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1. Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

Author

Ross, Cody T, Hooper, Paul L, Smith, Jennifer E, Jaeggi, Adrian V, Smith, Eric Alden, Gavrilets, Sergey, Zohora, Fatema tuz, Ziker, John, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Wroblewski, Emily E, Wood, Brian, Winterhalder, Bruce, Willführ, Kai P, Willard, Aiyana K, Walker, Kara, von Rueden, Christopher, Voland, Eckart, Valeggia, Claudia, Vaitla, Bapu, Urlacher, Samuel, Towner, Mary, Sum, Chun-Yi, Sugiyama, Lawrence S, Strier, Karen B, Starkweather, Kathrine, Major-Smith, Daniel, Shenk, Mary, Sear, Rebecca, Seabright, Edmond, Schacht, Ryan, Scelza, Brooke, Scaggs, Shane, Salerno, Jonathan, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Redhead, Daniel, Pusey, Anne, Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Power, Eleanor A, Pisor, Anne, Pettay, Jenni, Perry, Susan, Page, Abigail E, Pacheco-Cobos, Luis, Oths, Kathryn, Oh, Seung-Yun, Nolin, David, Nettle, Daniel, Moya, Cristina, Migliano, Andrea Bamberg, Mertens, Karl J, McNamara, Rita A, McElreath, Richard, Mattison, Siobhan, Massengill, Eric, Marlowe, Frank, Madimenos, Felicia, Macfarlan, Shane, Lummaa, Virpi, Lizarralde, Roberto, Liu, Ruizhe, Liebert, Melissa A, Lew-Levy, Sheina, Leslie, Paul, Lanning, Joseph, Kramer, Karen, Koster, Jeremy, Kaplan, Hillard S, Jamsranjav, Bayarsaikhan, Hurtado, A Magdalena, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Helle, Samuli, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Gurven, Michael, Grimalda, Gianluca, Greaves, Russell, Golden, Christopher D, Godoy, Irene, Gibson, Mhairi, Mouden, Claire El, Dyble, Mark, Draper, Patricia, Downey, Sean, DeMarco, Angelina L, Davis, Helen Elizabeth, Crabtree, Stefani, Cortez, Carmen, Colleran, Heidi, Cohen, Emma, Clark, Gregory, Clark, Julia, Caudell, Mark A, Carminito, Chelsea E, Bunce, John, Boyette, Adam, Bowles, Samuel, Blumenfield, Tami, Beheim, Bret, and Beckerman, Stephen

Subjects
Contraception/Reproduction, Reproductive health and childbirth, Reduced Inequalities, Animals, Humans, Female, Male, Reproduction, Sex Characteristics, Marriage, Mammals, Sexual Behavior, Animal, egalitarian syndrome, inequality, mating systems, monogamy, reproductive skew
Abstract

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.

Published
2023

2. Correction to: 'Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model'.

Author

Ross, Cody T, Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Oh, Seung-Yun, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D, Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S, Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Ziker, John

Subjects
Life history theory, Marriage systems, Polygyny, Monogamy, Evolutionary anthropology, General Science & Technology
Abstract

With apologies, an incorrect author list was given in the article. An additional author, Chris von Rueden, (Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond) also contributed to this work. Author Ryan Schacht's affiliation was out-of-date. His correct affiliation is: Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University.

Published
2018

3. Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model

Author

Ross, Cody T, Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Oh, Seung-Yun, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D, Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S, Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Ziker, John

Subjects
Human Society, Demography, Prevention, Clinical Research, Reduced Inequalities, Female, Humans, Male, Marriage, Models, Theoretical, Socioeconomic Factors, polygyny, monogamy, marriage systems, wealth inequality, behavioural ecology, evolutionary anthropology, Human behavioral ecology, Life history theory, Mating behavior, Polygyny threshold model, Marriage systems, Wealth inequality, Polygyny, Monogamy, Evolutionary anthropology, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea-based on the polygyny threshold model-that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Our analysis shows that with the shift to stratified agricultural economies: (i) the population frequency of relatively poor individuals increased, increasing wealth inequality, but decreasing the frequency of individuals with sufficient wealth to secure polygynous marriage, and (ii) diminishing marginal fitness returns to additional wives prevent extremely wealthy men from obtaining as many wives as their relative wealth would otherwise predict. These conditions jointly lead to a high population-level frequency of monogamy.

