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In the field of international finance, there is a large role for international financial market integration and financial depth by contributing to the global financial system and enhancing financial system power through easier access to sufficient funds of government and private sectors. This research aims to determine the short‐run and long‐run impact of financial depth on international financial market integration in eight selected countries over the period of 1980–2021 in both a linear and nonlinear model, while providing the opportunity to assess the asymmetric impact of financial depth on international financial market integration. After estimating the models, we show that financial depth has significant short‐run and long‐run effects in most of our sample countries in the linear mode. We also show that the long‐run impact of financial depth on financial market integration is asymmetric in all eight countries, concluding that financial depth and risks associated with it play an important role in international financial market integration, and it is important for countries to select and implement adequate financial market policies to take advantage of this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the shadow economy and its major determinants has been an important part of economic literature over the past few decades. In this article, we analyse the impact of exchange rate volatility on the presence of the shadow economy for the current 38 OECD countries over the period of 1991–2021 in both a linear and nonlinear manner. We provide the opportunity to test whether an exchange rate adjustment may follow a nonlinear path and analyse the asymmetric impact of exchange rate volatility on the shadow economy. We estimate a linear ARDL model for each country and find support that exchange rate variability significantly affects the shadow economy both in the short run and long run in most countries both in linear and nonlinear models. However, by estimating a nonlinear ARDL model, we find an asymmetric exchange rate volatility effect in all 38 countries concluding that exchange rate volatility and risks associated with it significantly affects the shadow economy. Thus, it is crucial that this group of nations adequately implement financial policies to minimize this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kantor's (1982) analysis of cultural interbehavior focuses on shared stimulus-response functions that are conventional across individuals and established under the auspice of a group. Demonstrating shared stimulus-response functions requires observing both diffusion and culturalization at the cultural and psychological levels of analysis, respectively. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of a turn-based matching-to-sample procedure (TBMTS) for such a dual analysis. In particular, TBMTS was used to examine the participation of discriminability and relative change of rewards in the establishment of shared stimulus-response functions across 24 dyads. On each trial, (1) one participant selected a symbol in the presence of a shape, (2) the other participant selected a shape in the presence of a symbol identical to that selected by the first participant to respond, and (3) both participants received points based on correspondence (i.e., the second participant to respond selected a shape that was identical to that presented to the first) or noncorrespondence (i.e., the second participant to respond selected a shape that was not identical to that presented to the first). Across almost all dyads, shared stimulus-response functions were established in the first condition in which correspondence produced more points than noncorrespondence. When noncorrespondence produced more points in the following condition, stimulus-response functions deviated from established patterns faster when points for correspondence decreased rather than increased or remained the same. This study satisfies experimental controls required by both Kantorian and behavior-analytic perspectives to demonstrate the evolution of cultural interbehavior, allowing for much more complex events to be investigated. Keywords Cultural interbehavior * Interbehaviorism * Shared stimulus-response functions * Kantorian * Turn-based matching-to-sample, Understanding cultural psychology from an interbehavioral perspective is facilitated by orientating to psychological events (i.e., whole organism-environment interactions) as integrated fields (Hayes & Fryling, 2018). Any psychological event can be [...]

Renewal is a phenomenon in which a response that has been extinguished recovers when an organism is removed from the setting in which extinction occurred. In most renewal studies, context consists of exteroceptive stimuli (e.g., distinct visual, auditory, tactile, and/or olfactory stimuli). Nevertheless, a number of studies have shown that interoceptive stimuli such as those induced by drugs or food deprivation may come to exert discriminative control over behavior under the relevant contingencies. We investigated how interoceptive organismic conditions brought about through food deprivation and satiation motivating operations (MOs) can serve as contextual cues for the renewal of extinguished operant responding in mice. Three groups of mice received acquisition and extinction sessions under three different combinations of food deprivation and satiation. One group received acquisition sessions while deprived and extinction sessions while satiated. A second group received both acquisition and extinction sessions while satiated. A third group received both acquisition and extinction sessions while deprived. All groups were then tested for renewal under both deprivation and satiation conditions. /VBA and AAB renewal were observed for the first two groups under deprivation conditions, but AAB renewal was not observed for the third group under satiation conditions. The results suggest that interoceptive stimuli elicited by MOs may serve as contextual stimuli that occasion the recovery of responding following extinction, but unlike exteroceptive contextual cues, the discriminative functions of these stimuli are accompanied by motivational functions that may affect the extent to which renewal is observed. Keywords Motivation * Motivating operations * Food deprivation Renewal * Context * State-dependent learning, Renewal is a phenomenon in which a response that has been extinguished recovers (i.e., begins occurring again or occurs more frequently) when an organism is exposed to a setting or [...]

A functional class refers to a circumstance in which responding is controlled by features of stimuli that are common to all the class members. We argue that behavior with respect to conceptual stimuli entails more than discrimination among classes and generalization within classes. We suggest that an analysis of substitution of stimulus functions may contribute to understanding the distinctions among functional classes of different varieties, including conceptual classes.

