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Aberrant biliary hyperproliferation resulting from lack of differentiating signals favoring the maintenance of an immature and proliferative phenotype by biliary epithelial cells are ultimately responsible for ducto/cystogenesis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) formation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is pivotal for CCA-related tumorigenesis. In particular, targeted inhibition of JNK signaling has shown therapeutic potential. However, the cell-type specific role and mechanisms triggered by JNK in liver parenchymal cells during CCA remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the relevance of JNK function in hepatocytes in experimental carcinogenesis. JNK signaling in hepatocytes was inhibited by crossing AlbCre-JNK1LoxP/LoxP mice with JNK2-deficient mice to generate Jnk1LoxP/LoxP/Jnk2−/− (JNKΔhepa) mice. JNKΔhepa mice were further interbred with hepatocyte-specific Nemo-knockout mice (NEMOΔhepa), a model of chronic liver inflammation and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis, to generate NEMO/JNKΔhepa mice. The impact of JNK deletion on liver damage, cell death, compensatory proliferation, fibrogenesis, and tumor development in NEMOΔhepa mice was determined. Moreover, regulation of essential genes was assessed by RT-PCR, immunoblottings and immunostains. Additionally, JNK2 inhibition, specifically in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice, was performed using siRNA (siJnk2) nanodelivery. Finally, active signaling pathways were blocked using specific inhibitors. Compound deletion of JNK1 and JNK2 in hepatocytes diminished hepatocarcinogenesis in both the DEN model of hepatocarcinogenesis and in NEMOΔhepa mice, but, in contrast, caused massive proliferation of the biliary ducts. Indeed, JNK deficiency in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa (NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa) animals caused elevated fibrosis, increased apoptosis, increased compensatory proliferation, and elevated inflammatory cytokines expression, but reduced hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore

Targeted inhibition of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) has shown therapeutic potential in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)‐related tumorigenesis. However, the cell‐type‐specific role and mechanisms triggered by JNK in liver parenchymal cells during CCA remain largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the relevance of JNK1 and JNK2 function in hepatocytes in two different models of experimental carcinogenesis, the dethylnitrosamine (DEN) model and in nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator (NEMO)hepatocyte‐specific knockout (Δhepa) mice, focusing on liver damage, cell death, compensatory proliferation, fibrogenesis, and tumor development. Moreover, regulation of essential genes was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblottings, and immunostainings. Additionally, specific Jnk2 inhibition in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice was performed using small interfering (si) RNA (siJnk2 ) nanodelivery. Finally, active signaling pathways were blocked using specific inhibitors. Compound deletion of Jnk1 and Jnk2 in hepatocytes diminished hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in both the DEN model and in NEMOΔhepa mice but in contrast caused massive proliferation of the biliary ducts. Indeed, Jnk1/2 deficiency in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa (NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa) animals caused elevated fibrosis, increased apoptosis, increased compensatory proliferation, and elevated inflammatory cytokines expression but reduced HCC. Furthermore, siJnk2 treatment in NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice recapitulated the phenotype of NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Next, we sought to investigate the impact of molecular pathways in response to compound JNK deficiency in NEMOΔhepa mice. We found that NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa livers exhibited overexpression of the interleukin‐6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in addition to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)‐extracellu

Chronic liver injury triggers complications such as liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are associated with alterations in distinct signaling pathways. Of particular interest is the interaction between mechanisms controlled by IKKγ/NEMO, the regulatory IKK subunit, and Jnk activation for directing cell death and survival. In the present study, we aimed to define the relevance of Jnk in hepatocyte-specific NEMO knockout mice (NEMOΔhepa), a genetic model of chronic inflammatory liver injury. We generated global Jnk1-/-/NEMOΔhepa and Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa mice by crossing NEMOΔhepa mice with Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- animals, respectively, and examined the progression of chronic liver disease. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Jnk during acute liver injury, evaluated the role of Jnk1 in bone marrow-derived cells, and analyzed the expression of NEMO and pJnk in human diseased-livers. Deletion of Jnk1 significantly aggravated the progression of liver disease, exacerbating apoptosis, compensatory proliferation and carcinogenesis in NEMOΔhepa mice. Jnk2-/-/NEMOΔhepa showed increased RIP-1 and RIP-3 expression and hepatic inflammation. Jnk1 in hematopoietic cells rather than hepatocytes had an impact on the progression of chronic liver disease in NEMOΔhepa livers. These findings are of clinical relevance since NEMO expression was down-regulated in hepatocytes of patients with HCC whereas NEMO and pJnk were expressed in a large amount of infiltrating cells. While Jnk1 is protective in NEMOΔhepa-depleted hepatocytes, Jnk1 in hematopoietic cells rather than hepatocytes is a crucial driver of hepatic injury. These results elucidate the complex function of Jnk in chronic inflammatory liver disease.

