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4. The effects of information utility and teachers’ knowledge on evaluations of under-informative pedagogy across development

Author

Elizabeth Bonawitz, Hyowon Gweon, Hawthorne D, Wai Keen Vong, Noah D. Goodman, and Ilona Bass

Subjects
Adult, Information utility, Linguistics and Language, Adolescent, Cognitive Neuroscience, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Bayes Theorem, Data science, Language and Linguistics, Knowledge, Development (topology), Child, Preschool, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Child, Psychology, Problem Solving
Abstract

Teaching is a powerful way to transmit knowledge, but with this power comes a hazard: When teachers fail to select the best set of evidence for the learner, learners can be misled to draw inaccurate inferences. Evaluating others' failures as teachers, however, is a nontrivial problem; people may fail to be informative for different reasons, and not all failures are equally blameworthy. How do learners evaluate the quality of teachers, and what factors influence such evaluations? Here, we present a Bayesian model of teacher evaluation that considers the utility of a teacher's pedagogical sampling given their prior knowledge. In Experiment 1 (N=1168), we test the model predictions against adults' evaluations of a teacher who demonstrated all or a subset of the functions on a novel device. Consistent with the model predictions, participants' ratings integrated information about the number of functions taught, their values, as well as how much the teacher knew. Using a modified paradigm for children, Experiments 2 (N=48) and 3 (N=40) found that preschool-aged children (2a, 3) and adults (2b) make nuanced judgments of teacher quality that are well-predicted by the model. However, after an unsuccessful attempt to replicate the results with preschoolers (Experiment 4, N=24), in Experiment 5 (N=24) we further investigate the development of teacher evaluation in a sample of seven- and eight-year-olds. These older children successfully distinguished teachers based on the amount and value of what was demonstrated, and their ability to evaluate omissions relative to the teacher’s knowledge state was related to their tendency to spontaneously reference the teacher's knowledge when explaining their evaluations. In sum, our work illustrates how the human ability to learn from others supports not just learning about the world but also learning about the teachers themselves. By reasoning about others' informativeness, learners can evaluate others' teaching and make better learning decisions.

Published
2021

7. Real-time PCR for identification of five species of Cryptolestes based on COI barcode region

Author

Chen, D., Zhang, T., Aulicky, R., Stejskal, V., Ren, Y., Cao, Y., Hawthorne, D., Li, Z., Chen, D., Zhang, T., Aulicky, R., Stejskal, V., Ren, Y., Cao, Y., Hawthorne, D., and Li, Z.

Abstract

Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) are economically important pests, which damage stored products in granaries and mills. Because it is difficult to distinguish Cryptolestes species morphologically, we develop here a high sensitivity real-time PCR method for distinguishing five species of Cryptolestes (C. ferrugineus, C. pusillus, C. turcicus, C. pusilloides and C. capensis). The lower limit of DNA concentration required for species identification is 0.1 ng/μl for C. ferruginues and C. pusilloides, and 0.01 ng/μl for C. pusillus, C. turcicus, and C. capensis. This method successfully determined species assignments for previously unidentified Cryptolestes spp. Collected from the field and will facilitate Cryptolestes identification in the field of plant quarantine and stored product protection.

Published
2020

8. DiverseK: integrating paleoecology, traditional knowledge and stakeholders

Author

Colombaroli, Danièle, Mistry, J, Milner, A, Vannière, B, Adolf, A, Hawthorne, D, Global Paleofire Working Group (GPWG2), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Deakin University, Melbourne, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Association (object-oriented programming), T-NDAS, Library science, G Geography (General), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geography, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, G1, Paleoecology, Traditional knowledge, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Funding has been provided by PAGES, the Quaternary Research Association (QRA), and Chrono-environnement at Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté. Publisher PDF

Published
2018

9. [Policy brief] Diverse knowledge informing fire policy and biodiversity conservation

Author

Colombaroli, Daniele, Mistry, J, Milner, A, Vannière, Boris, Adolf, C, Bilbao, BA, Carcaillet, C, Connor, Simon, Daniau, A.-L., Hawthorne, D, Jeffers, E, Larson, E, Petrokofsky, G, Power, MJ, Sinnadurai, P, Berrio, J C, Cassino, R, Gildeeva, O, Grosvenor, M, Hardiman, Mark, Hennebelle, A, Kuosmanen, N, Lestienne, M, Portes, MC, Rockell, G, Tsakiridou, M, Walsh, A, Colombaroli, Daniele, Mistry, J, Milner, A, Vannière, Boris, Adolf, C, Bilbao, BA, Carcaillet, C, Connor, Simon, Daniau, A.-L., Hawthorne, D, Jeffers, E, Larson, E, Petrokofsky, G, Power, MJ, Sinnadurai, P, Berrio, J C, Cassino, R, Gildeeva, O, Grosvenor, M, Hardiman, Mark, Hennebelle, A, Kuosmanen, N, Lestienne, M, Portes, MC, Rockell, G, Tsakiridou, M, and Walsh, A

Abstract

This Policy Brief results from a workshop held at Royal Holloway University of London and funded by PAGES, the Quaternary Research Association (QRA), and Chrono-environnement CNRS/Universitéde FrancheComté. The workshop gathered 30 international participants from 15 countries to discuss ongoing challenges on biodiversity conservation and fire policy at global scale. This initiative is promoted by the Global Paleofire Working Group (https://www.gpwg.paleofire.org/), a network of researchers promoting data collection and analyses of sedimentary charcoal records from around the world.

