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BackgroundCurrently, there is no standard treatment for relapsed/refractory NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL). Liposomal mitoxantrone (Lipo-MIT) showed good anti-tumor effect in patients with NKTCL, breaking the limitation of natural resistance of NKTCL to anthracyclines. To further improve the efficacy, we tried a combination therapy based on Lipo-MIT in patients with relapsed/refractory NKTCL.Methods12 patients with relapsed/refractory NKTCL were enrolled in this retrospective study, all of whom had previously received pegaspargase-based treatments. The salvage treatment was a combination regimen based on Lipo-MIT. The efficacy was evaluated after every two cycles.Results11 patients had stage IV NKTCL, and all but one patients had an NRI score of ≥3. The median previous lines of treatment was two (range, 1–4), and five patients were refractory to their last line of treatment. The best response rates were as follows: complete response (CR) in five (41.7%) patients, partial response in five (41.7%) patients, stable disease in one (8.3%) patient, and progressive disease in one (8.3%) patient. At a median follow-up of four months (range, 2–14), seven patients died, with a median PFS of five months and a median OS of seven months. The six-month PFS and OS rate was 44.4% and 52.1%, respectively. All patients had suffered from side effects, among which myelosuppression was most reported. Nine patients had grade three or more myelosuppression, and the median recovery time from myelosuppression was 14 days (2–35 days). Five patients had obvious skin hyperpigmentation, and the CR rate was significantly higher compared with those without skin hyperpigmentation (80% vs. 14.3%, p=0.023). Other side effects included liver insufficiency (N=4), coagulation dysfunction (N=4), acute pancreatitis (N=2), and immunotherapy-related adverse effects (irAEs, N=2).ConclusionCombination therapy based on Lipo-MIT has a high remission rate for relapsed/refractory NKTCL, but the duration of remission needs to be further extended. Lipo-MIT has obvious myelosuppression toxicity, and active supportive therapy should be given when combined with other cytotoxic drugs.

Anthomyiidae is a cosmopolitan and diverse family of Calyptratae, and is routinely considered to play key roles in both ecology and agriculture. The higher-level phylogenetic classification of Anthomyiidae has been highly controversial, necessitating further molecular data for precise reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships. In this study, we successfully acquired and annotated 18 new mitogenomes of anthomyiids. Moreover, the mitogenomes of the following genera Eustalomyia, Hyporites, Leucophora, Emmesomyia and Eutrichota are reported for the first time. The 18 mitogenomes are compared with confamilial species to assess genetic variation and to better understand evolutionary relationships within the family Anthomyiidae. In comparisons among 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes (PCG), the calculation of evolutionary rate exhibited nad1 as the fastest evolving gene in Anthomyiidae. Among the anthomyiids investigated, cox2 and nad4 had the lowest genetic distance across the 13 PCGs, suggesting a high degree of conservation for these two genes. Herein, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of the newly sequenced mitogenomes along with 11 known anthomyiids to investigate the interrelationships of Anthomyiidae. Our results indicate that Anthomyiidae is a monophyletic lineage and sister group to Scathophagidae, confirming prior findings based on morphological and molecular analyses. We recovered two subfamilies as monophyletic (Myopininae, Pegomyinae) while Anthomyiinae was polyphyletic. The great species diversity of anthomyiid flies limits the availability of mitogenomes for accurately resolving the phylogeny of Anthomyiidae. Nonetheless, our study provides novel insight into the molecular taxonomy, evolution, and phylogeny of the family Anthomyiidae.

Chinese cabbage is an economically important Brassica vegetable worldwide, and clubroot, which is caused by the soil-borne protist plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae is regarded as a destructive disease to Brassica crops. Previous studies on the gene transcripts related to Chinese cabbage resistance to clubroot mainly employed RNA-seq technology, although it cannot provide accurate transcript assembly and structural information. In this study, PacBio RS II SMRT sequencing was used to generate full-length transcriptomes of mixed roots at 0, 2, 5, 8, 13, and 22 days after P. brassicae infection in the clubroot-resistant line DH40R. Overall, 39 376 high-quality isoforms and 26 270 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified from the SMRT sequencing data. Additionally, 426 annotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 56 transcription factor (TF) families, 1 883 genes with poly(A) sites and 1 691 alternative splicing (AS) events were identified. Furthermore, 1 201 of the genes had at least one AS event in DH40R. A comparison with RNA-seq data revealed six differentially expressed AS genes (one for disease resistance and five for defensive response) that are potentially involved in P. brassicae resistance. The results of this study provide valuable resources for basic research on clubroot resistance in Chinese cabbage.