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Edible mushroom products, encompassing both cultivated and wild varieties, are highly favored by consumers due to their rich nutritional profiles, including significant levels of proteins and amino acids. These mushrooms have extensive applications across the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, making the edible mushroom industry a vital component of global poverty alleviation efforts. Taking China as an example, the country produces over 45 million tons of edible mushrooms annually, accounting for 94.01% of the world's total production, thereby establishing itself as the leading global producer of edible mushrooms. However, alongside the rapid expansion of this industry, concerns have emerged regarding counterfeit products and incidents of poisoning resulting from the consumption of toxic wild mushrooms. As follows, to advance the development and integrity of the mushroom production and processing industry: (1) This study presents the situation of counterfeit edible mushrooms and elucidates the factors contributing to the production of fraudulent products from both subjective and non-subjective perspectives. (2) We provide a detailed introduction to 22 varieties of freshly cultivated edible mushrooms and commonly encountered wild edible mushrooms in the Chinese consumer market, proposing the application of DNA barcoding, environmental DNA analysis, and other technologies for the future authentication of counterfeit mushroom products. (3) Concurrently, we present an overview of mushroom poisoning incidents in China from 2010 to 2023, emphasizing the challenges in mitigating the risks associated with wild mushroom consumption and preventing food poisoning, thereby necessitating heightened consumer caution. (4) Finally, we offer four recommendations aimed at ensuring the healthy, stable, and sustainable growth of the edible mushroom industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In China, in addition to green tides and red tides, outbreaks of Cnidaria (jellyfish organisms), Annelida (Urechis unicinctus Drasche, 1880), Mollusca (Philine kinglipini S. Tchang, 1934), Arthropoda (Acetes chinensis Hansen, 1919), and Echinodermata (Asteroidea organisms (commonly known as starfish), Ophiuroidea organisms, and Acaudina molpadioides Semper, 1867) not only damage marine resources, tourism, coastal industries, and navigation but also profoundly impact ecosystems near nuclear plants, beaches, and infrastructures, endangering human lives. This article suggests measures to mitigate future disasters, emphasizing enhanced monitoring and integration into China's marine ecological disaster monitoring system. This review is conducive to enhancing researchers' comprehension and reflection regarding biological disasters in marine ecosystems. Owing to global climate change or the ever-more frequent human activities in the offshore areas, it is highly probable that an imbalance in the offshore ecosystem has been induced. However, the importance of maintaining and protecting marine ecosystems' balance cannot be overstated. In recent years, various marine disasters have occurred frequently, such as harmful algal blooms (green tides and red tides), storm surge disasters, wave disasters, sea ice disasters, and tsunami disasters. Additionally, overpopulation of certain marine organisms (particularly marine faunas) has led to marine disasters, threatening both marine ecosystems and human safety. The marine ecological disaster monitoring system in China primarily focuses on monitoring and controlling the outbreak of green tides (mainly caused by outbreaks of some Ulva species) and red tides (mainly caused by outbreaks of some diatom and dinoflagellate species). Currently, there are outbreaks of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa organisms; outbreak species are frequently referred to as jellyfish), Annelida (Urechis unicinctus Drasche, 1880), Mollusca (Philine kinglipini S. Tchang, 1934), Arthropoda (Acetes chinensis Hansen, 1919), and Echinodermata (Asteroidea organisms, Ophiuroidea organisms, and Acaudina molpadioides Semper, 1867) in China. They not only cause significant damage to marine fisheries, tourism, coastal industries, and ship navigation but also have profound impacts on marine ecosystems, especially near nuclear power plants, sea bathing beaches, and infrastructures, posing threats to human lives. Therefore, this review provides a detailed introduction to the marine organisms (especially marine fauna species) causing marine biological disasters in China, the current outbreak situations, and the biological backgrounds of these outbreaks. This review also provides an analysis of the causes of these outbreaks. Furthermore, it presents future prospects for marine biological disasters, proposing corresponding measures and advocating for enhanced resource utilization and fundamental research. It is recommended that future efforts focus on improving the monitoring of marine biological disasters and integrating them into the marine ecological disaster monitoring system. The aim of this review is to offer reference information and constructive suggestions for enhancing future monitoring, early warning systems, and prevention efforts related to marine ecological disasters in support of the healthy development and stable operation of marine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The environment within which human beings exist is progressively becoming more complex. A multitude of external factors prompt the body to produce excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby leading to heightened levels of oxidative stress, which is detrimental to health. In recent years, researchers have discerned the potential of secondary metabolites derived from brown algae in combating diseases. Additionally, Sargassum horneri has witnessed a large-scale outbreak in China, exerting a severe negative influence on the local ecology and economic development. We extracted polysaccharides (SHPs) from S. horneri and discovered that SHPs possess outstanding antioxidant properties and can be utilized as a natural antioxidant. Our work can alleviate the environmental stress caused by algae and achieve the utilization of algae resources, which hold considerable social value and significance. The extensive outbreak of Sargassum horneri in China has not merely imposed a severe threat to the ecological environment and human life in coastal waters but also impeded the development of waterway transportation and the local economy. Consequently, we isolated polysaccharides from S. horneri, designated as SHP, and evaluated the antioxidant activity of SHP both in vitro and