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This work studied the characteristics of leaf, rice straw, and sewage sludge (SS) co-composting with the aim of determining the best composting ratio by monitoring temperature changes, oxygen (O2) concentration, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, ammonia (NH3) concentration, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), heavy metal content, carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), germination index (GI), moisture content (MC), and volatile solids (VS) content during the composting process. Three composting piles with the mixture ratios of 4:1:1 (Pile A), 5:1:1 (Pile B), and 6:1:1(Pile C) (SS: leaf: rice straw) were tested. According to the temperature, C/N ratio, germination index, MC, and VS, the level of compost maturity in Pile B with a 5:1:1 mixing ratio was higher than that in Piles A and C. The contents of heavy metals in the composts were shown to meet the grade A standard in CJ/T 309-2009 (2009), except Cu and Zn, which was within the grade B standard.

Coherent light beams play an important role in the development of opto‐electronic microwave and terahertz technologies, serving as a source for generating RF carrier signals with very high quality. The authors explore in this work an approach to enhance the coherence between two incoherent lasers so as to provide coherent light beams, and proof‐of‐concept demonstrates a terahertz signal generation with low phase noise. Based on the proposed passive phase compensation technique, the phase noise between two independent lasers can be well suppressed and the carrier to noise ratio in the terahertz regime remains high. In the experiment, the beating phase noise between two independent lasers is reduced from −60.68 dBc/Hz@10kHz to −90.05 dBc/Hz@10kHz at about 280 GHz, which is promisingly applicable in the terahertz photonics community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato scab, a global soil-borne disease caused by Streptomyces, is pivotal in developing resistant cultivars due to its complex resistance mechanisms. This study investigates the transcriptomic responses in potato to common scab using resistant variety CS10 and susceptible CS11 post S. scabie inoculation (0 d and 10 d, 12 cDNA libraries). Differential expression analysis identified 147 key DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) essential in disease recognition, signal transduction, and defense. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses revealed several significant metabolic pathways, such as ADP binding, heme binding, chloroplast thylakoid membrane, photosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and homologous recombination, among others. Notably, the correlation between chloroplast pathways (GO:0019745) and photosynthesis (map00195) highlights photosynthesis's role in potato scab response, while the oxygen transport (GO:0031408)-related glutathione metabolism pathway (map00480) emphasizes antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, three potential resistance genes were validated: Ethylene Response Factor ERF010 (LOC102589042), Disease Resistance Protein RPP13 (LOC102605863), and Cytochrome P450 83B1 (LOC102604056), demonstrating the linkage between metabolic pathways and pathogen response. These findings offer insights into potato's molecular resistance mechanisms against potato scab, supporting the breeding of resistant varieties and comprehensive disease management, thus advancing sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the domain of food processing and storage, cold storage facilities are crucial for maintaining product quality. The primary source of refrigerant leakage in these systems typically originates from slight defects at the welding joints. Such leakage elevates the internal temperature of the facility, subsequently degrading the quality of the stored food products. This research presents a versatile, dynamic model that harmonizes the structural parameters with the thermophysical parameters of disparate components within the cold storage system designed to analyze leakage in ammonia refrigeration systems by employing interchangeable modules, an approach that overcomes the challenge associated with gathering leakage data from conventional ammonia systems. The inherent flexibility of this model facilitates module substitution in alignment with various cold storage parameters, thus ensuring adaptability to diverse conditions. The "Refrigeration System Leak Detection Cloud Service" (RSLDCS) and an associated leakage detection procedure are proposed, with validation against pertinent datasets. The empirical results demonstrate that the deviation between the model's output and the actual engineering data, including the extant calculation methodologies under 20% (the average fitting of the trend of is 96.43%). This degree of precision confirming the model's accuracy and reliability. Through the verification of the leak detection procedure, the complete state of leakage can be discerned within the appropriate temporal data set, and the site of the leak can be pinpointed with a margin of deviation ranging from −19% to +13%. The model provide new solutions for food storage safety. Practical applications: Cold storage facilities often experience subtle leaks that are challenging to detect. These minor leaks adversely affect the efficiency of the refrigeration system, leading to temperature variations that can degrade the quality of stored food. Additionally, they pose a risk to the safe operation of the facility. The presented results enable companies to effectively monitor and control leaks in cold storage systems of identical design. For different cold storage configurations, modules can be adjusted accordingly. Utilizing this model provides critical data and assessment criteria for ammonia leakage, leading to a comprehensive understanding of leakage scenarios. By implementing the RSLDCS‐based detection and localization methodology, leaks within the ammonia refrigeration system can be swiftly and accurately identified. This provides a robust and reliable safeguard for the safe operation of ammonia refrigeration systems, enhancing food production safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]