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6. Moral transparency of and concerning algorithmic tools

Author

Hayes, P.D. (author), van de Poel, I.R. (author), Steen, Marc (author), Hayes, P.D. (author), van de Poel, I.R. (author), and Steen, Marc (author)

Abstract

Algorithms and AI tools are becoming increasingly influential artefacts in commercial and governance contexts. Algorithms and AI tools are not value neutral; to some extent they must be rendered knowable and known as objects, and in their implementation and deployment, to see clearly and understand their implications for moral values, and what actions can be undertaken to optimise them in their design and use towards ethical goals, or whether they are even suitable for particular goals. Transparency is a term with variable uses and interpretations, a problem which can challenge its use in design and policy. Here, we attempt to further clarify transparency. We argue that transparency is the state of affairs that obtains when relevant and understandable information about some X is available and accessible to some target audience (A), so that this information is sufficient for A for the purpose (P). Moreover, we connect this conceptualisation with transparency’s moral value, where P is to provide an account about X’s supportive or conflicting relationship with relevant values and goals. Such teleological ends in our context here can be the ability to account for the degree to which an algorithm, process or organisation respects certain values and is conducive to (social) goals., Ethics & Philosophy of Technology

Published
2022
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16. An ethical intuitionist account of transparency of algorithms and its gradations

Author

Hayes, P.D. (author) and Hayes, P.D. (author)

Abstract

To make evaluations about the morally relevant impacts of algorithms, transparency is needed. This paper lays out discussion of algorithms and transparency in an explicitly moral analysis with a special focus on the domain of justice and security. The paper provides an account of the moral import of transparency, defined itself as an instrumental value denoting a state of affairs conducive to acquisition of knowledge about some X. A normative account of transparency is outlined relying on an intuitionist framework rooted in the works of Ross and Robert Audi. It will be argued that transparency can be derived as a subsidiary (prima facie) principle from other duties including beneficence and justice and that it is groundable in the value of knowledge. Building on this foundation, the paper examines transparency and duty conflict with a special focus on algorithms in justice and security, recognising that complete transparency can be impossible where duties conflict. It is argued that as a subsidiary (prima facie) principle, transparency is overridable but ineradicable, which is to say that sufficiently justifiable reasons for secrecy or opacity can licence limiting transparency, that is, there may be occasion where full transparency is not our final duty., Ethics & Philosophy of Technology

Published
2020
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17. Algorithms and Values in Justice and Security

Author

Hayes, P.D. (author), van de Poel, I.R. (author), Steen, Marc (author), Hayes, P.D. (author), van de Poel, I.R. (author), and Steen, Marc (author)

Abstract

This article presents a conceptual investigation into the value impacts and relations of algorithms in the domain of justice and security. As a conceptual investigation, it represents one step in a value sensitive design based methodology (not incorporated here are empirical and technical investigations). Here, we explicate and analyse the expression of values of accuracy, privacy, fairness and equality, property and ownership, and accountability and transparency in this context. We find that values are sensitive to disvalue if algorithms are designed, implemented or deployed inappropriately or without sufficient consideration for their value impacts, potentially resulting in problems including discrimination and constrained autonomy. Furthermore, we outline a framework of conceptual relations of values indicated by our analysis, and potential value tensions in their implementation and deployment with a view towards supporting future research, and supporting the value sensitive design of algorithms in justice and security., Ethics & Philosophy of Technology, Values Technology and Innovation

Published
2020
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26. The Safety of Device Registries for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Systematic Review and Meta-regression

Author

Kent, Fran, primary, Ambler, Graeme K., additional, Bosanquet, David C., additional, Twine, Christopher P., additional, Bell, R., additional, Bicknell, C.D., additional, Coughlin, P.A., additional, Hayes, P.D., additional, Jenkins, M., additional, Lewis, D., additional, Vallabhaneni, R., additional, and Zayed, H., additional

Published
2018
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31. Clopidogrel combined with aspirin lowers risk of CEA-induced cerebral emboli

Author

Payne, D.A., Jones, C.I., and Hayes, P.D.

Subjects
Plavix (Medication) -- Health aspects -- Research, Aspirin -- Health aspects -- Research, Cerebral embolism and thrombosis -- Drug therapy -- Research, Endarterectomy -- Drug therapy -- Research -- Health aspects, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries, Drug therapy, Research, Health aspects
Abstract

Clopidogrel combined with aspirin lowers risk of CEA-induced cerebral emboli. Combination use of clopidogrel and aspirin the night before undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) may significantly reduce the risk of cerebral [...]

Published
2004

34. Comparison of risk-scoring methods in predicting the immediate outcome after elective open abdominal aneurysm surgery

Author

Tang, Tjun, Walsh, S.R., Fanshawe, Thomas, Seppi, V., Sadat, U., Hayes, P.D., Varty, K., Gaunt, M.E., Boyle, J.R., Tang, Tjun, Walsh, S.R., Fanshawe, Thomas, Seppi, V., Sadat, U., Hayes, P.D., Varty, K., Gaunt, M.E., and Boyle, J.R.

