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Additional file 1:. Supplementary Table S1: COVID-19 Stress scale.

Aim: To provide a synthesis of the evidence of health-promoting leadership related to nursing by exploring definitions, core attributes and critical conditions. Background: Increasing pressure in healthcare settings due to efficiency requirements, population ageing with complex illnesses and projected global shortage of nurses, is a potential threat to nurses’ health and job satisfaction, and patient quality of care and safety. New ways of thinking about nursing leadership and evidencebased human resource management are required to improve nursing environments. Conclusion: Health-promoting leadership may be a promising path to optimizing nursing outcomes through holistic thinking, which emphasizes the importance of context. Accumulated research is required to build a stronger line of international research, with attention to underlying mechanisms, limiting conditions and behaviours known to health-promoting leadership

Problemstilling: Hvilke utfordringer, muligheter og strategier finnes i forskningen på utviklingen av et bærekraftig reiseliv? Hensikt: Denne oppgaven har som hensikt å peke på forskning som er gjort innen utvikling av et bærekraftig reiseliv. Ved å peke på denne forskningen, vil dette belyse områder som kanskje krever grundigere arbeid og utredning. Metode: I denne oppgaven er det benyttet metoden systematisk litteraturstudie. Etter en systematisk søknadsprosess, har det blitt valgt ut syv forskningsartikler. Disse syv artiklene har blitt drøftet sammen med relevant teori for å belyse problemstillingen i oppgaven. Resultat: I forskningen på bærekraftig utvikling i reiselivet, er det belyst både utfordringer, muligheter og strategier. Utfordringer som kan sette et hinder for utviklingen, muligheter som kan gjøre utviklingen bedre og strategier for videre arbeid med bærekraftig utvikling av reiselivet. Konklusjon: Forskningen som er gjort på utviklingen av et bærekraftig reiseliv, inneholder både utfordringer, muligheter og strategier. Utfordringene handler om ulik oppfattelse av begrepet bærekraft, og forskjellig prioritering av de bærekraftige grunnpilarene. Mulighetene handler om hvordan bærekraft blant annet kan være med å bidra til innovasjon og nyskaping. Forskningen som er gjort på strategiene, handler om planer som skal iverksette en bærekraftig tilnærming i reiselivet.

The aim of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the leadership challenges and the essential skills needed for new leaders based on the leadership competencies in the Norwegian hotel industry. We specifically focused on the challenges for newly graduated hospitality students with positions as middle managers in the hotel industry who are eager to be general managers in the future. This study was conducted to explore how the lack of competencies can cause challenges for new leaders and hence which competencies are important to obtain. No previous studies have explored leadership challenges based on leadership competencies for new leaders in the Norwegian hotel industry. This thesis adopted qualitative methods to conduct semi-structured interviews with general managers at Norwegian hotels to obtain their perceptions of challenges for new leaders based on these leadership competencies in the Norwegian hotel industry. The results demonstrated that leadership challenges exist with regard to communication, problem-solving, and self-management skills. Some aspects of teamwork and financial skills also present challenges but IT knowledge presents no challenge. These skills were divided into four dimensions: social or interpersonal, cognitive, meta, and functional competencies, which are similar to Bharwani’s conceptual competence framework for general managers in hospitality. However, this thesis adds another competency domain, local cultural competence. In addition, the study revealed that the skill of creativity and the combination of education and experience as a competence are essential for aspiring new leaders. The competencies were found to be essential for all leaders but may be interchangeable depending on the needs of the hotels, and some may be less demanding than others. Keywords: leadership competencies, leadership skills, leadership challenges, new leaders, Norwegian hotel industry.

Denne oppgaven tar utgangspunkt i markedsføring og hvordan folk velger det ene foran det andre. Dette handler også mye om psykologi, og hvordan og hvorfor mennesker tenker som de gjør og handler. Jo mer kunnskap en har om hvordan dette er sammensatt, jo lettere er det å forstå hvordan man utvikler hoteller på best mulig måte for å gi gjestene den beste opplevelsen. Bærekraft er også en stor del av denne oppgaven, og det har blitt en naturlig vinkling over på dette på grunn av utviklingen de siste årene i hotellbransjen og alt det fører med seg. Årsaken til at dette temaet ble valgt er på grunn av at dette er noe som har interessert meg i mange år, og at det derfor ble en god sammenligning med hva jeg har fått av kunnskap ved å ta denne bacheloren og mine år med yrkeserfaring i hotellbransjen. Temaet som er valgt er veldig stort, så selv om det har måtte blitt noen avgrensninger som jeg kommer tilbake til, har vært veldig lærerikt for meg å fordype seg mer i dette emnet. This study is based on marketing and how people choose one thing over another. This is also a lot about psychology, and how and why people think the way they do and act. The more knowledge we has about how this is composed, the easier it is to understand how to develop hotels in the best possible way to give guests the best experience. Sustainability is also a big part of this study, and there has been a natural angle on this due to the development in recent years in the hotel industry and all that it entails. The reason why this topic was chosen is because this is something that has interested me for many years, and that it was therefore a good comparison with what I have gained from knowledge by taking this bachelor and my years of professional experience in the hotel industry . The topic chosen is very large, so although there have been some limitations that I will return to, it has been very instructive for me to delve deeper into this topic.

The aim of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the leadership challenges and the essential skills needed for new leaders based on the leadership competencies in the Norwegian hotel industry. We specifically focused on the challenges for newly graduated hospitality students with positions as middle managers in the hotel industry who are eager to be general managers in the future. This study was conducted to explore how the lack of competencies can cause challenges for new leaders and hence which competencies are important to obtain. No previous studies have explored leadership challenges based on leadership competencies for new leaders in the Norwegian hotel industry. This thesis adopted qualitative methods to conduct semi-structured interviews with general managers at Norwegian hotels to obtain their perceptions of challenges for new leaders based on these leadership competencies in the Norwegian hotel industry. The results demonstrated that leadership challenges exist with regard to communication, problem-solving, and self-management skills. Some aspects of teamwork and financial skills also present challenges but IT knowledge presents no challenge. These skills were divided into four dimensions: social or interpersonal, cognitive, meta, and functional competencies, which are similar to Bharwani’s conceptual competence framework for general managers in hospitality. However, this thesis adds another competency domain, local cultural competence. In addition, the study revealed that the skill of creativity and the combination of education and experience as a competence are essential for aspiring new leaders. The competencies were found to be essential for all leaders but may be interchangeable depending on the needs of the hotels, and some may be less demanding than others. Keywords: leadership competencies, leadership skills, leadership challenges, new leaders, Norwegian hotel industry.