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A RECURRING QUESTION in Canadian and international refugee law has been when to exclude individuals from refugee protection based on their connection to international crimes. Article 1F(a) of the 1951 Refugee Convention excludes from protection those who have committed a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity as defined under international law. The central concept is that of 'complicity': what level of involvement or connection with such crimes makes a person morally culpable, such that they should be excluded from refugee protection? In 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada in Ezokola created a new test for complicity to break free from past patterns of excluding claimants based on guilt by association. The Court determined that exclusion from refugee protection is warranted only where the individual made a voluntary, knowing, and significant contribution to the crimes or criminal purposes of the group in question. This paper evaluates the degree to which Canadian refugee law has made a definitive break with findings that amount to guilt by association for the purposes of Article 1F(a) of the 1951 Refugee Convention in the ten years since the Ezokola decision. Our analysis suggests that, while the Ezokola decision had a positive impact, aspects of Ezokola's analytical framework are unclear and inconsistently applied. Ultimately, further guidance is required if we are to fully realize Ezokola's objective of eliminating exclusion findings that amount to guilt by association. UNE QUESTION RECURRENTE en matiere de droit canadien et international des refugies est de savoir quand exclure des individus de la protection des refugies en raison de liens avec des crimes internationaux. La section 1F(a) de la Convention de 1951, relative au statut des refugies, exclut de la protection les personnes qui ont commis un crime contre la paix, un crime de guerre ou un crime contre l'humanite, comme defini par le droit international. Le concept principal est celui de la << complicite >>: quel est le degre d'implication ou de liens avec de tels crimes qui tiendraient une personne moralement coupable, de sorte qu'elle soit exclue de la protection des refugies? En 2013, dans l'affaire Ezokola, la Cour supreme du Canada a cree un nouveau critere de complicite afin de briser le cycle de tendances qui excluent des demandeurs d'asile sur la base de la culpabilite par association. La Cour a determine que l'exclusion de la protection des refugies n'est justifiee que lorsque l'individu a contribue volontairement, consciemment, et considerablement aux crimes ou aux objectifs criminels du groupe en question. Cet article evalue dans quelle mesure le droit canadien des refugies a effectivement pu rejeter les conclusions fondees sur la culpabilite par association dans le cadre de l'article 1F(a) de la Convention de 1951 relative au statut des refugies, au cours des dix ans depuis la decision Ezokola. Notre analyse suggere que, bien que la decision Ezokola ait eu un impact positif, certains aspects du cadre analytique de la decision Ezokola ne sont pas toujours clairs ou bien appliques. Finalement, davantage de direction sera necessaire pour atteindre l'objectif de la decision Ezokola d'eliminer les decisions d'exclusion fondees sur la culpabilite par association., CONTENTS Eliminating Guilt by Association: Reviewing the Limits of Ezokola in Canadian Refugee Law Complicity Decision-Making (2013-2020) Aneta Bajic, Chun He, & Andrew Koltun I. Introduction 53 A. The Ezokola [...]

In this paper, for the remote sensing images acquired under the GIS model, the wavelet thresholding denoising method is used to reduce the noise to improve the quality of computer images, combined with the image filtering method to complete the grayscale preprocessing of the image, and fused different operators to extract the edge features. To improve image alignment and decrease the amount of splicing calculations, a proposed raster DEM data fusion and splicing algorithm utilizes image feature information. An experimental environment has been created for preprocessing computer vision images by comparing peak signal-to-noise values at different levels to find the best parameters for wavelet thresholding denoising. The feasibility of the preprocessing method in this paper is tested by placing unpreprocessed and preprocessed images in DeepLabv3 and DAM-DeepLab models for training purposes. Test the effectiveness of this paper’s algorithm for fuzzy image target feature description by simulated image edge extraction process. Real-time and effective evaluation of image stitching verifies the reliability of the algorithm. The data show that the splicing results of the four different methods under different scene images are 6.6932 for the global transform algorithm, 6.6831 for the APAP algorithm, 6.6449 for the AANAP algorithm, and 6.6948 for the algorithm of this paper. This paper’s algorithm has seen an improvement in average information entropy by 0.16%, 1.17%, and 4.99% when compared to other algorithms. The theory of graphics application technology within GIS is enriched through the study of computer graphics processing technology within the GIS model.

Regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) at synapses is a predominant mechanism for regulating synaptic strength. We identified the transmembrane protein synapse differentiation-induced gene 1 (SynDIG1; SD1) as an AMPAR interacting protein that regulates excitatory synaptic strength and AMPAR number both in vitro and in vivo. The related protein SynDIG4 (SD4; also known as PRRT1) was identified in several independent proteomic screens in complex with AMPARs, suggesting that it may function as an AMPAR auxiliary factor. Here, we show that the co-expression of SD4 with GluA1 or GluA2 homomeric AMPARs in COS cells leads to a 50 or 33% increase in the mean area of AMPAR puncta, respectively. This effect is accentuated when AMPAR puncta are stratified for co-localization with SD4, resulting in a 100 and 65% increase in GluA1 and GluA2 puncta, respectively. Chimeric proteins expressing only the membrane bound domain of SD4 co-expressed with full-length GluA1 or GluA2 recapitulated the effects of wild-type (WT) SD4. Additionally, the mean puncta area of GluA1 or GluA2 chimeras expressing the membrane and C-terminal domains increased significantly when co-localized with WT SD4. Similarly, the co-expression of GluA1 or GluA2 with SD4 results in a significant increase in the mean area of SD4 puncta co-localized with GluA1 or GluA2, respectively. Last, we observed a significant increase in the co-localization of SD4 with GluA1 after glycine induced long-term potentiation (LTP). The mean size of GluA1 puncta was significantly increased when stratified, indicating that co-localization with SD4 increases synaptic GluA1 cluster size during LTP. These data indicate mutually dependent clustering of SD4 and AMPAR subunits both in COS cells and primary hippocampal neurons, suggesting a mechanism for increased synaptic strength during chemical LTP.