The study of music in behavior analytic accounts constitutes a poorly addressed area of application due to conceptual incongruities in the field and a general lack of common ground between the disciplines of music and behavior analysis. This paper will examine the suitability of Skinner's (1957) analysis of verbal behavior in describing various musical behaviors and propose clarifications of verbal behavior constructs to account for the conceptual similarities and differences between musical and verbal behaviors. The musical concepts of mimicry, relative pitch, and absolute pitch are also discussed from the perspective of a verbal behavior analysis. These are presented as examples of how presumably innate musical abilities remain subject to operant principles of behavior modification and how certain conventions of music may suggest novel functional relations that could expand the existing categorization of operants. Keywords Verbal behavior ? Music theory * Pitch discrimination, Introduction Musical performance and interpretation constitute minimally explored areas of research in behavior analysis, and a paucity of adequate accounts of these behaviors may deprive the field of a potential [...]

Observational learning is an important area in the field of psychology and behavior science more generally. Given this, it is essential that behavior analysts articulate a sound theory of how behavior change occurs through observation. This paper begins with an overview of seminal research in the area of observational learning, followed by a consideration of common behavior analytic conceptualizations of these findings. The interbehavioral perspective is then outlined, shedding light on some difficulties with the existing behavior analytic approaches. The implications of embracing the interbehavioral perspective for understanding the most complex sorts of behavior, including those involved in observational learning are considered. (Contains 8 footnotes.)

The distinction between constructs and events is often overlooked in the sciences, as evidenced by a number of long-standing confusions of the former with the latter. The authors propose that the distinction between constructs and events is particularly important in the science of psychology, as psychological events have a number of unique characteristics that make this confusion more likely than is the case in other sciences. The nature of psychological events and the constructs derived from them are described in this article, along with the value of maintaining the distinction between them for the science of psychology and its relations with other sciences.

Behavioral systems analyses typically address organizational problems in business and industry. However, to the extent that a behavioral system is an entity comprised of interdependent elements formed by individuals interacting toward a common goal, a scientific enterprise constitutes a behavioral system to which a behavioral systems analysis may apply. This article outlines the characteristics of behavior analysis as a scientific system, such that it may be conceptualized and evaluated by way of a behavioral systems analysis. Our aim in subjecting this enterprise to a behavioral systems analysis is to achieve a furtherance of its mission. In pursuit of this aim, we suggest actions that behavior analysis might take to increase its share of the psychological market, sustain its veracity, and assure its long-term success.

Cultural events are of interest to scientists working in many scientific domains. Given this, an interdisciplinary science of culture may provide a more thorough understanding of cultural phenomena. However, interdisciplinary sciences depend upon the validity and vitality of the participating disciplines. This article reviews the nature of scientific enterprises and problematic conceptualizations of interdisciplinary science from an interbehavioral perspective. Metasystemic and systemic foundations for an interdisciplinary science of culture are proposed. (Contains 7 footnotes.)

A need exists for a controlled examination of the variables that may affect the results of a behavior-based safety program. These include the rate of risky behaviors and how they relate to a contingent bonus payout (Experiment 1), and the relative amounts of honesty in injury reporting and rule following (Experiment 2). A simple task consisting of moving a computer-generated image within a grid was used to simulate working behavior. Participants were awarded small monetary payments in an effort to further simulate reality. Results indicate that participants were more dishonest in reporting simulated injuries when: (1) a contingency for low rates of reporting of injuries was present and (2) in some cases, when not given proper training (or a rule) on how to work most safely. Considering the recent growth of behavioral safety programs in business and industry, the utility of an examination of the important and relevant variables within a controlled environment becomes apparent.

Behavioral contrast can be defined as an inverse relationship between the conditions of reinforcement in one setting and the rate of responding in another setting. Behavioral contrast is a phenomenon that is reliably demonstrated in pigeons and rats and in the context of multiple experimental preparations with these animals. However, little research has been conducted on behavioral contrast in humans. Further, the role of verbal behavior in research on behavioral contrast in humans has not been investigated. This study examined behavioral contrast in college students in a series of 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects were not given accurate descriptions of experimental contingencies, and behavioral contrast was not reliably observed. In Experiment 2, specific, accurate descriptions of contingencies were provided to subjects at all times, and contrast was observed for 4 of 10 subjects. In Experiment 3, descriptions of experimental conditions were provided only during extinction, and behavioral contrast was observed for 4 of 5 subjects. The results suggest that accurate rules describing experimental contingencies may enhance or decrease the probability that contrast will be observed in human operant experiments, depending on which contingencies, if any, are accurately described.

J. R. Kantor (1888-1984) developed and promoted an often underappreciated psychological system he called interbehaviorism that attempted to organize scientific values into a coherent system of psychology. Kantor insisted that in all scientific behavior the scientist needed to differentiate between constructs and events. If we were to develop constructs it would be only after careful observation of the actual events in context. He felt that his mission of forging naturalistic constructs for psychological events could be achieved only through scientific system building, and this was the activity that consumed his entire career. The present paper focuses on scientific system construction with the intent of (a) clarifying the nature and value of scientific system construction from Kantor's perspective, (b) articulating Kantor's system-building procedure, and (c) outlining the system of interbehavioral psychology produced in accordance with that procedure.

This paper reviews and discusses many differing forms of incentive compensation systems that are being used in today's organizations. The review traces the roots of bonus compensation from individual piece-work plans through the adoption of organization-wide gain sharing plans to the growing recognition of open-book management. Reasons for the shift in units of analysis from the individual employee to the work team or organization as a whole are discussed. Explanations are also given for why many companies are beginning to concentrate on outcomes rather than process measures as indicators of organizational success. Lastly, suggestions for enhancing the research agenda and bridging the gap between science and practice are provided for the scientists and practitioners of organizational behavior management.