Published
2018

4. Evidence for quantity–quality trade-offs, sex-specific parental investment, and variance compensation in colonized Agta foragers undergoing demographic transition

Author

Ross, Cody T, Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Winterhalder, Bruce, Uehara, Ray, Headland, Janet, and Headland, Thomas

Subjects
Contraception/Reproduction, Good Health and Well Being, Human life-history, Quantity-quality trade-offs, Birth-order effects, Sex-biased investment, Variance compensation hypothesis, Demographic transition, Agta, Horticulturalist hunter-gatherers, Demography, Human life history, Anthropology, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Social Psychology
Abstract

Evolutionary ecological models of human fertility predict that: (1) parents will bias investment toward the sex with the highest fitness prospects in a particular socio-ecological context; (2) fertility is subject to quantity–quality trade-offs; and (3) fertility decisions will be sensitive to both predictable and stochastic mortality risk and the relative fitness value of differently sized sib-sets (the variance compensation hypothesis). We test these predictions using demographic records from the Agta, an indigenous population from the Philippines, who, as a result of disruption by loggers, miners, and settlers, are undergoing a demographic and social/ecological transition from foragers to peasant laborers. Leveraging the spatial and temporal variation in the Agta Demographic Database, we conduct an analysis of Agta life-history traits across this transition. Specifically, we compare the Casiguran Agta (CA) with the more isolated peninsular San Ildefonso Agta (SIA) sub-population from before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) encroachment. We find: (1) evidence of a decline in overall survival from phase 1 to phase 2, coupled with increased parental investment in first-born daughters compared to first-born sons in the CA population, and increased parental investment in sons versus daughters in the SIA population; (2) evidence of a moderate quantity–quality trade-off in CA and SIA fertility in phase 1; and (3) support for predictions of the variance compensation hypothesis as a driver of the lowered relative fertility in the CA. Our customized methods, comparative framework, and simultaneous focus on fertility and mortality allow us to show how heterogeneity in mortality and fertility are linked to life history trade-offs and environmental context in a manner consistent with the predictions of evolutionary ecological models.

Published
2016

7. Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model

Author

Ross, Cody T., Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, Seung-Yun, Oh, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D., Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S., Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai Pierre, Winterhalder, Bruce, Ziker, John, Ross, Cody T., Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, Seung-Yun, Oh, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D., Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S., Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai Pierre, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Ziker, John

Abstract

Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea—based on the polygyny threshold model—that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Our analysis shows that with the shift to stratified agricultural economies: (i) the population frequency of relatively poor individuals increased, increasing wealth inequality, but decreasing the frequency of individuals with sufficient wealth to secure polygynous marriage, and (ii) diminishing marginal fitness returns to additional wives prevent extremely wealthy men from obtaining as many wives as their relative wealth would otherwise predict. These conditions jointly lead to a high population-level frequency of monogamy.

Published
2018

8. Front matter for: A Dumagat (Casiguran)-English dictionary

Author

Headland, Thomas (Ed.) and Headland, Janet (Ed.)

Abstract

Contents iiiPREFACE ivINTRODUCTION viGRAMMATICAL SKETCH ix 1. Linguistic Classification of Casiguran Dumagat ix Map: Northern and Central Luzon xi 2. Phonology xii 3. Morphophonemic Change xxvii 4. Noun-Marking Particles xxx 5. Pronouns xxxii 6. Verbs xxxvAPPENDIX 1, Acculturation xlviiiAPPENDIX 2, Kinship Terms lAPPENDIX 3, Numbers liiAPPENDIX 4, Arrows livNOTES lvBIBLIOGRAPHY lvi

Published
2015
Full Text
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9. A Dumagat (Casiguran)-English dictionary

Author

Headland, Thomas (Ed.) and Headland, Janet (Ed.)

Abstract

C-28, Contents iiiPREFACE ivINTRODUCTION viGRAMMATICAL SKETCH ix 1. Linguistic Classification of Casiguran Dumagat ix Map: Northern and Central Luzon xi 2. Phonology xii 3. Morphophonemic Change xxvii 4. Noun-Marking Particles xxx 5. Pronouns xxxii 6. Verbs xxxvAPPENDIX 1, Acculturation xlviiiAPPENDIX 2, Kinship Terms lAPPENDIX 3, Numbers liiAPPENDIX 4, Arrows livNOTES lvBIBLIOGRAPHY lviDUMAGAT (CASIGURAN) - ENGLISH DICTIONARY 1-175ENGLISH INDEX 177-232

Published
2015
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10. Agta Demographic Database: chronicle of a hunter-gatherer community in transition

Author

Headland, Janet, Headland, Thomas N., Uehara, Ray T., Headland, Janet, Headland, Thomas N., and Uehara, Ray T.

