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Background: The cephalic index also known as the Cranial Index or Index of breath is an important parameter in craniometrical studies that help to differentiate human races and sex. It is a useful tool in forensic medicine, anthropology, and genetics. Aim and Objectives: - In the present study attempts have been made to discover the Cephalic index in males and females of Telangana. Material and Methods: - This study was carried out on 296 males and females of Telangana in the age group 20 - 25 years. Cranial length and breadth were taken and the Cephalic index was calculated. Results - The mean value for the cephalic index is 78.42 ± 6.75 for males and 81.14 ± 6.66 for females. Conclusions - The majority of the population in this study group is mesocephalic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the morphometric differences in the head of male and female Turi ducks. Ten male and ten female day-old ducks (DOD) were randomly selected by a lottery system from the population, raised, and had their head morphology measured using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm on the first day, and at the age of 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks. The result showed that male Turi duck had wider (p 0.05) in the head width at the ages of 4 and 8 weeks, rostrum width at 2 weeks, and rostrum length at 1day old male and female Turi ducks. Morphometric growth pattern showed that older Turi ducks (at a range of 1 day to 8 weeks) had larger (p 0.05) at all ages. It could be concluded that in general head morphometry was useful for determining male and female Turi ducks at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks

This study aims to determine the morphometric differences in the head of male and female Turi ducks. Ten male and ten female day-old ducks (DOD) were randomly selected by a lottery system from the population, raised, and had their head morphology measured using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm on the first day, and at the age of 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks. The result showed that male Turi duck had wider (p <0.05) head at the ages of 1 day, 2 and 6 weeks, head length and head height at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, rostrum width at the ages of 1 day, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, and rostrum length at the age of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. There were no significant differences (p >0.05) in the head width at the ages of 4 and 8 weeks, rostrum width at 2 weeks, and rostrum length at 1day old male and female Turi ducks. Morphometric growth pattern showed that older Turi ducks (at a range of 1 day to 8 weeks) had larger (p <0.05) head morphometry. However, the cephalic index in male and female Turi ducks was not significantly different (p > 0.05) at all ages. It could be concluded that in general head morphometry was useful for determining male and female Turi ducks at the ages of 1 day, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of stature from head length is equally significant like determining from other body parts. A cross sectional study on estimation of stature from head length was conducted in the population of Hyderabad, Telangana at Malla reddy institute of medical sciences. Study population consists of 154 members, who include 75 males and 79 females, participants were in the age group of 18-23 years. Data was collected from participants after obtaining informed consent. Measurement of head length was taken from the top of vertex to the bottom of the chin in centimeter (cm) scale. A linear regression formula was obtained to correlate head length and height. Linear regression equations for total study population is Y=77.59 + 4.135(HL), male population is Y=118.5 + 2.46 (HL) and female population is Y=159.71 + 0.062 (HL). Statistical results of the study, R2 = 0.333, Standard error = 0.475 and P value <0.0001 reveals statistical significance of the study. Separate formulae for male and female individuals will give more accurate results. ±5 cm difference in the stature was observed in the study population with the derived equation. Height is aproximately 8 times the head length in Female population and 7.5 times in male population in the study group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The length-weight relationship and Fulton condition factor (K) of 404 samples of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus from Ibaka mangrove swamp were investigated for six months (January to June 2022) using standard methods to accommodate both the dry and wet seasons. For the 404 samples, the mean total length was 11.22±0.11 cm while the mean body weight was 16.4±0.48 g. Other biometric data collected includes percentage eye diameter (ED%) ranging between 5.07 and 8.26 cm for May and February, respectively. Percentage head length (HL%) values were between 20.9 and 28.12 cm for May and January, respectively. For percentage body depth (BD%), the least was recorded in April (19.49 cm) while the highest was observed in February (24.55 cm). The Fulton condition factor (K) determined for most of the sampled months showed that the values were above unity (K>1), indicating good living conditions on account of food availability, absence of parasites/predators, and absence of disease. However, K was less than unity (K<1) in February and June, indicating a possible decline in food availability and other factors responsible for growth. The values of the length-weight relationship (b) were greater than 3 (b>3) in almost all the months except in April, having a value of 2.895, indicating that the species exhibited a positive allometric growth pattern. This implied that as the length of the fish increased, there was also a corresponding increase in the weight of P. barbarus from the Ibaka Mangrove Swamp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the relationship between head length, head circumference, and height in females of upper Punjab because cranial measurements are a more accurate and dependable way of estimating stature. