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Introduction: Occupational therapy (OT), a vital part of psychiatric rehabilitation, encourages participation in social activities, which is critical for the recovery of people with severe mental illnesses (SMI). However, the effects of OT on the subsequent social activities of patients with SMI have not been fully clarified. We aimed to identify the factors that encourage post-discharge social activity participation among patients with SMI who received OT., Method: Patients who underwent OT at the Kyorin University Hospital between April 2016 and March 2020 were retrospectively examined for baseline data during hospitalization and social activity status 1 year after discharge. Occupational support, group adaptation, artistic activities, and exercise programs were considered. Activities requiring social interaction were defined as social activities, including employment, schooling, sheltered work, and volunteer work. Multiple logistic regression analyses using demographic and medical data, prehospitalization social activity status, and OT participation rates as independent variables were used to examine the factors encouraging social activity participation after discharge. Decision tree analysis was conducted to identify patients who specifically needed to increase OT participation., Results: Of 524 eligible patients, 247 were included in the study. The number of patients who were socially active at admission and after discharge was 116 and 188, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the following factors were likely to encourage social activity participation after discharge: higher rates of OT participation to facilitate group adaptation (OR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.003-1.027), being socially active at admission (OR = 4.557, 95% CI 2.155-9.637), and no marital history (OR = 0.293, 95% CI 0.130-0.661). Decision tree analysis showed that for patients who were socially inactive at admission and had a history of marriage, increasing OT participation to 52.6% or higher may ensure social activity participation after discharge., Conclusions: This study identified patients whose social participation after discharge could be boosted by OT that facilitates group adaptation. Our findings would facilitate the development of individualized add-on rehabilitation based on the effects of real-world OT practices., Competing Interests: Author MM received honorariums from Sumitomo Pharma and Yoshitomiyakuhin. Author YM received grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and honorariums from Sumitomo Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceutical, and Meiji Seika Pharma. Author TT received grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and honorariums from Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, Shionogi Pharma, Yoshitomiyakuhin, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, MSD, Nippon Boehringer lngelheim, Mylan EPD, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Viatris, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, TEIJIN PHARMA, and Lundbeck Japan. Author KW is a consultant of Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lily, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, Lundbeck Japan, Luye Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Taisho Pharmaceutical, and Takeda Pharmaceutical. Author HS received grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan Research Foundation Clinical Pharmacology, and Takeda Science Foundation, and honorariums from Eisai, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, Shionogi Pharma, Yoshitomiyakuhin, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, MSD, Viatris, and Lundbeck Japan. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Nagashima, Hayasaka, Teruya, Hoshino, Murao, Matumoto, Maruki, Katagiri, Imamura, Kurihara, Oe, Tsuboi, Watanabe and Sakurai.)

Introduction: Difficult-to-treat depression (DTD) represents a broad spectrum of patients with persistent depression where standard treatment modalities are insufficient, yet specific characteristics of this group remain insufficiently understood. This investigation aims to delineate the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of suspected DTD patients in real-world clinical settings., Method: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from patients comprehensively evaluated for suspected DTD at Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between October 2014 and September 2018. The study participants consisted of individuals with persistent depression unresponsive to conventional antidepressant treatments during the current episode. Diagnoses adhered to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Additional evaluations included the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and other pertinent measures. The analysis focused on comparing demographic and clinical characteristics across diagnosed groups., Results: The analysis encompassed 122 patients, with diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) in 41.8%, bipolar disorder (BD) in 28.7%, and subthreshold depression in 29.5%. Notably, high incidences of psychiatric comorbidities were present across all groups, with anxiety disorders exceeding 30% and personality disorders surpassing 50%. The only significant distinction among the three groups was observed in the MADRS scores, with the MDD group exhibiting the highest values (20.9 ± 9.7 vs. 18.6 ± 9.3 vs. 11.3 ± 7.4, p<0.01)., Conclusions: This study sheds light on the intricate nature of suspected DTD, emphasizing the coexistence of MDD, BD, and subthreshold depression within this category. Our findings underscore the necessity for thorough evaluations and tailored treatment approaches for managing suspected DTD., Competing Interests: MM received honorarium from Sumitomo Pharma, Yoshitomiyakuhin. YM received grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and honorarium from Sumitomo Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma. TT received grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and honorarium from Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, Shionogi Pharma, Yoshitomiyakuhin, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, MSD, Nippon Boehringer lngelheim, Mylan EPD, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Viatris, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, TEIJIN PHARMA, and Lundbeck Japan. KW is a consultant of Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Liliy, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, Lundbeck Japan, Luye Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Lundbeck Japan, Luye Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Taisho Pharmaceutical, and Takeda Pharmaceutical. HS received grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan Research Foundation Clinical Pharmacology, and Takeda Science Foundation, and honorarium from Eisai, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, Shionogi Pharma, Yoshitomiyakuhin, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, MSD, and Lundbeck Japan. Other authors have nothing to declare. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Murao, Matsumoto, Kurihara, Oe, Nagashima, Hayasaka, Tsuboi, Watanabe and Sakurai.)