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Pengfei Huan,1,2 Li Wang,1,2 Zhuqing He,1,2 Jiancheng He1,2 1School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China; 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jiancheng He, Email hejc8163@163.comAbstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common degenerative disease of the nervous system that seriously affects the quality of life of the patients. The pathogenesis of PD is not yet fully clear. Previous studies have confirmed that patients with PD exhibit obvious gut microbiota imbalance, while intervention of PD by regulating the gut microbiota has become an important approach to the prevention and treatment of this disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to be safe and effective in treating PD. It has the advantages of affecting multiple targets. Studies have shown TCM can regulate gut microbiota. However, the specific mechanism of action is still unclear. Therefore, this article will mainly discuss the association of the alteration of the gut microbiota and the incidence of PD, the advantages of TCM in treating PD, and the mechanism of regulating gut microbiota by TCM to treat PD. It will clarify the target and mechanism of TCM treating PD by acting gut microbiota and provided a novel methodology for the prevention and treatment of PD.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, gut microbiota, traditional Chinese medicine, pathogenesis

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and astrocyte activation are important cause of recurrent epilepsy. There is experimental evidence for increased angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) expression during BBB breakdown and brain injury, and that blocking the AT1 receptor (e.g., with losartan) can improve microcirculation, attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress, and exhibit neuroprotective effects. Thus, in the present study, we examined the effects of losartan on status epilepticus-induced astrocyte activation and BBB damage in the lithium–pilocarpine model of epilepsy in rats. We found that losartan treatment reduced astrocyte activation and BBB damage. However, under physiological condition, losartan have not effect on BBB permeability and astrocyte activation. Further, losartan exhibited a direct antiepileptic effect, which was mediated, at least in part by normalizing AQP4 expression after SE. As the changes of AQP4 expression were closely related to astrocyte activation and BBB permeability, the antiepileptic action of losartan likely relates to its effects on astrocyte activation and BBB permeability. Overall, these data suggest that losartan may be a useful antiepileptic agent in the clinic, either alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs.

Interrogation is one of the fundamental skills that must be mastered by students of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This paper aims to improve the teaching quality by investigating the effective approaches in TCM diagnostics teaching through several aspects, including the combination of classroom teaching and clinical practice; application of appropriate heuristic teaching, clinical training and intensive training in practice and internship; the adoption of standardization, and the exploration of the possible applications of an interrogation training software.

On the basis of the modern literature and clinical cases investigation of CF, and under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, we screen the diagnosis factors and kinds of syndromes and symptoms by using the computer technology, database technology and intelligence information processing technology (as: vague-mathematics, Bayes'method and artificial neural network, and so on) and establish the respective database, and develop the cardiac failure expert system. This study refered to a Cardiac failure Chinese medicine expert system under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, which combined the computer technology, intelligent information processing technology and Chinese medicine theory, it achieves intelligentification of Chinese medicine symptoms' diagnosis of Cardiac failure. The core-modular of this system is the modular of symptoms' diagnosis, it can do distinguish diagnosis of the Chinese medicine symptoms by coding and defmiting the diagnosis factors and using the computer programme. This system is profit to elevate the clinical diagnosis' normalization of medical worker, and the clinician's accuratissime and speed of differentiation of symptoms and signs.

Objective: To discuss the correlation on TCM syndromes of congestive heart failure, cardiac function and brain natriuretic peptide. Methods: 423 congestive heart failure cases from several hospitals (from December, 2010 to September, 2012) have been collected, with statistical analyzing by SPSS18.0. The correlations on CHF syndromes, cardiac functional grading and brain natriuretic peptide have got studied. Results: With the going up of brain natriuretic peptide, syndromes are in order of heart blood stasis, qi-yin deficiency, phlegm blocking heart vessels, yang-deficiency-water-flooding, phlegm-stagnation, qi-deficiency-blood-stasis, Qi-stagnation-blood-stasis, etc. Syndromes of phlegm blocking heart vessels, heart blood stasis, qi-yin deficiency are mostly manifested in patients of cardiac function level 1 or 2. Syndromes of qi-deficiency-blood-stasis, heart-qi-deficiency, and phlegm-stagnation are often in cardiac function level 3. And y ang-deficiency-water-flooding syndrome is closely related to the ones of cardiac function level 4. The level of brain natriuretic peptide goes up with the increase of cardiac function grading. Conclusion: The levels of cardiac function and brain natriuretic peptide increase in patients with congestive heart failure. TCM syndromes aggravate with the going up of both of them. The two indexes are expected to provide reference for the diagnostic criteria establishment of common syndromes of congestive heart failure.