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional. Setting: Upper Punjab CMH Kharian Medical College. Period: May 2022 to May 2023. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional research involved n=382 females in upper Punjab who were between the ages of 20 and 25. A distributing calliper and a non-elastic tape were used to measure the head’s length and circumference, respectively. A common height measuring tool was used to measure height. The female’s height and head circumference were both measured in centimetres. The collected data were analysed to determine the relationship between head circumference and height as well as head length and height. For the statistical information, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used, and data were analysed. Results: Head length and height were shown to be significantly positively correlated (r=0.518, p<0.001). Height and head circumference were shown to have a substantial positive connection (r=0.344). Conclusion: In the current research, it was found that in females from upper Punjab, there had been a substantial positive association between height and head length, showing that head length is a trustworthy predictor in estimating height. Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between females’ head circumference and height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphometric characterization is the basis of conservation strategies, performance improvement, breeding, and sustainable utilization plan. The purpose of this research was to determine the morphometrics of the Kacang Goats at the fishpond area in Sidoarjo Regency based on different ages and sex. The fishpond area in Sidoarjo is a closed area where goats are raised and have the potential for inbreeding with the consequence of smaller-sized offspring than normal. Morphometric measurements included the head, ears, neck, body, legs, tail, and horns. This research used a descriptive analysis approach, presenting data in form of mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. The result showed that the average face length of male vs. female Kacang goats was 16.73 ± 2.40 cm vs. 19.68 ± 2.44 cm; with a face width of 11.25 ± 2.91 cm vs. 19.52 ± 3.18 cm; ear length of 14.62 ± 1.38 cm vs. 16.46 ± 1.47 cm; neck length of 15.53 ± 2.65 cm vs. 15.35 ± 2.14 cm; horn length of 7.41 ± 4.10 cm vs. 6.59 ± 2.89 cm; chest circumference of 59.33 ± 8.18 cm vs. 67.80 ± 6.32 cm; body length of 51.45 ± 6.70 cm vs. 56.91 ± 6.54 cm; body height of 54.41 ± 7.22 cm vs. 62.01 ± 5.53 cm; tail length of 13.21 ± 2.01 cm vs. 14.77 ± 3.37 cm; hind leg length of 39.20 ± 5.26 cm vs. 47.74 ± 5.47 cm; and front leg length of 37.00 ± 8.84 cm vs. 44.63 ± 8.65 cm. This research concludes that Kacang Goats in Sidoarjo has characteristics according to SNI standard, and the morphometric size was larger in female than male goats.

The different parts of the world, which have different geographic set ups and climatic conditions have resulted in the creation of different types of donkeys which speak to the characteristics of the different regions. The current state of information on breed level characterization documented data is not enough and generates a low level of research interest on conservation of donkey genetic resources. The objective of the current review was to describe the morphological variations between different donkey breeds. This review study shows forms of slight variation in morphological traits among donkey breeds of the same area within that country. One of the key aspects in animal evolution and migration from one area to another is at the core of it informed by adaptability. This study will help donkey farmers, extension officers and researchers to understand the morphological variation among donkey breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oro-facial morphology is greatly affected in neonates with a cleft lip and palate. The initial evaluation of neonate’s body and maxillary arch dimensions is important for treatment planning and predicting growth in cleft patients. The objective of this study was comparative evaluation of the anthropometric and physiologic parameters of cleft and non-cleft neonates in a hospital-based set up. This cross sectional study was conducted on 88 cleft and non-cleft neonates (n = 44 in each group) aged between 0 and 30 days after obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee and positive written informed consent from their parents. Neonates’ body weight, body length, head length, head circumference, and maxillary arch dimensions were measured. Maxillary arch dimensions were measured on dental casts with digital sliding calipers. Statistical analyses performed using the independent t-test and one-way ANOVA analysis were followed by Bonferroni correction for post-hoc comparison. The results showed statistically significant differences in birth weight (p < 0.0001), head length (p < 0.01), head