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To increase the storage density of hard disk drives, the flying height of the slider needs to be reduced to

To investigate the role of tides inWeddell Sea ocean-ice shelf melt interactions, and resulting consequences for ocean properties and sea ice interactions, we develop a regional ocean-sea ice model configuration, with time-varying ocean boundary and atmospheric forcing, including the deep open ocean (at 2.5-4 km horizontal resolution), the southwestern continental shelf (≈2.5 km), and the adjacent cavities of easternWeddell, Larsen, and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves (FRIS, 1.5-2.5 km). Simulated circulation, water mass, and ice shelf melt properties compare overall well with available open ocean and cavity observational knowledge. Tides are shown to enhance the kinetic energy of the time-varying flow in contact with the ice shelves, thereby increasing melt. This dynamically driven impact of tides on net melting is to almost 90% compensated by cooling through the meltwater that is produced but not quickly exported from regions of melting in theWeddell Sea cold-cavity regime. The resulting systematic tide-driven enhancement of both produced meltwater and its refreezing on ascending branches of, especially the FRIS, cavity circulation acts to increase net ice shelf melting (by 50% in respect to the state without tides, ≈50 Gt yr-1). In addition, tides also increase the melt-induced FRIS cavity circulation, and the meltwater export by the FRIS outflow. Simulations suggest attendant changes on the open-ocean southwestern continental shelf, characterized by overall freshening and small year-round sea ice thickening, as well as in the deep southwesternWeddell Sea in the form of a marked freshening of newly formed bottom waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teleophthalmology services are considered capable of supporting screening, early diagnosis, and monitoring of leading causes of blindness on a global scale. Therefore, standards and best practices are needed to seamlessly exchange medical ocular images and related data among relevant stakeholders with maximum interoperability., Objectives: This paper provides an overview of current standards in the field of store-and-forward teleophthalmology data exchange and further developments in this area., Methods: A literature review was conducted for healthcare standards with a focus on data exchange in ophthalmology., Results: IHE, HL7 FHIR, DICOM, and clinical terminologies are considered the most important standards, providing distinct concepts, solutions, and guidelines for ophthalmology., Conclusion: Available standards provide the necessary base for teleophthalmology on technical and semantic interoperability, but practical use is limited due to missing process interoperability resulting in proprietary interfaces of vendors and rejection by ophthalmologists. Further investigations should analyze processual needs on ophthalmology data exchange standards.

In recent decades, the Arctic has been warming and sea ice disappearing. By contrast, the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has been (mainly) cooling and sea-ice extent growing. We argue here that interhemispheric asymmetries in the mean ocean circulation, with sinking in the northern North Atlantic and upwelling around Antarctica, strongly influence the sea-surface temperature (SST) response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, accelerating warming in the Arctic while delaying it in the Antarctic. Furthermore, while the amplitude of GHG forcing has been similar at the poles, significant ozone depletion only occurs over Antarctica. We suggest that the initial response of SST around Antarctica to ozone depletion is one of cooling and only later adds to the GHG-induced warming trend as upwelling of sub-surface warm water associated with stronger surface westerlies impacts surface properties. We organize our discussion around 'climate response functions' (CRFs), i.e. the response of the climate to 'step' changes in anthropogenic forcing in which GHG and/or ozone-hole forcing is abruptly turned on and the transient response of the climate revealed and studied. Convolutions of known or postulated GHG and ozone-hole forcing functions with their respective CRFs then yield the transient forced SST response (implied by linear response theory), providing a context for discussion of the differing warming/cooling trends in the Arctic and Antarctic. We speculate that the period through which we are now passing may be one in which the delayed warming of SST associated with GHG forcing around Antarctica is largely cancelled by the cooling effects associated with the ozone hole. By mid-century, however, ozone-hole effects may instead be adding to GHG warming around Antarctica but with diminished amplitude as the ozone hole heals. The Arctic, meanwhile, responding to GHG forcing but in a manner amplified by ocean heat transport, may continue to warm at an accelerating rate.

Background: Endoluminal endoscopy could be significantly enhanced by adequate approaches to wound closure. Current solutions are basically confined to clip applications., Objective: A new approach to sewing in flexible endoscopy is achieved with an endoluminal rivet system. This system allows the application of several ligatures without withdrawing the rivet application device to reload. For this purpose, a pilot experimental study of the device was conducted, which obtained a tissue approximation and avoided the difficult process of knot tying., Design: Pilot experimental study., Setting: The rivet application was tested through a 1.8-mm working channel of the endoscope in laboratory and postmortem animal tissues. It consists of a flexible anchor at the front and a lockable bracket at the rear. Both edges of a defect of the GI wall can be aligned and compressed, thus leading to wound closure., Interventions: Test samples were evaluated in postmortem gastric tissue by using flexible gastroscopes. The feasibility of applying a series of rivets with 1 instrument to close transmural lacerations of the stomach was demonstrated. Further tests were performed to determine the forces to penetrate the gastric wall., Main Outcome Measurements: Tissue closure, rivet degradation., Results: The penetration force can be brought down to less than 0.57 N by using a magnesium tip. The sharp tip of the rivet, which could potentially lacerate healthy tissue after implantation, is degraded in the stomach within the first few hours because of rapid corrosion., Limitations: Lack of in vivo feasibility data., Conclusions: Endoluminal wound closure through common gastroscopes and colonoscopes is possible. Further in vivo data are required for the rivet system.

The comparison of 300 infant and adolescent psychiatric patients with 300 healthy persons of the same age group has shown a number of significant differences. The patients frequently come from incomplete families or divorced marriages; they are also exposed to unsuitable educational styles. There are more first-born children and more accentuated personalities in this group. Further differences worthwhile interpreting are traceable between psychoneurotic and psychosomatic patients.