-
Porte R
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Health Services history, History of Nursing, Military Medicine history, Military Personnel history, World War I
- Abstract
The First World War was characterised by the multitude of battlefields as well as by the alternating cycles of offensive phases followed by periods of trench warfare. The reality of the fighting, far removed from initial expectations, had major repercussions on the organisation of healthcare services. Nurses played a central role in the healthcare provided during this conflict.
- Published
- 2014
32. [Orleans' hospital legacy].
- Author
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Jouanneaux F
- Subjects
- Cities history, France, Health Services history, Health Services Accessibility history, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Medieval, Hospitals classification, Poverty, Hospitals history
- Published
- 2014
33. Disease and cure in Mozambican health service reports from the end of the nineteenth century.
- Author
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Roque AC
- Subjects
- Disease history, History of Medicine, History, 19th Century, Hospitals history, Humans, Medical Records, Mozambique, Pharmacies history, Health Services history, Medicine, Traditional history, Phytotherapy history
- Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, health service reports constituted a repository of information on the main diseases in Mozambique and the impacts of their frequency, as well as on the procedures and methods used to fight disease within a regional framework whose description indicates a broad knowledge of the characteristics and potentials of the various districts and of the living conditions of the people. The objective of this article is to highlight that these reports constitute a privileged source not only for the study of the process of cementing Portuguese colonial rule in Mozambique, but also for the study of tropical medicine from a perspective that takes into account the specific conditions of the region, and which provides historical information on the analysis of the problems related to disease and cure.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. 'The hospital was just like a home': self, service and the 'McCord Hospital Family'.
- Author
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Noble V and Parle J
- Subjects
- Health Services history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Organizational Culture, Racism history, Religion history, South Africa, Hospital Administration history, Interprofessional Relations
- Abstract
For more than a century, McCord Hospital, a partly private and partly state-subsidised mission hospital has provided affordable health-care services, as well as work and professional training opportunities for thousands of people in Durban, a city on the east coast of South Africa. This article focuses on one important aspect of the hospital's longevity and particular character, or 'organisational culture': the ethos of a 'McCord Family', integral to which were faith and a commitment to service. While recognising that families - including 'hospital families' like that at McCord - are contentious social constructs, with deeply embedded hierarchies and inequalities based on race, class and gender, we also consider however how the notion of 'a McCord family' was experienced and shared in complex ways. Indeed, during the twentieth century, this ethos was avidly promoted by the hospital's founders and managers and by a wide variety of employees and trainees. It also extended to people at a far geographical remove from Durban. Moreover, this ethos became so powerful that many patients felt that it shaped their convalescence experience positively. This article considers how this 'family ethos' was constructed and what made it so attractive to this hospital's staff, trainees and patients. Furthermore, we consider what 'work' it did for this mission hospital, especially in promoting bonds of multi-racial unity in the contexts of segregation and apartheid society. More broadly, it suggests that critical histories of the ways in which individuals, hospitals, faith and 'families' intersect may be of value for the future of hospitals as well as of interest in their past.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Harry Burns: the man who shifted Scotland's thinking on health.
- Author
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Christie B
- Subjects
- Health Services history, Health Services standards, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Public Health Administration history, Quality Improvement history, Scotland
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. [The emergence of China's Railway Health Services and its motivation in the late Qing Dynasty].
- Author
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Huang H
- Subjects
- China, History, 20th Century, Humans, Motivation, Health Services history, Railroads
- Abstract
In the late Qing Dynasty, the railway authority of China commenced establishing their self-run medical institutions, setting up the hygienic standards of railway system, and opening a new prospects of railway health services and epidemic prevention, reflecting the emergence of China's Railway Health Services. The motivations of all these approaches were related to three factors, that is,"the eastward dissemination of western medicine","the medical requirement of railway employees", and"the emergent situation of railway health and epidemic prevention".
- Published
- 2014
37. Gouttes de lait and The Milbank Quarterly.
- Author
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Markel H
- Subjects
- Animals, Health Services history, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Milk, Organizational Objectives, Publishing organization & administration, United States, Infant Food history, Infant Food standards, Periodicals as Topic history, Public Health history, Publishing history
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A socio-psychological perspective on community participation in health during the Unidad Popular government: Santiago de Chile, from 1970 to 1973.
- Author
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Hadjez-Berrios E
- Subjects
- Adult, Behavioral Medicine history, Chile, Community Participation history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Qualitative Research, Behavioral Medicine methods, Community Participation psychology, Health Services history, Social Change history
- Abstract
Community participation in health has conventionally been described and analysed from a non-historical perspective, neglecting the central role that disadvantaged communities have played in the construction of health institutions in our societies, alienating collective health from its historical subject. From a socio-psychological perspective, this study explores the experiences of community participation in health during the Unidad Popular government in Santiago de Chile from 1970 to 1973, evidencing a radical pedagogical process inside poor urban settlements, aimed to transform Chilean classist health institutions. These findings contribute to a critical understanding of community participation in health, conceived as a dialectic and transformative action.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Questions about New Zealand's health system in 2013, its 75th anniversary year.
- Author
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Gauld R
- Subjects
- Forecasting, Government, Health Care Reform history, Health Services Accessibility history, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, New Zealand, Health Services history, National Health Programs history, Public Health history
- Abstract
New Zealand's health system turns 75 in September, 2013. This article suggests that it is a time for celebration but also reflection on whether we have achieved the aims of the 1938 Social Security Act which laid out a set of principles for health care delivery. The article looks at questions of access, equity and service integration. It outlines why the health system we have today is shaped the way it is, and asks whether we should recommit to the original 1938 aims or develop a new set of principles for our health system.