circumference (p < 0.007), and maxillary arch dimensions (p < 0.0001) between cleft and non-cleft neonates. These findings suggest that cleft neonates had significant anthropometric and physiologic variations than non-cleft neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human skull is comprised of many flat and irregular bones, divided into two groups: cranial and facial bones. The size, shape and growth of the human skull are the product of many interrelated internal and external factor interactions. The purpose of the present study was to explore the systematic differences in cephalofacial size and shape classification between two measured groups of different ages and different period of done measurements. Five cephalofacial variables and four cephalofacial indexes were measured on 795 entities of the Kosovo Albanian population in two different timelines; 401 male entities aged 20-30 years old were measured during the timeline 1997-1999, while 394 male entities aged 18 years old were measured during the timeline 2016-2018. The gained data were analyzed in terms of basic descriptive statistical parameters and the percentage of distribution of results. The most pronounced differences between the age groups of 18 year-olds and the age group of 20-30 year-olds, are mainly emphasized in the morphological height of the face, total facial index and transverse cephalic index. While in other dimensions, the distribution of results is very similar. Differences between groups can be justified by the age at which the growth of the cephalofacial bones ends and the influence of external factors such as nutritional and socio-economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identification of an individual, living or dead is of paramount importance in forensic practice, especially when dismembered body parts or skeletal remains are received for examination. Estimation of stature is one of the important criteria in terms to determine the identity of individual. Many studies have revealed the relationship between stature and some parts of the skeleton and the body parts in consideration. This study will helpful when only skull is available for medico-legal examination. Aim: To estimate stature of person from head length. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of 2 months from April to May 2018. Data was collected by measuring stature using stadiometer and head length using spreading calliper in 200 medical undergraduate students (100 males and 100 females). Results: There is low statistically significant correlation between head length and stature (r=0.25 for males and r=0.22 for females). Conclusion: Accurate stature estimation is not possible from percutaneous head length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated changes in the cranial/cephalic index of the Korean population in millennia, centuries, and recent decades. Secular changes of Korean's cephalic index in history were studied using the data of archaeology literature and our measurement data of different adult skull sets for the fifteenth–nineteenth century Joseon people, the Korean War victims (1950–1953), and the Korean skeletons collected by medical schools in the 1960s. A change in head shape during the last century was also estimated by the analysis on Korean cephalometric datasets of Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science. In brief, over the past 2000 years, the crania of Korean people have steadily changed from mesocephalic to brachycephalic, mainly due to the cranial length shortening. Brachycephalization accelerated at the beginning of the twentieth century and continued until the early twenty-first century, largely caused by increased cephalic breadth. We also note that debrachycephalization began in birth cohorts around 1965 for males and around 1970 for females. Taken together, we figure out that the head shape of Korean people has been gradually shortened over millennia and then has undergone dramatic shortening in the last century. In recent decades, however, the changing pattern has reversed to debrachycephalization, for which we discussed about the possible causes in the present report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oro-facial morphology is greatly affected in neonates with a cleft lip and palate. The initial evaluation of neonate’s body and maxillary arch dimensions is important for treatment planning and predicting growth in cleft patients. The objective of this study was comparative evaluation of the anthropometric and physiologic parameters of cleft and non-cleft neonates in a hospital-based set up. This cross sectional study was conducted on 88 cleft and non-cleft neonates (n = 44 in each group) aged between 0 and 30 days after obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee and positive written informed consent from their parents. Neonates’ body weight, body length, head length, head circumference, and maxillary arch dimensions were measured. Maxillary arch dimensions were measured on dental casts with digital sliding calipers. Statistical analyses performed using the independent t-test and one-way ANOVA analysis were followed by Bonferroni correction for post-hoc comparison. The results showed statistically significant differences in birth weight (p < 0.0001), head length (p < 0.01), head circumference (p < 0.007), and maxillary arch dimensions (p < 0.0001) between cleft and non-cleft neonates. These findings suggest that cleft neonates had significant anthropometric and physiologic variations than non-cleft neonates.