Abstract

Background & Objectives The aim of this study was to apply three simple risk - scoring systems to prospectively collected data on all elective open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) operations in the Cambridge Academic Vascular Unit over a 6 - year period (January 1998 to January 2004), to compare their predictive values and to evaluate their validity with respect to prediction of mortality and post-operative complications. Methods 204 patients underwent elective open infra-renal AAA repair. Data were prospectively collected and risk assessment scores were calculated for mortality and morbidity according to the Glasgow Aneurysm Score (GAS), VBHOM (Vascular Biochemistry and Haematology Outcome Models) and Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS). Results The mortality rate was 6.3% (13/204) and 59% (121/204) experienced a post-operative complication (30-day outcome). For GAS, VBHOM and E-PASS the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis for prediction of in-hospital mortality showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 0.92; p < 0.0001), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.95; p = 0.0001) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87 to 0.97; p < 0.0001) respectively. There were also significant correlations between post-operative complications and length of hospital stay and each of the three scores, but the correlation was substantially higher in the case of E-PASS. Conclusions All three scoring systems accurately predicted the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing elective open AAA repair. Among these, E-PASS seemed to be the most accurate predictor in this patient population.

Published
2007

37. Early Results of Fenestrated Endovascular Repair of Juxtarenal Aortic Aneurysms in the United Kingdom

Author

Ambler, G., primary, Boyle, J.R., additional, Cousins, C., additional, Hayes, P.D., additional, Metha, T., additional, See, T.C., additional, Varty, K., additional, Winterbottom, A., additional, Adam, D.J., additional, Bradbury, A.W., additional, Clarke, M.J., additional, Jackson, R., additional, Rose, J.D., additional, Sharif, A., additional, Wealleans, V., additional, Williams, R., additional, Wilson, L., additional, Wyatt, M.G., additional, Ahmed, I., additional, Bell, R.E., additional, Carrell, T.W., additional, Gkoutzios, P., additional, Sabharwal, T., additional, Salter, R., additional, Waltham, M., additional, Bicknell, C., additional, Bourke, P., additional, Cheshire, N., additional, Franklin, I., additional, James, A., additional, Jenkins, M.P., additional, Tyrrell, M.R., additional, Wilkins, C.J., additional, Bown, M., additional, Choke, E., additional, McCarthy, M., additional, Sayers, R., additional, Tamberaja, A., additional, Farquharson, F., additional, Serracino-Inglott, F., additional, Davis, M., additional, Hamilton, G., additional, Brennan, J.A., additional, Canavati, R., additional, Fisher, R.K., additional, McWilliams, R.G., additional, Naik, J.B., additional, Vallabhaneni, S.R., additional, Hardman, J., additional, Black, S., additional, Hinchliffe, R., additional, Holt, P., additional, Loftus, I.M., additional, Loosemore, T., additional, Morgan, R, additional, Thompson, M.M., additional, Agu, O., additional, Bishop, C., additional, Boardley, D., additional, Cross, J., additional, Hague, J., additional, Harris, P.L., additional, Ivancev, K., additional, Raja, J., additional, Richards, T., additional, Simring, D., additional, Fisher, A.C., additional, Smith, D., additional, and Copeland, G.P., additional

Published
2012
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39. Stimulation of lymphocyte natural cytotoxicity by L-arginine

Author

Park, K.G.M., Hayes, P.D., Garlick, P.J., Sewell, H., and Eremin, O.

Subjects
Lymphokines -- Physiological aspects, Arginine -- Physiological aspects, Killer cells -- Physiological aspects, Cellular immunity -- Physiological aspects
Published
1991

48. Moynihan 05

Author

Payne, D.A., primary, Hayes, P.D., additional, Jones, C.I., additional, Goodall, A.H., additional, Thompson, M.T., additional, London, N.J., additional, Bell, P.R.F., additional, and Naylor, A.R., additional

Published
2002
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50. TRPV3 is a temperature-sensitive vanilloid receptor-like protein.

Author

Smith, G.D., Gunthorpe, M.J., Kelsell, R.E., Hayes, P.D., Reilly, P., Facer, P., Wright, J.E., Jerman, J.C., Walhin, J.-P., Ooi, L., Egerton, J., Charles, K.J., Smart, D., Randall, A.D., Anand, P., and Davis, J.B.

Subjects
CELL receptors, HEAT, CAPSAICIN
Abstract

Focuses on a study which identified vanilloid receptor-like protein 3 (VRL3) also known as TRPV3, which is heat-sensitive but capsaicin-insensitive. Response of VRL3 to noxious heat; Methods used in gene prediction; Current-voltage relationships.

Published
2002
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