To evaluate the sub-health based on the modern diagnostic technique of TCMMethod: We draw assistance from diagnostic technique of TCM, use synthesis of the four diagnostic methods, combine the digital and informational diagnostic technique such as the diagnosis of pulse, glossoscopy, the diagnosis of facial complexion, the diagnosis of meridian, and so on, then with the neural network technique to collect the information of sub-health qualitatively and quantitatively, achieve the early diagnosis of sub-health. Result: The modern diagnostic technique of TCM thoroughly absorbs the advantage of diagnostic-technique of TCM with information-collecting precisely and comprehensively, early diagnosis and synchronization of diagnosis and treatment, meanwhile, it uses the modern information technology, overcomes the subjective influence of the evaluation methods nowadays such as scale evaluation, detection evaluation, solves the embarrassed state of modern detection technique in sub-health, establishes the foundation of evaluation system and standard of sub-health. Besides, it successfully avoids the disadvantage of the diagnostic technique of TCM with high expertise require, which is used for clinic. Conclusion: The modern diagnostic technique of TCM achieves the objective, microcosmic, and non-traumatic diagnosis in sub-health, so it has distinct superiority in sub-health evaluation, and we can hope to solve the sub-health problem finally with it.

Objective: To study the Parkinson's disease system for Chinese medicine diagnosis based on database. Method: We will screen the Diagnosis factor and kinds of syndromes by using of modern mathematical or statistical methods and establish the respective database on the basis of the Modern Literature Research of the syndromes of Traditional Chinese Medicine of PD. The system is under the guidance of the theory of TCM. Result: According to the 52 literatures that are statisticed. There are 190 kinds of syndromes and 42 kinds of different syndromes. The most common syndromes of TCM about Parkinson's Disease are yin deficiency of liver and kidney, deficiency of qi and blood, stirring wind due to phlegm-heat, qi stagnation and blooad stasis and endogenous wind. As the symptom analysis results, we can see that There are 151 kinds of different symptoms in the 52 literatures. Trembling, dyskinesia, pose abnormality, myotony are four main symptoms which appears most frequently. Except that, (Eliminates tongue, pulse condition) the frequency precedes mainly has dizziness, lack of power with limbs, insomnia and dreaminess, numbness of limbs, dim complexion, stupid vitality, anorexia, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, dry stool, tired spirits, spontaneous perspiration; red tongue, pale tongue, white musci, greasy fur are the most frequently tough images, while microsphygmy, wiry pulse, feeble pulse are the most prequently pulses. There are 96 kinds of symptoms to inquiry; 40 to inspection and 15 to Pulse-Taking and Palpation in all of the symptoms. lt will develop the minimum standards of diagnosis of syndromes of Traditional Chinese Medicine for PD ,which its features is under the guidance of the theory of TCM and emboding syndromes Differetiation of TCM theory, so that the syndromes Differetiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine have accomplished intelligence. Conclusion: The Prototype of this System that is concerned with the computer technique, intelligent information processing technology and Traditional Chinese Medicine theory is feasible and have accomplished intelligence.

