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Abstract Background Opisthorchiid flukes, particularly Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis, and Metorchis spp. are the most common fish-borne zoonotic human liver flukes (hLFs). Liver fluke infections are more prevalent in resource-deprived and underprivileged areas. We herein estimated the prevalence of the metacercariae (MC) of major hLFs in common large freshwater fishes (lFWF) marketed for human consumption from some selected areas of Bangladesh along with detection of their molluscan vectors and reservoirs. Methods The current status of fish-borne zoonotic hLF infections in lFWF was investigated along with their molluscan vectors and mammalian reservoir hosts in Mymensingh and Kishoreganj in Bangladesh from July 2018–June 2022 using conventional and multiple molecular techniques, such as PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses. The infection rate of fishes was analyzed using the Z-test and the loads of MC were compared using the chi-squared (χ 2) test. Results The MC of C. sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., and Metorchis spp. were detected in 11 species of common and popular lFWF. In lFWF, the estimated prevalence was 18.7% and the mean load was 137.4 ± 149.8 MC per 100 g of fish. The prevalence was the highest (P 0.05) distributed between the head and body of fishes. The infection rate was slightly higher in cultured (19.6%) fishes. The MC of C. sinensis, O. felineus, O. viverrini, and Metorchis orientalis in fishes were confirmed using PCR, PCR-RFLP and bioinformatics. The cercariae of opisthorchiid (Pleurolophocercus cercariae) flukes were only recovered from Bithynia spp. (3.9%, 42 out of 1089). The ova of hLFs from dogs (4.3%, 5 out of 116) and cats (6.0%, 6 out of 100), and adult flukes (M. orientalis) from ducks (41.1% 113 out of 275) were detected. Conclusions The MC of hLFs are highly prevalent in fresh water fishes in Bangladesh. Reservoir hosts, such as street dogs, cats, and ducks carried the patent infection, and residents of Bangladesh are at risk. Graphical Abstract

Administration of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and anti-estrogens has been shown to reduce the size of pituitary tumors. However, previous studies were performed on animal pituitary tumors or tissue cultures. We administered oral tamoxifen to a postoperative patient with a nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PitNET) to investigate its potential effect on tumor volume. This case report presents the case of a 47-year-old female patient with a null cell adenoma who had undergone surgical resection as primary treatment and was left with a residual tumor that grew significantly. She was treated with tamoxifen 20–40 mg daily for one year. She was followed up to assess tamoxifen adherence, tolerability, and adverse events. The resected pituitary tumor was stained with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), proliferation markers (ki-67 and p53), and H&E staining for mitotic count. MRI of the pituitary gland was performed before starting treatment, after 6 months, and after 1 year of tamoxifen therapy. Her resected tumor showed high-intensity ERβ staining in the absence of ERα expression. She was able to tolerate oral tamoxifen therapy without side effects. Tamoxifen therapy resulted in a remarkable reduction in residual tumor volume of up to 87 % in this patient. Tamoxifen has a potential therapeutic effect in treating patients with residual NF-PitNET tumors that have regrown after primary resection. This finding may provide an alternative treatment modality for recurrent NF-PitNET. ERβ expression may predict response to tamoxifen in this subset of patients.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to describe a very rare case of gallstone (cholelithiasis) in a goat associated with chronic fasciolosis. During a routine slaughterhouse‐based survey, a two‐and‐half‐year‐old female Black Bengal Goat was found to be affected with severe chronic fascioliosis characterized by the massive damage in the liver. Through systemic dissection of liver, we isolated 94 adult Fasciola spp., and by PCR, we confirmed the fluke as Fasciola gigantica. The gallbladder of the goat was oedematous. On opening the gallbladder, we recovered 255 stones of variable sizes. Stones were whitish in colour and friable, and some of the fragile stones were attached to the wall of the gallbladder. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of the cholelithiasis in a goat associated with F. gigantica.