in vivo by investigating the effect of SHP on H2O2-induced African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells) and zebrafish. The results demonstrated that SHP can enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in zebrafish. It also effectively inhibits micro malondialdehyde and ROS levels in Vero cells and zebrafish to mitigate the oxidative damage caused by H2O2, thereby achieving the protective effect of SHP on Vero cells and zebrafish. In conclusion, SHP holds the potential as a natural antioxidant. SHP can be contemplated for utilization as a natural antioxidant in the biomedical, cosmetic, and food industries, thereby alleviating the environmental stress caused by S. horneri and achieving resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgal biomass blooms, including those causing the green and golden tides, have been rising along Chinese coasts, resulting in considerable social impacts and economic losses. To understand the links between the ongoing climate changes (ocean warming and acidification) and algal tide formation, the effects of temperature (20 and 24 °C), pCO2 concentration (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide, 410 ppm and 1000 ppm) and their interaction on the growth of Ulva prolifera and Ulva lactuca (green tide forming species), as well as Sargassum horneri (golden tide forming species) were investigated. The results indicate that the concurrent rises in temperature and pCO2 level significantly boosted the growth and nutrient uptake rates of U. lactuca. For U. prolifera, the heightened growth and photosynthetic efficiency under higher CO2 conditions are likely due to the increased availability of inorganic carbon. In contrast, S. horneri exhibited negligible responsiveness to the individual and combined effects of the increased temperature and CO2 concentration. These outcomes indicate that the progressive climate changes, characterized by ocean warming and acidification, are likely to escalate the incidence of green tides caused by Ulva species, whereas they are not anticipated to precipitate golden tides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ecological restoration of coastal wetlands has become particularly urgent worldwide as wetland areas have declined dramatically over the past two decades. Aims: To understand the nitrogen allocation strategy of Scirpus mariqueter (S. mariqueter) and provide theory support for future wetland management and restoration. Methods: The study investigated the response mechanism of S. mariqueter to altitude spatial changes in Nanhui Dongtan from 2017 to 2019 using remote sensing imagery and field surveys. The ecological adaptability of S. mariqueter at different elevations (denoted as A, B, and C for elevations 2.40, 3.15, and 3.49 m, respectively) was analyzed through 15N stable isotope tracing technology. In July and September 2020, 15N‐enriched urea solution was uniformly sprayed onto the leaf surfaces of S. mariqueter at different sites. Plant samples were collected at the end of July and September, and the aboveground, belowground, seed, and rhizome biomass were measured, followed by 15N isotope tests. Results: (1) From 2017 to 2019, the biomass of S. mariqueter significantly increased in the elevation change of 0.44–0.48 m, with the maximum aboveground biomass increase of 488.70 g dm−2. The density also increased significantly in the elevation change of 0.13–0.43 m, peaking at 674.02 plants m−2; (2) during the growing period, the biomass of A, B, and C increased. The aboveground portion of the 15N allocation rate accounted for 74%–84%. The belowground portion of the 15N allocation rate positively correlated with elevation; (3) during the reproductive period, elevation positively correlated with the 15N distribution rate of seeds and corms, as well as the biomass allocation rate of seeds and aboveground portions. The 15N allocation rate of the corms was higher than that of seeds. Additionally, elevation exhibited a negative correlation with belowground biomass allocation rate. (4) Point A has the highest difference of above and belowground biomass proportion, and 15N isotope allocation. Area of point A is the critical area affecting vegetation expansion and should be paid more attention in the future work of coastal management and restoration. Conclusion: There is an adaption strategy of S. mariqueter that affects the plant‐soil interaction and the biogeomorphological development process along the elevation gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aquatic ecological restoration projects, V. natans (Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara), a species of submergent plant, after being transplanted often experiences a poor growing condition and a lengthy adaption period, however, brassinolides possess considerable effectiveness of plant development and metabolism according to available research reports. In an attempt to employ a phytohormone soaking pre-treatment method to study the effect of brassinolides' effect on V. natans development, a laboratory experiment was conducted probing into the influencing factors: brassinolides dosage (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) and soaking time (10, 20, and 40 minutes). The results showed that the pre-treatment with brassinolide facilitated the improvement to some extent of biomass, plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, and chlorophyll of V. natans, and that the effect of soaking solution concentration was more pronounced than immersion time; it appeared that under the condition of above three soaking intervals the biomass of V. natans increased to the maximum at the solution concentration of 0.5 mg/L; however, 10 min soaking time gave rise to biggst boosting effect, and from the perspective of plant height indicator, as the soaking time was 10 min brassinolide of 0.25-2 mg/L concentration had a notable positive effect on the plant height of V. natans (P<0.05). In terms of chlorophyll indicators, it was the best condition that the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of V. natans was boosted when brassinolide concentration ranged 0.5-1 mg/L and soaking time was 10 min. In accordance with the experimental data obtained and considering economic cost and time cost, it is recommended that prior to the transplantation V. natans be soaked with brassinolide at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L for 10 min, in this way the problem of V. natans colonizationcan could be successfully solved. Finally, it is expected that the experimental results could provide theoretical references for the quick recovery of submerged macrophytes in aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]