To study the method for prognosis based on diagnostic information technology in Chinese medicine, Chinese ancient technology of the Heavenly Stems and generation-restrain among five elements. Method to get the method for diagnosis and prognosis in clinical practice of Chinese medicine based on the conception of correspondence between nature and human. The method is deducted from the diagnostic technology of inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry and pulse-taking in clinical practice of Chinese medicine, Chinese ancient Heavenly Stems and generation-restrain among five elements. Method based on four diagnostic methods including inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry and pulse-taking: inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry and pulse-taking are all important and they need to be applied integratedly in clinical practice. Method for predicting based on generating and restrain among five elements: disease is deteriorated when the corresponding qi of the morbid viscus is not in predominant and alleviated in predominant Method for predicting based on exuberance and debility of yin and yang: exuberance and debility of yin and yang are essential to explain the etiology in Chinese medicine. The ancient doctors put emphasis especially on method for predicting state of disease based on exuberance and debility of yang. Method for predicting based on generating digits: the generating digits were used by ancient people to describe the exuberance and debility of yin and yang and illustrate the law of transformation and generation of all things on earth: the benign and malign prognosis of disease can be predicted according to heavenly and earthly digits which generate viscera as well as ten Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches and generation-restrain among five elements. The diagnostic information technology in Chinese medicine, Chinese ancient technology of the Heavenly Stems and generation-restrain among five elements are significant in prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of Xinfukang Oral Liquid on the expression of ND4 mRNA and Protein of myocardial mitochondria in pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy rats. Methods Totally, 240 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, sham operation group (SH) (n=80), coarctation of abdominal aorta model group (CAA) (n=80) and model and Xinfukang liquid treatment group (XFK) (n=80). Congestive Heart Failure rat models were made by partly coarctating the abdominal aorta of rats. Expression of ND4 mRNA and protein were observed at the fourth, eighth and 12th week after the treatment, respectively by RT-PCR and Western Blotting. Results In CAA group at the eighth week after operation, the content of ND4 mRNA and ND4 protein were both decreased compared with SH group (p Conclusion XFK oral liquid can upregulate expression of ND4 mRNA and ND4 protein in myocardial mitochondria of pressure overload rats and improve Myocardial energy metabolism.

Objectives To discuss the characteristics of TCM syndrome factors and distribution discipline of congestive heart failure, and provide basis for the establishment of diagnosis criteria on essential syndromes. Methods 1) Based on databases of CNKI(1980-2012) and VIP(1989-2012), satisfactory modern documents on congestive heart failure were reorganised and analysed, and factors of compound syndromes were extracted. All the syndromes were classified to deficiency syndrome, excess syndrome, and deficiency complicated with excess syndrome. Compound syndromes were detached to separate syndrome factor in terms of single factor, two factors, three factors and four factors, and then each frequency of occurrence had been counted. 2) 1451 CHF cases from grade 3 and first-class hospitals (from December, 2010 to September, 2012) were collected, with statistical analysing by SPSS18.0. The correlations in CHF syndromes and age, sex, primary illnesses, clinical manifestations, BNP and cardiac functional grading had been studied, and the clinical distribution discipline on common syndromes of CHF had been summarised. Results 1) Literature analysis indicates: Syndrome factors on disease location of CHF are the heart, kidney, lung, and the spleen. Factors on natures of this disease sorted from more to less is qi deficiency, blood stasis, yang deficiency, yin deficiency, yang exhausted, water retention, phlegm, retained fluid, yin exhausted, heat, and blood deficiency. Qi deficiency of the heart was the most common syndrome in single factor of deficiency syndrome, qi and yin deficiency syndrome in two factors of deficiency syndrome, and blood stasis syndrome of the heart in single factor of excess syndrome, blood stasis and water retention in two factors of excess syndrome, qi deficiency and blood stasis in two factors of deficiency complicated with excess syndromes, qi deficiency and blood stasis mixed with water retention in three factors, and yang deficiency of the heart and spleen mixed with blood stasis and water retention in four factors. 2) Retrospective analysis of clinical cases indicates: The primary disease mainly is coronary heart disease. CHF is an ageing disease, patients aged over 80 years old are most common and that less than 50 years old are little. Stagnation of the heart blood syndrome and deficiency of both qi and yin syndrome are mostly seen in female patients. Syndrome of phlegm blocking heart vessel and qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome are mostly seen in male patients. Deficiency syndrome of the heart qi and qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome are mostly seen in patients aged 50-60. And that aged over 60 years old are likely manifested with deficiency of both qi and yin syndrome and stagnation of the heart blood syndrome. Syndrome aggravates with the going up of BNP level and cardiac functional grading. Conclusions The essential syndromes of congestive heart failure are qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome, deficiency of both qi and yin syndrome. Besides, qi deficiency and blood stasis mixed with water retention syndrome can be seen with the extension of disease course. The clinical distribution discipline links to patients’ age and gender. Congestive heart failure mostly develops from coronary heart disease. BNP closely relates to cardiac functional grading and syndromes of CHF, which can be an expected indicator weighting the severity of TCM syndromes.