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The forestry carbon offset policy has been implemented for a short time, and in order to study its optimization mechanism and pressure-sharing emission reduction effect, this paper applies the directional distance function to calculate the marginal abatement cost of each province/city based on the panel data of 30 provinces/cities in China from 2000 to 2020. Then, we utilize the synthetic control method to analyze the forestry carbon offset policy by taking Beijing, Guangdong, and Fujian as a natural experiment. Finally, placebo tests and differences-in-differences tests were used to verify the experiment's effectiveness. The study has the following results. (1) The forestry carbon offset policy is a Pareto improvement after integrating multiple benefits. The proportion of FCS offset should be increased, and government subsidies should be reduced when carbon quotas are tightened, followed by the gradual inclusion of more industries and enterprises in the scope of mandatory emission reductions. (2) The impact of forestry carbon offset policy on sharing the abatement pressure has regional heterogeneity, which is affected mainly by geographical location, economic level, and industrial structure. It can be obtained that the forestry carbon offset policy has shared the pressure for emission reductions in Guangdong and Fujian. This study provides a theoretical basis for promoting forestry carbon offset policies and their coupling with other carbon-reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain green technology collaborative innovation is an important means for enterprises to improve the greenness of their products. This paper takes supply chain green technology innovation collaboration as the research object and constructs a stochastic differential game model, which not only provides reference for enterprises to choose the optimal type of technology innovation by combining with their own characteristics, but also provides a reference for their innovation decision-making in different market competition environments. The study shows the following: (1) in green product innovation, the formation of the cost-sharing contract is less affected by the intensity of competition in the green market when the market preference for greenness is relatively low. Therefore, government subsidies become an important tool to effectively guide the market mechanism to achieve the desired goal. As market competition intensifies, manufacturers' incentives to suppliers will shift from reducing costs to increasing demand. (2) In green process innovation, when the intensity of green competition is low and suppliers' process innovation efficiency is high, manufacturers should bear more costs; when the market preference for greenness is low, the market competition is intense, and the suppliers' process innovation efficiency is low, the suppliers should bear more costs to help the manufacturers gain more market shares. (3) When retailers' preference for greenness is relatively low, the government subsidy becomes an important tool to effectively guide the market mechanism to achieve the desired goal. (4) When the retailer's green promotion performance is higher than the manufacturer's, the manufacturer should bear more green promotion costs; conversely, the retailer should bear more green promotion costs. (5) Over time, the marginal increase in price over the marginal increase in greenness helps stabilise price volatility, considering consumer preferences. Conversely, it helps to increase the average value of prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-makers' intelligence is usually pre-assumed to be sufficient and contingent to satisfy various requirements in different decision support models. However, it can be hardly assured that decision-makers can be so intelligent as required in practical decision-making circumstances. This paper aims to demonstrate the influences of decision-makers' intelligence level on decision-making models. Simulation and laboratory experiments are designed and carried out. In the simulation experiment, memory capacity and computation ability, two most important ingredients of intelligence, are introduced into the distribution-free newsvendor problem. Memory capacity is defined as the temporal length of historical data that newsvendor can memorize, and computation ability as intuitive complexity of the model applied to determine his optimal order. Then by setting up various intelligence levels, namely, different levels of memory capacity and computation ability, three typical ordering policies of various levels of intuitive complexity are simulated in the framework of the distribution-free newsvendor problem. Then, a laboratory experiment is executed. The ratio between the number of groups of historical demand and data analysis time length and the time length of order-making are defined as the comprehensive index of subject's memory capacity and computation ability. The results of both the experiments demonstrate that the decision-maker's memory capacity and computation ability have significant and positive influences on decision-maker's expected profit. The results might present another piece of the reason that why decision-makers do not always act optimally.