In criminal litigation, evidence plays a very significant role in ensuring that justice is delivered. Nevertheless, justice cannot be achieved without the correct application of standard of proof. Failure to apply the correct standard of proof could result in miscarriage of justice. This paper examines the concept of standard of proof from the Islamic and common law perspectives. It also analyses the similarities and differences in the application of standard of proof under both legal systems. This study is a doctrinal research and utilises qualitative methods. The primary and secondary data are gathered using the documentation method obtained from library, legal statutes and reported cases. The gathered data are then further analysed using content analysis method. Findings of this study show that there are similarities and differences in the concept of standard of proof in criminal cases under both legal systems. In spite of the similarities, several applications under the common law should not be referred or utilised in litigating Syariah criminal cases. This paper suggests that the standard of proof under Islamic law is to be harmonised with the common law in the prosecution of criminal cases in the Syariah courts. The research conducted contributes towards the knowledge in distinguishing between the Islamic and common law principles particularly for countries that practise Islamic criminal law.

ABSTRACT: Ascaridia galli is the most common nematode in chickens. Ascaridia galli is highly prevalent in chickens reared in scavenging or semiscavenging systems. Here, we studied the epidemiology, pathology, genetic diversity, ex vivo culture protocol and anthelmintic sensitivity of A. galli prevalent in indigenous chickens in Bangladesh. Through morphological study and molecular analyses, the isolated worms were confirmed as A. galli. Of the chickens examined, 45.6% (178 out of 390) were found infected. The male and young chickens were significantly (P < 0.05) more prone to A. galli infection. Prevalence of the infection was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the summer season. In heavy infections, A. galli blocked the small intestine. Marked inflammation, increased mucus production and petechial hemorrhages were evident in the small intestine, particularly in the duodenum. Also, there were desquamation and adhesion of the mucosal villi; degeneration, necrosis of the epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. The mucosal layer was infiltrated mainly with eosinophils and heterophils. We developed a hen egg white-based long-term ex vivo culture protocol which supported the survival and reproduction of A. galli for more than a week. Levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM) efficiently killed A. galli. However, albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), and piperazine (PPZ) did not kill the worms even at 120 μg/mL and 1mg/mL concentrations, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that A. galli is highly prevalent in semiscavenging chickens in Bangladesh. Ascaridia galli can be easily maintained ex vivo in egg white supplemented M199 medium. LEV and IVM, but not ABZ, MBZ and PPZ, can be used for treating and controlling A. galli infections in chickens.

Abstract Background Ascaridia galli is the largest gut‐dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology. Aims Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens. Materials and Methods Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate. Results The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th‐2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐9, and IL‐13), goblet cells (mucin), gut‐associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF‐β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short‐lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.

Aim: This study aimed to introduce a patient with a rarely encountered case of recurrent dark discoloration. Case: A 12-year-old girl.Her headaches started 2 weeks ago.When she has headache,a rash followed by darkening and then bruising around her both eyes appear.When her headache wears off the bruising disappears.She has nausea but does not vomit.In her family,her uncle has a history of migraine.No history of kin marriage between her mother and dad.No history of hospitalization.She had dark discoloration 5 times in 2 weeks and presented to the emergency department. Headache has no localization.She feels the pain all over her head and it lasts whole day.No history of alcohol or drug abuse.Her headache is not triggered by any food or drink.When the bruising occurs her vision becomes blurry.She has photophobia and phonophobia.She cannot sleep because of her headache and sleeplessness increases her complaints.She has missed several days of school.She spends too much time on phone and computer.She has stress and crying spells. Her neurological examination is normal.Fundus examination is natural and there is no papilledema.She does not have opsoclonus,myoclonus or nystagmus.The EEG,brain MRG and MR venography are normal.She does not have anemia and the labs are normal.Pseudotumor cerebri,neuroblastoma or allergic reaction were not considered.Propranolol and fluoxetine was commenced for migraine prophylactic treatment and the patient's headache improved And she is still followed-up. Conclusion: Co-occurrence of dark discoloration and headache are reported with trigeminal autonomic cephalgia,neuroblastoma, sinus vein thrombosis,idiopathic intracranial hypertension,amyloidosis and aplastic anemia in the literature.However,these recurrent symptoms are predominantly associated with migraine.