- Published
- 2013
40. The art of medicine: a dismal prospect: workhouse health care.
- Author
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Richardson R
- Subjects
- Almshouses history, Exhibitions as Topic, Health Care Reform history, History, 19th Century, Humans, London, Medicine in the Arts, Paintings, Poverty legislation & jurisprudence, Delivery of Health Care history, Health Services history, Poverty history
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Factors that influenced the development of health services in India.
- Author
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Bajpai V and Saraya A
- Subjects
- Economics, History, 20th Century, Humans, India, Politics, Social Class, Developing Countries history, Health Services history, Primary Health Care history
- Published
- 2013
42. Cultivating constituencies: the story of the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service, 1928-1941.
- Author
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D'Antonio P
- Subjects
- Health Education history, Health Services economics, History, 20th Century, Humans, New York City, Community Health Services history, Health Services history, Public Health Nursing history
- Abstract
I examine the history of the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service in New York City from its beginnings as a demonstration project in 1922 to its closing in 1941. I explore the less tangible goals, needs, and ambitions of the many different constituents that paid for, delivered, and received health care services. I place these goals, needs, and ambitions as critically important drivers of ultimate success or failure. The East Harlem Nursing and Health Service gained international fame among public health leaders for its innovative and independent nursing practice and teaching. However, it ultimately failed because its commitment was to a particular disciplinary mission that did not meet the needs of the constituent communities it served. From 1928 to 1941, the service focused more on the educational advancement of public health nursing and less on addressing the real health care needs of those in East Harlem.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Development of healthcare services in India.
- Author
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Bajpai V and Saraya A
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, India, Health Services history, Health Services Administration history
- Published
- 2013
44. Samuel Ward Casscells III, MD.
- Author
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Casscells-Hamby M
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, United States, Cardiology history, Disaster Medicine history, Health Services history, Military Medicine history
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Pituitary centers of excellence.
- Author
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McLaughlin N, Laws ER, Oyesiku NM, Katznelson L, and Kelly DF
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Internship and Residency methods, Neurosurgery education, Pituitary Diseases epidemiology, Health Services history, Neurosurgery methods, Pituitary Diseases diagnosis, Pituitary Diseases therapy, Pituitary Gland surgery
- Abstract
Pituitary tumors and associated neuroendocrine disorders pose significant challenges in diagnostic and therapeutic management. Optimal care of the "pituitary patient" is best provided in a multidisciplinary collaborative environment that includes not only experienced pituitary practitioners in neurosurgery and endocrinology, but also in otorhinolaryngological surgery, radiation oncology, medical oncology, neuro-ophthalmology, diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, and neuropathology. We provide the background and rationale for recognizing pituitary centers of excellence and suggest a voluntary verification process, similar to that used by the American College of Surgeons for Trauma Center verification. We propose that pituitary centers of excellence should fulfill 3 key missions: (1) provide comprehensive care and support to patients with pituitary disorders; (2) provide residency training, fellowship training, and/or continuing medical education in the management of pituitary and neuroendocrine disease; and (3) contribute to research in pituitary disorders. As this is a preliminary proposal, we recognize several issues that warrant further consideration including center and surgeon practice volume as well as oversight of the verification process.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. [Classical public health thinking in São Paulo during the era of health centers and health education].
- Author
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Mello GA
- Subjects
- Brazil, Health Services history, History, 20th Century, Health Education history, Public Health history
- Abstract
The article reviews the ideas and concepts of health service organization that followed the introduction of the Health Center model by the Health Service reform in 1925. It discusses the thinking of Geraldo de Paula Souza, Rodolfo Mascarenhas and Reinaldo Ramos, distinguished representatives of "classical thought" of public health in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Charles F. Kettering-medical philanthropist and inventor.
- Author
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Shampo MA, Kyle RA, and Steensma DP
- Subjects
- Academic Medical Centers history, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Male, Micronesia, United States, Charities history, Fund Raising history, Health Services history, Philately
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. [Medical recollections. The French health service during the war of 1914-1918].
- Author
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Larcan A
- Subjects
- Ambulances history, Ambulances supply & distribution, Automobiles history, Emergency Service, Hospital history, Emergency Service, Hospital organization & administration, France, General Surgery history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Medical Records, Preventive Medicine methods, Triage history, Triage methods, Wounds, Gunshot therapy, Health Services history, World War I
- Published
- 2012
49. James F. Crow: his life in public service.
- Author
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Abrahamson S
- Subjects
- Genetics history, Health Services history, History, 20th Century, Public Health history, United States
- Abstract
The readers of this journal may well be aware of Professor Crow's scientific achievements and his role as the editor of Perspectives. In addition, for many thousands of students at the University of Wisconsin over many generations, James F. Crow was one of the most memorable teachers at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. What is less known is his major role in public service where he served as chair of many important committees for the National Academy of Sciences, the National Institutes of Health, the National Institutes of Justice as well as various international programs. In all of these efforts, Professor Crow has left a lasting impact.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Editorial: Fifty years of health services in Tanzania: What next?
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Tanzania, Health Services history
- Published
- 2011
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