Published
2019

11. Blockchain for Power Grids

Author

Banks, Christian, primary, Kim, Samuel, additional, Neposchlan, Michael, additional, Velez, Nicholas, additional, Duncan, K.J., additional, James, J., additional, Leger, A. St., additional, and Hawthorne, D., additional

Published
2019
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17. Quantitative trait locus mapping and functional genomics of an organophosphate resistance trait in the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Author

Coates, B. S., primary, Alves, A. P., additional, Wang, H., additional, Zhou, X., additional, Nowatzki, T., additional, Chen, H., additional, Rangasamy, M., additional, Robertson, H. M., additional, Whitfield, C. W., additional, Walden, K. K., additional, Kachman, S. D., additional, French, B. W., additional, Meinke, L. J., additional, Hawthorne, D., additional, Abel, C. A., additional, Sappington, T. W., additional, Siegfried, B. D., additional, and Miller, N. J., additional

Published
2015
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19. Acoustic data from the spring 2011 bowhead whale census at Point Barrow, Alaska.

Author

CLARK, C. W., CHARIF, R. A., HAWTHORNE, D., RAHAMAN, A., GIVENS, G. H., GEORGE, J. C., and MUIRHEAD, C. A.

Subjects
CENSUS, SOUND recordings, SENSOR arrays, AUTOMATIC speech recognition, SPECTROGRAMS, WHALES
Abstract

Arrays of bottom-mounted passive acoustic recorders were used to continuously record the sounds of bowhead whales migrating past Point Barrow, Alaska for a period of 105 days in April-July 2011, spanning the duration of the visual census. Recorders were deployed in a roughly linear array configuration near the edge of the shorefast ice bordering the open lead. The recorded acoustic data were analysed from 156 sample periods comprising a total of 331 hours coincident with the visual census. Bowhead sounds in the sample periods were found by manual inspection of multi-channel sound spectrograms of the array recordings. Source locations for bowhead sounds that were received on three or more sensors within the array were calculated using a robust localisation algorithm. Very high levels of bowhead acoustic activity were observed in comparison to recording efforts undertaken during past censuses, including high rates of singing and call sequences. A total of 22,426 bowhead sounds yielded 15,647 reliable locations. Of these, 6,944 were within the rectangular aperture zone directly in front of the array and therefore used in the calculation of a new population estimate. This paper summarises one of three critical component of the research program leading to the 2011 estimate of abundance of Givens et al. (2016) and is therefore a cornerstone of the scientific basis for IWC Scientific Committee advice for this whale stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018

20. Quantitative trait locus mapping and functional genomics of an organophosphate resistance trait in the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.

Author

Coates, B. S., Alves, A. P., Wang, H., Zhou, X., Nowatzki, T., Chen, H., Rangasamy, M., Robertson, H. M., Whitfield, C. W., Walden, K. K., Kachman, S. D., French, B. W., Meinke, L. J., Hawthorne, D., Abel, C. A., Sappington, T. W., Siegfried, B. D., and Miller, N. J.

Subjects
WESTERN corn rootworm, INSECT genetics, ANIMAL genome mapping, FUNCTIONAL genomics, INSECT populations, INSECTICIDE resistance, COMPARATIVE genomics
Abstract

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is an insect pest of corn and population suppression with chemical insecticides is an important management tool. Traits conferring organophosphate insecticide resistance have increased in frequency amongst D. v. virgifera populations, resulting in the reduced efficacy in many corn-growing regions of the USA. We used comparative functional genomic and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approaches to investigate the genetic basis of D. v. virgifera resistance to the organophosphate methyl-parathion. RNA from adult methyl-parathion resistant and susceptible adults was hybridized to 8331 microarray probes. The results predicted that 11 transcripts were significantly up-regulated in resistant phenotypes, with the most significant (fold increases ≥ 2.43) being an α-esterase-like transcript. Differential expression was validated only for the α-esterase (ST020027A20C03), with 11- to 13-fold greater expression in methyl-parathion resistant adults (P<0.05). Progeny with a segregating methylparathion resistance trait were obtained from a reciprocal backcross design. QTL analyses of high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data predicted involvement of a single genome interval. These data suggest that a specific carboyxesterase may function in field-evolved corn rootworm resistance to organophosphates, even though direct linkage between the QTL and this locus could not be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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34. Low-temperature order in the heavy-fermion compoundCeCu6

Author

Pollack, L., primary, Hoch, M. J. R., additional, Jin, C., additional, Smith, E. N., additional, Parpia, J. M., additional, Hawthorne, D. L., additional, Geller, D. A., additional, Lee, D. M., additional, Richardson, R. C., additional, Hinks, D. G., additional, and Bucher, E., additional

Published
1995
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