Hepatic fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury, which may result in cirrhosis and liver failure. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) gene has been shown to be involved in liver fibrosis. Here, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism and identify the cell-type involved in mediating the JNK1-dependent effect on liver fibrogenesis Wild-type (WT), JNK1−/− and JNK1Δhepa (hepatocyte-specific deletion of JNK1) mice were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL). Additionally, we performed bone marrow transplantations (BMT), isolated primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and studied their activation in vitro. Serum markers of liver damage (liver transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin) and liver histology revealed reduced injury in JNK1−/− compared to WT and JNK1Δhepa mice. Hepatocyte cell death and proliferation was reduced in JNK1−/− compared to WT and JNK1Δhepa. Parameters of liver fibrosis such as Sirius Red staining as well as Collagen IA1 and αSMA expression were down-regulated in JNK1−/− compared to WT and JNK1Δhepa livers, 4 weeks after BDL. To delineate the essential cell-type, we performed BMT of WT and JNK1-/- into JNK1-/- and WT mice, respectively. BMT experiments excluded bone marrow derived cells from having a major impact on the JNK1-dependent effect on fibrogenesis. Hence, we investigated primary HSCs from JNK1−/− livers showing reduced transdifferentiation compared with WT and JNK1Δhepa-derived HSCs. We conclude that JNK1 in HSCs plays a crucial role in hepatic fibrogenesis and thus represents a promising target for cell-directed treatment options for liver fibrosis.

Die Entzündung ist eine grundlegende und lebensnotwendige Reaktion unseres Immunsystems. Leukozyten wandern aus der Blutbahn an die Orte des entzündlichen Geschehens. Für diesen Prozess der Extravasation sind Adhäsionsmoleküle notwendig, die den gesamten Vorgang vom ersten Kontakt mit dem Endothel bis zur Transmigration durch die Basalmembran vermitteln. Eines dieser Moleküle ist das Junctional adhesion molecule-B (JAM-B), ein Immunglobulin-ähnliches Adhäsionsmolekül. JAM-B ist an der Transmigration von Leukozyten beteiligt, es bindet an T-Lymphozyten und speziell das Integrin VLA-4 (alpha4beta1) unter Beteiligung des verwandten JAM-C. JAM-B befindet sich bevorzugt im Bereich der lateralen Zellmembran von Endothelzellen, kann aber nach Stimulation mit TNFalpha auch auf der apikalen Membranseite gefunden werden. Diese Arbeit behandelt die Fragestellung, ob JAM-B auch in der frühen Phase der Extravasation mit T-Lymphozyten in Kontakt treten kann. Zuerst wurde untersucht, ob JAM-B unter dynamischen Bedingungen mit T-Lymphozyten in Kontakt treten kann. Die T-Lymphozyten wurden aus Leukozytenkonzentraten extrahiert. Sie wurden über eine mit JAM-B Protein beschichtete Glasoberfläche perfundiert und die Anzahl der rollenden Zellen, deren Geschwindigkeit und die Zahl der adhärenten Zellen bestimmt. Als Negativkontrolle diente ein mit unspezifischem Protein (BSA) beschichtete Oberfläche. Um die Rolle des möglichen Bindungspartners VLA-4 zu charakterisieren, wurden die T-Lymphozyten mit monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen VLA-4 oder der beta1 Untereinheit dieses Integrins oder JAM-C inkubiert. Von allen Antikörpern wurden zudem entsprechende Isotypkontrollen durchgeführt. In diesen Versuchen konnten bereits publizierte Beobachtungen reproduziert werden: So adhärierten die T-Lymphozyten bevorzugt auf JAM-B im Vergleich zur Kontrolle mit unspezifischem BSA. Antikörper gegen VLA-4 und beta1 Integrin vermochten die Zahl adhärenter Zellen signifikant zu senken. Es zeigte sich außerdem, Inflammation is a basic and vitally essential reaction of our immune system. Leukocytes move out of the bloodstream to the location of the inflammatory event. Adhesion molecules are required for the process of extravasation and assist the entire process, from initial contact with the endothelium, through the transmigration across the basal membrane. One of these molecules is the junctional adhesion molecule-B (JAM-B), an immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecule. JAM-B is involved in the transmigration of leukocytes, it binds with T-lymphocytes and particularly with the integrin VLA-4 (alpha4beta1) in cooperation with the related JAM-C molecule. JAM-B is generally found near the lateral cell membrane of endothelial cells, but can be found on the apical membrane side after stimulation with TNFalpha. This paper deals with the issue of whether JAM-B can come into contact with T-lymphocytes in earlier phases of extravasation. Initial experiments tested whether JAM-B came into contact with T-lymphocytes in dynamic conditions. The T-lymphocytes were extracted from leukocyte concentrations. They were perfused over a glass surface covered with JAM-B proteins and the amount of rolling cells, their speed and the number of adherent cells was predetermined. A surface covered with an unspecific protein (BSA) served as negative control. To characterize the role of VLA-4, the potential binding partner, T-lymphocytes were incubated against VLA-4, the ß1 subunit of the integrin or JAM-C with monoclonal antibodies. Corresponding isotype tests were carried out on all antibodies. In these tests, previously publicized observations were reproduced: where T-lymphocyctes preferentially adhered to JAM-B as compared to the control with the unspecific BSA. VLA-4 and ß1 integrin antibodies were capable of significantly reducing the number of adherent cells. It was also demonstrated that JAM-B propagated cells rolled and that on average their speed was lower. This initially suggests that JAM-B bind