Abstract

http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9299, For the past half-century Thomas and Janet Headland have studied demographic change among the Agta, a hunter-gatherer population in the Philippines. Since the 1998 publication of Population Dynamics of a Philippine Rain Forest People, numerous scholars have asked about the raw data on which the Headlands based their study. Now those data are published with the full permission of the Agta people. Computer scientist Ray Uehara has worked with the Headlands to compile this database. This database consists of the records of 4,300 Agta individuals, 600 of whom are alive today. Of these, 284 are members of the San Ildefonso Agta, a subpopulation living on a peninsula separate from the larger Casiguran Agta Population on the mainland. Included in these records are the names, facial photographs, family histories, genealogies, and ancestors (dating back to the late nineteenth century) of today’s Agta. The data are complete with every birth, marriage, divorce, death, and in- and out-migration since 1950 to January 2010, for the 284-member San Ildefonso Agta subpopulation. The Agta population has vital statistics that are extreme compared to industrialized humankind. These will be of interest to anthropologists, students of human history, and demographers. Today‘s Agta have an infant mortality rate of 220/1000 (vs. 7/1000 in the USA), a high total fertility rate of 7.0, and a life expectancy of just 23 years (vs. 78 years in the USA). Readers may use these data to check these and other demographic parameters, as well as for testing their own hypotheses of so-called primitive populations. The Agta Demographic Database provides a keyhole glimpse into how our human ancestors may have lived and died in prehistory. This is an ongoing work, to be re-released at intervals. Version 2.0, 2011

Published
2007

11. [Review] A Dumagat (Casiguran) - English Dictionary

Author

Headland, Thomas N, Headland, Janet D, McFarland, Curtis D, Headland, Thomas N, Headland, Janet D, and McFarland, Curtis D

Abstract

Offprint: Philippine Journal of Linguistics 8(1-2):74-76, 1977

Published
1977

14. Ugali Na Agta

Author

Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Aduanan, Benbinido, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, and Aduanan, Benbinido

Abstract

Stories written at a literature workshop held in Bagabag, http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/56440

Published
1974

19. Appendix from Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model

Author

Ross, Cody T., Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Seung-Yun Oh, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D., Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S., Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Caissa Revilla-Minaya, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Ziker, John

Subjects
8. Economic growth, 1. No poverty
Abstract

Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea—based on the polygyny threshold model—that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Our analysis shows that with the shift to stratified agricultural economies: (i) the population frequency of relatively poor individuals increased, increasing wealth inequality, but decreasing the frequency of individuals with sufficient wealth to secure polygynous marriage, and (ii) diminishing marginal fitness returns to additional wives prevent extremely wealthy men from obtaining as many wives as their relative wealth would otherwise predict. These conditions jointly lead to a high population-level frequency of monogamy.

20. Appendix from Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model

Author

Ross, Cody T., Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Seung-Yun Oh, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D., Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S., Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Caissa Revilla-Minaya, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Ziker, John

Subjects
8. Economic growth, 1. No poverty
Abstract

Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea—based on the polygyny threshold model—that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Our analysis shows that with the shift to stratified agricultural economies: (i) the population-frequency of relatively poor individuals increased, increasing wealth inequality, but decreasing the frequency of individuals with sufficient wealth to secure polygynous marriage, and (ii) diminishing marginal fitness returns to additional wives prevent extremely wealthy men from obtaining as many wives as their relative wealth would otherwise predict. These conditions jointly lead to a high population-level frequency of monogamy.

21. Appendix from Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model

Author

Ross, Cody T., Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Seung-Yun Oh, Bowles, Samuel, Beheim, Bret, Bunce, John, Caudell, Mark, Clark, Gregory, Colleran, Heidi, Cortez, Carmen, Draper, Patricia, Greaves, Russell D., Gurven, Michael, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Kaplan, Hillard S., Koster, Jeremy, Kramer, Karen, Marlowe, Frank, McElreath, Richard, Nolin, David, Quinlan, Marsha, Quinlan, Robert, Caissa Revilla-Minaya, Scelza, Brooke, Schacht, Ryan, Shenk, Mary, Uehara, Ray, Voland, Eckart, Willführ, Kai, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Ziker, John

Subjects
8. Economic growth, 1. No poverty
Abstract

Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea—based on the polygyny threshold model—that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Our analysis shows that with the shift to stratified agricultural economies: (i) the population frequency of relatively poor individuals increased, increasing wealth inequality, but decreasing the frequency of individuals with sufficient wealth to secure polygynous marriage, and (ii) diminishing marginal fitness returns to additional wives prevent extremely wealthy men from obtaining as many wives as their relative wealth would otherwise predict. These conditions jointly lead to a high population-level frequency of monogamy.

22. Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

Author

Ross, Cody T., Hooper, Paul L., Smith, Jennifer E., Jaeggi, Adrian V., Smith, Eric Alden, Gavrilets, Sergey, tuz Zohora, Fatema, Ziker, John, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Wroblewski, Emily E., Wood, Brian, Winterhalder, Bruce, Willführ, Kai P., Willard, Aiyana K., Walker, Kara, von Rueden, Christopher, Voland, Eckart, Valeggia, Claudia, Vaitla, Bapu, Urlacher, Samuel, Towner, Mary, Sum, Chun Yi, Sugiyama, Lawrence S., Strier, Karen B., Starkweather, Kathrine, Major-Smith, Daniel, Shenk, Mary, Sear, Rebecca, Seabright, Edmond, Schacht, Ryan, Scelza, Brooke, Scaggs, Shane, Salerno, Jonathan, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Redhead, Daniel, Pusey, Anne, Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Power, Eleanor A., Pisor, Anne, Pettay, Jenni, Perry, Susan, Page, Abigail E., Pacheco-Cobos, Luis, Oths, Kathryn, Oh, Seung Yun, Nolin, David, Nettle, Daniel, Moya, Cristina, Migliano, Andrea Bamberg, Mertens, Karl J., McNamara, Rita A., McElreath, Richard, Mattison, Siobhan, Massengill, Eric, Marlowe, Frank, Madimenos, Felicia, Macfarlan, Shane, Lummaa, Virpi, Lizarralde, Roberto, Liu, Ruizhe, Liebert, Melissa A., Lew-Levy, Sheina, Leslie, Paul, Lanning, Joseph, Kramer, Karen, Koster, Jeremy, Kaplan, Hillard S., Jamsranjav, Bayarsaikhan, Hurtado, A. Magdalena, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Helle, Samuli, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Gurven, Michael, Grimalda, Gianluca, Greaves, Russell, Golden, Christopher D., Godoy, Irene, Gibson, Mhairi, El Mouden, Claire, Dyble, Mark, Draper, Patricia, Downey, Sean, DeMarco, Angelina L., Davis, Helen Elizabeth, Crabtree, Stefani, Cortez, Carmen, Colleran, Heidi, Cohen, Emma, Clark, Gregory, Clark, Julia, Caudell, Mark A., Carminito, Chelsea E., Bunce, John, Boyette, Adam, Bowles, Samuel, Blumenfield, Tami, Beheim, Bret, Beckerman, Stephen, Atkinson, Quentin, Apicella, Coren, Alam, Nurul, Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, Ross, Cody T., Hooper, Paul L., Smith, Jennifer E., Jaeggi, Adrian V., Smith, Eric Alden, Gavrilets, Sergey, tuz Zohora, Fatema, Ziker, John, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Wroblewski, Emily E., Wood, Brian, Winterhalder, Bruce, Willführ, Kai P., Willard, Aiyana K., Walker, Kara, von Rueden, Christopher, Voland, Eckart, Valeggia, Claudia, Vaitla, Bapu, Urlacher, Samuel, Towner, Mary, Sum, Chun Yi, Sugiyama, Lawrence S., Strier, Karen B., Starkweather, Kathrine, Major-Smith, Daniel, Shenk, Mary, Sear, Rebecca, Seabright, Edmond, Schacht, Ryan, Scelza, Brooke, Scaggs, Shane, Salerno, Jonathan, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Redhead, Daniel, Pusey, Anne, Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Power, Eleanor A., Pisor, Anne, Pettay, Jenni, Perry, Susan, Page, Abigail E., Pacheco-Cobos, Luis, Oths, Kathryn, Oh, Seung Yun, Nolin, David, Nettle, Daniel, Moya, Cristina, Migliano, Andrea Bamberg, Mertens, Karl J., McNamara, Rita A., McElreath, Richard, Mattison, Siobhan, Massengill, Eric, Marlowe, Frank, Madimenos, Felicia, Macfarlan, Shane, Lummaa, Virpi, Lizarralde, Roberto, Liu, Ruizhe, Liebert, Melissa A., Lew-Levy, Sheina, Leslie, Paul, Lanning, Joseph, Kramer, Karen, Koster, Jeremy, Kaplan, Hillard S., Jamsranjav, Bayarsaikhan, Hurtado, A. Magdalena, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Helle, Samuli, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Gurven, Michael, Grimalda, Gianluca, Greaves, Russell, Golden, Christopher D., Godoy, Irene, Gibson, Mhairi, El Mouden, Claire, Dyble, Mark, Draper, Patricia, Downey, Sean, DeMarco, Angelina L., Davis, Helen Elizabeth, Crabtree, Stefani, Cortez, Carmen, Colleran, Heidi, Cohen, Emma, Clark, Gregory, Clark, Julia, Caudell, Mark A., Carminito, Chelsea E., Bunce, John, Boyette, Adam, Bowles, Samuel, Blumenfield, Tami, Beheim, Bret, Beckerman, Stephen, Atkinson, Quentin, Apicella, Coren, Alam, Nurul, and Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff

Abstract

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.

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