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The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of pinacidil and glibenclamide on HCN1, KCNT1, Kir 6.1, and SUR1 gene expression in epileptic rats hippocampus and cortex. Male Wistar-Albino rats were used in this study. The drugs pinacidil and glibenclamide were utilized. Control, Epilepsy, Epilepsy-O, and Epilepsy-B were the five groups formed. The epileptic focus was created by intracortical administration of penicillin at a dose of 500 IU/2 μl. Hippocampus and Cortex are removed from all animals and Kir 6.1, SUR1, HCN1, and KCNT1 gene expression levels were determined by qPCR. The SPSS 21 program was used for statistics. HCN1 gene expression level is equal in the hippocampus and cortex (p

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the gene expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c (Cyt-c), in the cortex region of pinacidil as a KATP channel opener and glibenclamide as a blocker on penicillin model epilepsy. Male Wistar-Albino rats were used. A total of 4 main groups were formed: Control, Epilepsy, Epilepsy-opener, and Epilepsy-blocker groups, then three-time points were formed subgroups (1st day, 4th, and 8th). 48 rats were used in total. The epileptic focus was created by intracortical administration of penicillin at a dose of 500 IU/2 μl. Cortex is removed from all animals and cyt c, Bcl-2, and Bax gene expression levels were determined by qPCR. The SPSS 21 program was used for statistics. Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression levels were increased in the cortex regions of rats with epilepsy (p

Objective: Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration and demyelination of brain tissue and central nervous system. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the interleukin (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-34 cytokine) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (n=23), radiologically isolated syndrome (n=5) and pseudotumor cerebri (n=15) cases. In this study, lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid obtained from the patients who were diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis aged between 21-55. The PTC group included patients with pseudotumor cerebri aged 28-60 years. The levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-34 cytokines were determined by ELISA kit. Results: In this study, Among the studied cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid samples of the patients, median (min-max) values of IL-17A for the Demyelinated group and pseudotumor cerebri group were 50 (7-257) pg/ml and 2 (1-6) pg/ml respectively, a statistically significant difference (p

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The role of interleukins, such as IL-17 and IL-34, in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has been established in the literature. In the current study, we aimed to identify the concentrations of IL-17 (IL-17A, IL-17F) and IL-34 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (AIDN). METHODS: We included in this study 8 patients with CIDP (none of them receiving immunomodulatory or immunosuppressant therapy), 7 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS, AIDN), and 7 control subjects. The CIDP and AIDN diagnoses were made by clinical evaluation and electrophysiological investigations according to international criteria. CSF samples were obtained appropriately, and the levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-34 were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS: The concentrations of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-34 were higher in those with CIDP and AIDN compared to the controls (p=0.005, p=0.01, and p=0.001, respectively). While IL-34 levels were significantly higher in AIDN patients than in CIDP patients (p=0.04), there were no significant differences between the AIDN and CIDP groups with regard to the levels of IL-17A and IL-17F (p=0.4 and p=0.2, respectively) CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-34 levels may have a role in CIDP and AIDN. Furthermore, the difference in the IL-34 levels of patients with AIDN and CIDP may indicate an important difference between the pathogenesis of these two sets of the disease. RESUMO OBJETIVO: O papel das interleucinas, como IL-17 e IL-34, na patogênese da doença auto-imune foi estabelecido na literatura. No presente estudo, objetivamos identificar as concentrações de IL-17 (IL-17A, IL-17F) e IL-34 no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) de pacientes com polineuropatia desmielinizante inflamatória crônica (CIDP) e neuropatia desmielinizante inflamatória aguda (AIDN). MÉTODOS: incluímos neste estudo 8 pacientes com CIDP (nenhum deles recebendo terapia imunomoduladora ou imunossupressora), 7 pacientes com síndrome de Guillain-Barre (GBS, AIDN) e 7 indivíduos controle. Os diagnósticos CIDP e AIDN foram feitos por avaliação clínica e investigações eletrofisiológicas de acordo com critérios internacionais. As amostras de LCR foram obtidas adequadamente e os níveis de IL-17A, IL-17F e IL-34 foram medidos através de kits ELISA. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de IL-17A, IL-17F e IL-34 foram maiores naqueles com CIDP e AIDN em comparação aos controles (p = 0,005, p = 0,01 ep = 0,001, respectivamente). Enquanto os níveis de IL-34 foram significativamente mais altos nos pacientes com AIDN do que nos pacientes com CIDP (p = 0,04), não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos com AIDN e CIDP em relação aos níveis de IL-17A e IL-17F (p = 0,4 ep = 0,2, respectivamente) CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados indicam que os níveis de IL-17A, IL-17F e IL-34 podem ter um papel no CIDP e no AIDN. Além disso, a diferença nos níveis de IL-34 de pacientes com AIDN e CIDP pode indicar uma diferença importante entre a patogênese desses dois conjuntos de doenças.

Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space. In addition to its function as a natural cushion for the brain, CSF provides the circulation of metabolic products, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Moreover, it has tasks such as maintaining the homeostatic balance of the central nervous system, protecting the brain against mechanical injuries, preventing direct contact of the brain with the extracellular region. It also has a role in maintaining cerebral interstitial fluid (ISF) homeostasis and neuronal regulation. Normal CSF production, its circulation, and absorption have a critical role for the development and functioning of the brain. In an average adult person, roughly 150 ml of CSF circulates at any given moment. The ventricular part accounts for about 17% of the total volume of fluid, with the rest located in the subarachnoid cisterns and space. CSF is produced at a rate of about 0.3–0.4 mL/min, translating to 18–25 mL/H and 430–530 mL/day.

Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences of intra-amygdalar administration of high and low doses of leptin on anxiety, depression, learning behaviors of rats. In the experimental protocol I, intra-amygdalar injection of high and low doses of leptin (0.1 and 1 μg/ kg) and saline were administered 30 min before the behavioral tests. Then, the animals were exposed to open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt and Morris water maze tests for measuring of behaviors. In experimental protocol 2, the cerebrospinal fluids of all groups of experimental protocol 1 were collected by microdialysis method and then were analyzed by HPLC. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on the open field. The effect of the high and low dose of leptin was significant on the elevated plus maze test. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on mobility in the center of the Porsolt. A high dose of leptin group had spent less time around the platform than controls in the Morris water maze test. HPLC analysis showed that the amount of serotonin and glutamate in the amygdala region increased after low dose leptin administration. Intra-amygdalar injection of low doses of leptin may decrease anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats by increasing serotonin and glutamate levels in the amygdala.

Recurrent seizures are characteristic to epilepsy, which often arise due to increased electrical activity. Ligand-gated ion channels are considered as key factors in epilepsy as they regulate and maintain neuronal membrane potential via regulating ion transportation. Therefore, this study aims to identify ion channel-related single nucleotide variations that are considered as risk factors in epilepsy and determine their potential effects on pathogenicity, protein stability and structure using in silico methods. For this purpose, ion channel-related mutations linked with epilepsy were retrieved from ClinVar. Pathogenicity scores and protein stability were predicted using FATHMM-XF and MUpro, respectively. Structural alterations were determined via HOPE server. We identified 17 epilepsy-related missense mutations, 11 of which were in ion channel-related genes. Nonsynonymous substitutions of p.E177A, p.D219N, p.A322D, p.R577Q, p.E282K, p.V831M and p.R1072C were determined as pathogenic, while all mutations resulted in varying degrees of decrease in overall protein stability. Furthermore, all variants were annotated with risk for disease and introduction of distinct side chains caused differences in size, charge and hydrophobicity, as well as contact with other proteins and ligands. In conclusion, mutations in ion channel-related genes were previously identified in several genetic association studies while their functional annotations were not addressed. The results of this study provide a functional explanation to the pathogenic effects of ion channel-related gene mutations that are considered as risk factors in epilepsy.

Epilepsy is one of the neurological diseases that is commonly seen in the world. It is characterized by excessive activation of neurons that can not be controlled by the central nervous system. ATP dependent potassium (KATP) channel modulation is related with the epilepsy. This study is intended to research the physiological role of mitochondrial KATP channels in epilepsy in electrophysiological perspective. And bepridil has been used for this purpose. Wistar albino rats have been used. Animals have been divided into three main groups; Control, bepridil applied groups in pre-seizure, and during seizure. As a result, bepridil once applied prior to seizure in 0.1 and 1mg/kg doses increased the latency period of the seizure. Bepridil showed anticonvulsant effect at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg before and during seizure groups. Closure of sarcoplasmic channels and opening of mitochondrial channels may be important to decrease the convultion occurred during epilepy.

WOS:000582626200003 PubMed: 33110362 Recent studies have indicated that polysaccharides, the main component of the Lycium barbarum L. fruit, have beneficial effects (e.g., anxiolytic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective) on humans and rodents. However, the effects of different dosages of such polysaccharides on ovariectomized rats and their underlying mechanisms in the brain have not been evaluated in the literature. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the high and low doses of polysaccharides obtained from Lycium barbarum fruits (HD-LBP and LD-LBP, respectively) on anxious behaviors via behavioral (using the OFT and EPM), biochemical (using ELISA), and immunohistochemical (using immunohistochemical staining) measures in detail. Two weeks after ovariectomy, the rats were randomly assigned to either the treatment conditions [control (DW, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), LD-LBP (20 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), HD-LBP (200 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), 17 beta-ES (1 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day), DZ(1 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, p.o., per day)] or operation type [SHAM (pseudo-ovariectomized) and OVX (ovariectomized)]. The treatments were applied for 30 consecutive days, and then serum and brain tissue samples of all rats were collected. Biochemical (SOD, CAT, GPX, MDA, and 17 beta-ES) and immunohistochemical (BDNF, SER, and apoptosis) analyses of the samples were performed as well. The rats administered HD-LBP and LD-LBP were less anxious than the control groups. The HD-LBP-treated rats had high levels of SOD and low levels of MDA in their serum samples. Moreover, HD-LBP and drug-treated groups had a high number of SER receptors and BDNF-positive cells and a low number of TUNEL-positive cells in their hippocampal brain tissues. The HD-LBP treatments decrease anxious behavior by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, hippocampal SER and BDNF neurotransmitter levels and decreasing the TUNEL-positive cell count of ovariectomized rats. Given these findings, we suggest that menopause-induced symptoms of anxiety can be reduced by polysaccharides obtained from goji berry fruits, and that these findings will be beneficial for the production studies of natural herbal-origin antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs in the future.

Aim: Anxiety, known as worry, considered normal in everyday life, and also it is a type of behavior developed to protect the organism. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of exogenous galanin given with exercise on anxiety. Material and Methods: In this study 96 adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats were divided into 8 groups with twelve animals, and 4 of the groups were given regular exercise for 6 weeks. Galanin was administered intraperitoneally (IP) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) in half of the groups and saline was injected into the control group of each group with the same methods. At the end of the sixth week, open field and elevated plus maze tests were applied to the rats, and these tests recorded with the camera. The recordings of the both tests were analyzed, and total distance and speed values, the time spent in the open field test and the time spent in the closed arm of elevated plus maze were compared. Results: In the open field test were determined that in general, the total distance (p