Background: Stature is one of the primary identification data of an individual, hence occupies a unique position in medico legal cases and in the anthropological research areas. Thus assessment of stature from different parts of the body is an area of interest to anthropologists and forensic experts. Material and Method: A cross sectional study was carried out on 427 males and 428 females belonging to the Bhavnagar region. The individuals of both the sexes aged between 18 years to 25 years were included in the study. The stature, Head length and Head Breadth of the individuals were measured. The stature was measured as vertical distance from vertex to the floor in mid-sagittal plane. Head length and Head Breadth were measured with the help of spreading caliper. Results & Conclusion: The statistical analysis showed the correlations between stature against Head length and Head Breadth measurements studied in males and females. The correlations were found to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient was more between head length and stature (0.281) than head breadth and stature (0.173) in males while in females correlation coefficient was more between head breadth and stature (0.208) than head length and stature (0.132). The significant positive correlations between these two measurements and stature indicate that these variables can be successfully used to predict stature. Regression equations for stature estimation were calculated separately for males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Corrosion at head neck taper junctions in total hip arthroplasty has increasingly been reported in the literature. Debate persists as to the exact causes and clinical significance of corrosion. Increased offset and head length has been correlated with an increased risk of tribocorrosion due to an adverse mechanical environment. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of head length on corrosion of a metal-on-polyethylene articulation. Methods: Retrievals from a single institution of 28-mm cobalt chromium alloy heads with a 12/14 taper from a single manufacturer were studied. Corrosion of femoral head bores were studied utilising a material loss method. Testing was performed using co-ordinate measuring for maximum linear wear depth. Results: 56 heads were examined with lengths of either −3, 0, +4 or +8 mm and all had been in situ for a minimum of 2 years. There were no significant differences in mean maximum linear wear depth (MLWD) (p = 0.6545). There was no correlation found between MLWD and the time implants were in situ (Spearman coefficient −0.1157) and no significant difference seen between high or standard offset stems (p = 0.1336). Conclusion: In contrast to studies using qualitative methodologies, there was no correlation between head length and material loss when confined to a 28-mm head. Broad application of this outcome should be cautioned against as this study examined 1 taper construct and a metal-on-polyethylene articulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various cephalofacial measurements are helpful to establish human identity with respect to sex, race, stature etc. The objective of this study is documenting the craniofacial traits and sex differences with respect to Cephalic Index of Tamil population. Maximum breadth and length of human head are measured in subjects comprising of 100 males and 100 females in the age group of 18-23 years. The mean Cephalic Index calculated based on above metric data for males and females comes to 77.93 ± 5.10 and 75.22 ± 2.92 respectively. As per our findings, the predominant head shape of the study subjects in Tamil population is Mesocephalic for both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranial parameters and cephalic indices are used to evaluate the racial and gender differences. The aim of this study was to assess the cephalic indices, to classify the type of cranium and to determine the relationship between the horizontal cephalic index and cranial parameters among Iranian medical students. This study was done on 200 medical students (100 males and 100 females) with an age range of 18-30-year-old. Head length, head breadth, and auricular height were measured by using a standard spreading caliper. Then cephalic indices were calculated for the classification of cranial type. The linear regression was used for examining the relationship between the horizontal cephalic index and head length, head breadth and auricular height. The results of this study showed that the mean of the horizontal, vertical, and transverse cephalic index in total students were 83.51±6.85, 85.58±5.85 and 102.77±6.35 cm, respectively. According to this result, the predominant head shapes in total students were brachycephalic, hypsicephalic and acrocephalic types. In this study, there was a strongly negative correlation between horizontal cephalic index with head length (r=-0.744, P=0.000), moderate positive correlation between horizontal cephalic index with head breadth (r=0.512, P=0.000) and weakly negative correlation between horizontal cephalic index with auricular height (r=-0.205, P=0.004). The data of the present study can be beneficial in craniofacial reconstruction, clinical diagnosis, and forensic applications.

Head size is important economic trait for many aquaculture fish which is directly linked to their carcass yield. The genetic basis of head size trait remains unclear in many widely cultured fish species. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most widely studied fish due to its importance on both economic and environmental aspects. In this study, we performed genome-wide association study using 433 Yellow River carp individuals from multiple families to identify loci and genes potentially associated with head size related traits including head length (HL), head length/body length ratio (HBR), eye diameter (ED), and eye cross (EC). QTL mapping was utilized to filter the effects of population stratification and improve power for the candidates identification in the largest surveyed family with a published genetic linkage map. Twelve SNPs showed significant for head size traits in GWAS and 18 QTLs were identified in QTL mapping. Our study combining both GWAS and QTL mapping could compensate the deficiency from each other and advance our understanding of head size traits in common carp. To acquire a better understanding of the correlation between head size and body growth, we also performed comparisons between QTLs of head size traits and growth-related traits. Candidate genes underlying head size traits were identified surrounding the significant SNPs, including parvalbumin, srpk2, fsrp5, igf1, igf3, grb10, igf1r, notch2, sfrp2. Many of these genes have been identified with potential functions on bone formation and growth. Igf1 was a putative gene associated with both head size and body growth in Yellow River carp. The teleost-specific igf3 was a candidate head size related gene, related to both HL and HBR. Our study also indicated the importance of Igf signaling pathway for both growth and head size determination in common carp, which could be potentially used in future selective breeding in common carp as well as other species.