Background: Although in vitro methods have disadvantages, they are still commonly used to measure nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in experimental studies. Therefore, this study was designed to demonstrate the effect of the surgical procedures required for in vitro methods on nerve fibers and the effect of in vivo and in vitro methods on the results of electrophysiological measurements. Methods: Rats were assigned to the in vivo (control-1, injury-1, and diabetic-1) and in vitro (control-2, injury-2, and diabetic-2) groups. The NCV and compound action potential amplitudes were measured, and the nerve fibers were histologically examined. Results: Damaged axons and myelin sheaths were observed in the control-2 group. The electrophysiological values of the in vitro groups were lower than those of the in vivo groups. Furthermore, these values were lower for the diabetic and injury groups than for the control groups. Conclusions: This study showed that the surgical procedures required for the in vitro method reduced the measured values. Owing to the previous and current disadvantages of the in vitro method, the in vivo method was more sensitive for the NCV measurement. Moreover, measurements can be performed using the current in vivo method for small nerve fibers.

Background: Hyperekplexia is a rare neurogenetic disorder that is classically characterized by an exaggerated startle response to sudden unexpected stimuli. This study aimed to determine clinical and genetic characteristics of our patients with hyperekplexia. Methods: The age of onset and diagnosis, familial and perinatal history, clinical course, complications, metabolic screening tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), medications, neuropsychometric evaluations, and gene mutations of patients diagnosed with hyperekplexia were reviewed retrospectively. Results: All hyperekplexia patients had displayed neonatal excessive startle response and muscle stiffness, which we accepted as the major form of the disorder. Sixteen patients had mutations in genes associated with hyperekplexia. The ages at clinical diagnosis and genetic confirmation ranged from newborn to 16 years old and from 2.5 to 19 years, respectively. Nine patients (56.25%) were initially misdiagnosed with epilepsy. Seven patients (43.75%) carried a diagnosis of intellectual disability, defined here as a total IQ <80. Delayed gross motor development was detected in 4 patients (25%), and speech delay was reported in 3 (18.75%). Mutations in GLRA1 (NM_000171.4) and SLC6A5 (NM_004211.5) were identified in 13 (81.25%) and 3 patients (18.75%), respectively. Fifteen of the 16 patients (93.75%) showed autosomal recessive inheritance. Only 1 patient (6.25%) showed autosomal dominant inheritance. Conclusion: Although hyperekplexia is a potentially treatable disease, it can be complicated by delayed speech and/or motor acquisition and also by intellectual disability. This study shows that hyperekplexia is not always a benign condition and that all patients diagnosed with hyperekplexia should be evaluated for neuropsychiatric status and provided with genetic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effects of ozone in experimental acute sciatic nerve injury. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight male rats were divided into four groups (n = 7): control (C), ozone (O), injury (SNI), and treatment with ozone after injury (SNI + Ozone). Sciatic nerve injury was generated by compressing the right sciatic nerve for 90 s using a Yasargil aneurysm clip in groups SNI and SNI + Ozone. A 70 µg/ml concentration of ozone was given four times (once a day at 1st, 24th, 48th, and 72th h) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg to groups O and SNI + Ozone after injury by an intraperitoneal injection. Nerve conduction velocities of all rats were measured by in vivo electrophysiological tests at the end of the day 4. Then, plasma malondialdehyde, total oxidant and antioxidant status were measured and also axonal and myelin changes in sciatic nerves of histopathological examination were performed. The data were analyzed by Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Chi square test. p

This paper comprehensively assesses the application of active learning strategies to enhance natural language processing-based optical character recognition (OCR) models for image-to-LaTeX conversion. It addresses the existing limitations of OCR models and proposes innovative practices to strengthen their accuracy. Key components of this study include the augmentation of training data with LaTeX syntax constraints, the integration of active learning strategies, and the employment of active learning feedback loops. This paper first examines the current weaknesses of OCR models with a particular focus on symbol recognition, complex equation handling, and noise moderation. These limitations serve as a framework against which the subsequent research methodologies are assessed. Augmenting the training data with LaTeX syntax constraints is a crucial strategy for improving model precision. Incorporating symbol relationships, wherein contextual information is considered during recognition, further enriches the error correction. This paper critically examines the application of active learning strategies. The active learning feedback loop leads to progressive improvements in accuracy. This article underlines the importance of uncertainty and diversity sampling in sample selection, ensuring that the dynamic learning process remains efficient and effective. Appropriate evaluation metrics and ensemble techniques are used to improve the operational learning effectiveness of the OCR model. These techniques allow the model to adapt and perform more effectively in diverse application domains, further extending its utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the effect of streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes mellitus on p16, p53, Ki67, and Bcl2 expressions and histopathological changes in the tongue of the rats. Material and Methods. Twenty-two adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=14) as control (C) (n=8) and diabetic (DM) (n=6). The rats in the DM group were given streptozotocin as a single intraperitoneal dose for induction of diabetes. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the tongue were used. Results. Significant differences were observed between the DM group and the control group in terms of epithelial thickness, length of filiform papillae, and width of filiform papillae (p=0.005, p=0.001, and p=0.006, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration, capillary proliferation, and dysplasia (p=0.204, p=0.244, and p=0.204, respectively). As a result of immunohistochemical studies, no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of p53, Ki67, and Bcl-2 expressions (p=0.588, p=0.662, and p=0.686, respectively). A significant difference was found between the groups when p16 expression was evaluated (p=0.006). Conclusions. In our study, streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes mellitus induced p16 expression but did not show any difference in p53, Bcl-2, and Ki67 levels. It should be considered in the studies that the pathological changes at the early stages of the relationship between DM and oral cancer may be related to p16 expression; however, it may also be linked with p16-related aging process.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term, high-magnitude whole-body vibration (WBV) on serum type I collagen turnover in immobilized rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into the following 5 groups: immobilization (IS), immobilization + remobilization (IR), immobilization + WBV (IV), control (C), and WBV control (CV). Immobilization was achieved by casting from the crista iliaca anterior superior to the lower part of the foot for 2 weeks. The applied WBV protocol involved a frequency of 45 Hz and amplitude of 3 mm for 7 days starting a day after the end of the immobilization period. Serum type I collagen turnover markers were measured by using ELISA kits. Results: Serum NH2-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) levels were significantly lower in the immobilization groups (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of boric acid in experimental acute sciatic nerve injury. Twenty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 7): control (C), boric acid (BA), sciatic nerve injury (I) , and sciatic nerve injury + boric acid treatment (BAI). Sciatic nerve injury was generated using a Yasargil aneurysm clip in the groups I and BAI. Boric acid was given four times at 100 mg/kg to rats in the groups BA and BAI after injury (by gavage at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours) but no injury was made in the group BA. In vivo electrophysiological tests were performed at the end of the day 4 and sciatic nerve tissue samples were taken for histopathological examination. The amplitude of compound action potential, the nerve conduction velocity and the number of axons were significantly lower and the myelin structure was found to be broken in group I compared with those in groups C and BA. However, the amplitude of the compound action potential, the nerve conduction velocity and the number of axons were significantly greater in group BAI than in group I. Moreover, myelin injury was significantly milder and the intensity of nuclear factor kappa B immunostaining was significantly weaker in group BAI than in group I. The results of this study show that administration of boric acid at 100 mg/kg after sciatic nerve injury in rats markedly reduces myelin and axonal injury and improves the electrophysiological function of injured sciatic nerve possibly through alleviating oxidative stress reactions.