The domesticated donkey (Equus asinus) originates from Africa. Its characteristics as a working animal are widely known, and there are probably no geographic areas where donkeys are not used for some type of work, typically transport. The research included a morphometric examination of 3 exterior parameters in 19 jennies. The observed parameters were height at withers, head length and pelvis length. The research was conducted for jennies from three countries: Romania (Sibiu, Turda), Macedonia (Ohrid, Prilep) and Turkey (Eskisehir). Mean values of the observed parameters and indices are presented, as well as a statistical significance of differences between the observed parameters in three groups. Mean height at withers of jennies in Romania was 101.20 cm, in Macedonia 99.70 cm, and in Turkey 103.10 cm. Mean head length of jennies in Romania was 49.10 cm, in Macedonia 50.40 cm, and in Turkey 50.00 cm. Greatest pelvis length was recorded in Turkey (35.80 cm), in Romania it was 35.60 cm, and in Macedonia 34.60 cm. However, no statistically significant difference between parameters observed in all groups was found.

Head size is important economic trait for many aquaculture fish which is directly linked to their carcass yield. The genetic basis of head size trait remains unclear in many widely cultured fish species. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most widely studied fish due to its importance on both economic and environmental aspects. In this study, we performed genome-wide association study using 433 Yellow River carp individuals from multiple families to identify loci and genes potentially associated with head size related traits including head length (HL), head length/body length ratio (HBR), eye diameter (ED), and eye cross (EC). QTL mapping was utilized to filter the effects of population stratification and improve power for the candidates identification in the largest surveyed family with a published genetic linkage map. Twelve SNPs showed significant for head size traits in GWAS and 18 QTLs were identified in QTL mapping. Our study combining both GWAS and QTL mapping could compensate the deficiency from each other and advance our understanding of head size traits in common carp. To acquire a better understanding of the correlation between head size and body growth, we also performed comparisons between QTLs of head size traits and growth-related traits. Candidate genes underlying head size traits were identified surrounding the significant SNPs, including parvalbumin , srpk2 , fsrp5 , igf1 , igf3 , grb10 , igf1r , notch2 , sfrp2. Many of these genes have been identified with potential functions on bone formation and growth. Igf1 was a putative gene associated with both head size and body growth in Yellow River carp. The teleost-specific igf3 was a candidate head size related gene, related to both HL and HBR. Our study also indicated the importance of Igf signaling pathway for both growth and head size determination in common carp, which could be potentially used in future selective breeding in common carp as well as other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranial parameters and cephalic indices are used to evaluate the racial and gender differences. The aim of this study was to assess the cephalic indices, to classify the type of cranium and to determine the relationship between the horizontal cephalic index and cranial parameters among Iranian medical students. This study was done on 200 medical students (100 males and 100 females) with an age range of 18-30-year-old. Head length, head breadth, and auricular height were measured by using a standard spreading caliper. Then cephalic indices were calculated for the classification of cranial type. The linear regression was used for examining the relationship between the horizontal cephalic index and head length, head breadth and auricular height. The results of this study showed that the mean of the horizontal, vertical, and transverse cephalic index in total students were 83.51±6.85, 85.58±5.85 and 102.77±6.35 cm, respectively. According to this result, the predominant head shapes in total students were brachycephalic, hypsicephalic and acrocephalic types. In this study, there was a strongly negative correlation between horizontal cephalic index with head length (r=-0.744, P=0.000), moderate positive correlation between horizontal cephalic index with head breadth (r=0.512, P=0.000) and weakly negative correlation between horizontal cephalic index with auricular height (r=-0.205, P=0.004). The data of the present study can be beneficial in craniofacial reconstruction, clinical diagnosis, and forensic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically search the literature for studies that reported term neonate head size and shape, in an attempt to determine the most appropriate dimensions for the obstetric forceps.Study Design: We searched the Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and Ebscohost CINAHL databases from inception to February 2016. We predefined inclusion criteria to identify studies in which head width and length of asymptomatic, term neonates were measured soon after birth using direct, non-photographic methods A bespoke quality assessment score was used to evaluate the identified studies.Results: Seven studies were identified which measured head width (biparietal diameter) in 551 neonates; giving a mean value of 94.0mm (range 90.7mm-95.5mm). We identified one study which measured head length (mentovertical diameter) in 38 neonates; which gave a mean value of 134.5mm (range 129mm-139mm).Conclusion: This data, in conjunction with measurements of Neville Barnes' and Wrigley's forceps from our previous study, indicates current obstetric forceps' blades are too long, and close together. Potentially, this could be contributing to neonatal and maternal injuries associated with operational vaginal deliveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]