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This study, it was aimed to determine the need for disease management in diabetes in Turkey and to reveal the recommendations for diabetes disease management policies as part of the identified needs. In this study, the research design was planned as a case study and, the snowball sampling method was used as part of the scope of qualitative research. A total of 21 individuals, 6 doctors, 3 diabetic nurses, 6 academics, and 6 adult diabetics were actualized using semi-structured forms with a thorough interview technique. The data collected were evaluated with descriptive analysis and content analysis methods. In the analysis of the data, the “Nvivo 12. Program” was used. The findings were discussed based on the relevant literature, and conclusions and recommendations were reached in line with the research purposes. The participants stated that the practices related to disease management in diabetes have improved compared to the past, but that the development process should continue. The participants stated that there is a need for a multidisciplinary systematic process structuring that will prioritize the patient and their needs and that will help patients to live their lives healthy and free from complications. In terms of the burden of disease, diabetes is a significant issue that affects both Turkey and the rest of the world. We propose that the health policy, health service delivery, health system structure, and multidisciplinary work related to the disease management approach in diabetes in Turkey should be determined and steps should be taken to improve it.

We introduce linear diblock copolymers (BCPs) consisting of readily accessable and photoswitchable α-bisimine units in the polymer backbone.

Heterozygous activating missense variants of PDGFRB are associated with the phenotype of Kosaki overgrowth syndrome (KOGS). Here, we present a family including a father and 2 siblings with a novel variant, c.2567A>T (p.Asn856Ile), localized in the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, exhibiting a KOGS phenotype. The coarsening of the facial features, enlargement of the hands/feet, and progressive scoliosis started to appear after an average age of 6. There were no signs of thin/fragile skin, premature aging appearance, myofibroma, white matter findings, and intellectual disability in any of them. Corneal pterygium and evidence of cerebral vasculopathy were only detected in the father. One sibling exhibited café-au-lait spots. Posterior fossa enlargement was revealed only in one sibling. KOGS is an extremely rare overgrowth syndrome. No familial cases of KOGS have been reported so far. Hereby, we demonstrated that the features of KOGS can show mild intrafamilial variability, and the risk of vascular complications may arise with age.

Aktif kefir biyokütleleri ile Remazol Turuncu RGB (RO) boyar maddesinin sulu çözeltilerden konvansiyonel ve sonikasyon destekli biyosorpsiyon yöntemleri ile giderimi incelenmiştir. Kefir biyokütlesi SEM, FTIR ve BET analizleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Biyosorpsiyon deneyleri kesikli olarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve pH, başlangıç boyar madde konsantrasyonu ve sıcaklığın boyar madde giderimi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. RO boyar maddesinin gideriminin iki biyosorpsiyon prosesinde de sıcaklığın artması, başlangıç pH değerinin ve başlangıç boyar madde konsantrasyonunun azalması ile arttığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan tüm proses koşullarında konvansiyonel biyosorpsiyon yöntemine kıyasla sonikasyon destekli biyosorpsiyon ile daha yüksek boyar madde giderim verimleri elde edilmiş ve biyosorpsiyonun dengeye ulaşma süreleri önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. pH 2 değerinde, 25°C sıcaklık ve 100 mg/L başlangıç boyar madde konsantrasyonunda, konvansiyonel ve sonikasyon destekli biyosorpsiyon işlemleri ile sırası ile % 74,62 ve % 95,18 boyar madde giderimi elde edilmiş ve biosorpsiyonların dengeye sırası ile 210 ve 45 dakikada ulaştığı gözlemlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen modelleme çalışmaları sonucunda konvansiyonel biyosorpsiyon prosesinin yalancı-birinci mertebe kinetik modeli ile, sonikasyon destekli biyosorpsiyon prosesinin yalancı-ikinci mertebe kinetik modeli ile, biyosorpsiyon dengesinin ise her iki proses için de Langmuir izoterm modeli ile ifade edilebileceği saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları kefir biyokütlelerinin boyar madde giderimi için iyi bir biosorbent, sonikasyonun canlı organizmalarla biyosorpsiyon proseslerinin iyileştirilmesi için etkili ve yararlı bir yöntem olduğunu göstermiştir.

We introduce a facile and quantitative postpolymerization functionalization methodology for 1,4-polybutadienes, allowing us to decorate their pendent alkene functionalities with bromine and alkoxyether motifs carrying an array of functional groups ranging from tetrazoles to pyrenes. Specifically, the approach makes use of a mild, metal-free, electrophilic cascade reaction employing N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), a cyclic ether (i.e., THF), and a functional carboxylic acid. Detailed NMR, SEC, and ATR-IR studies confirm the successful modification.

Background: Chest trauma is uncommon in pediatric patients, however, it may be a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The type and extent of the injury may lead to ventilation and perfusion problems, therefore, there may be a need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: “Independent lung ventilation” may be an appropriate option in selected cases in which the aim is to protect the healthy lung or ventilation cannot be obtained with known mechanical ventilation methods. Case: We presented a pediatric patient followed up in the intensive care unit because of a firearm injury, in whom left lung expansion could not be obtained despite repeated interventions, and independent lung ventilation resulted in success.

We introduce the synthesis of long-chain aliphatic metathesis polymers containing trimethyl-locked benzoquinone (TMBQ) as a redox-responsive functional unit. Specifically, we demonstrate that this moiety, placed in each repeating unit within the polymer, enables the on-demand degradation of the polymer into small molecules upon the addition of a reductant such as Na2S2O4. Notably, the cleaved TMBQ unit is recovered with high purity, hereby facilitating the synthesis of recyclable redox polymers. Importantly, we expand the scope of possible applications by postpolymerization modification of the olefinic backbone with bromine and pentafluorophenyl motifs, affording redox polymers with tailored functional properties.

Intrinsic self-healing hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties are still difficult to achieve. Here, we presented a facile method to integrate dynamic boronate ester bonds and Pluronic F127 (PF127) micelle cross-links into one hydrogel system via a borax catalyzed thiol–ene click reaction and borax–diol chemistry. The hydrogel was capable of elongating up to 340% and self-healing approximately 90% of its initial stress within 24 h. Moreover, the hydrogel could endure a compressive strain of 80% without fracture, and exhibited excellent shape recovery and fatigue resistance ability as determined by the cyclic compressive loading–unloading test at 60% strain, providing a new facile route to design multifunctional hydrogels with spontaneous self-healing ability, good stretchability and excellent compressive properties.

The objective of the current Perspective article is to highlight the present state of luminol based polymers, with a specific emphasis on how to include luminol derivatives into polymer chains using both electrochemical and chemical techniques with an underline on new synthetic methods. Importantly, the current limitations that limit the expansion of polymeric luminol derivatives will be discussed by drawing attention to the challenges of solubilising monomers, the harsh conditions leading to undesired side reactions during the polymerization process or the necessity of orthogonal post-modification reactions. Importantly, the article discusses the remaining challenges within the field, while suggesting strategies for the advancement of this versatile class of polymers.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type IC (ARCL1C) is characterized by cutis laxa accompanied by pulmonary, gastrointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal involvement caused by biallelic mutations in latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein 4 (LTBP4) gene. The overall prognosis is poor, and most patients die in infancy because of severe pulmonary emphysema (PE). AIM: We aimed to evaluate 3 ARCL1C patients, 2 of whom are still alive and in their childhood period, from 2 unrelated families with novel LTBP4 mutations, to demonstrate the clinical variability of pulmonary involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three children who were molecularly confirmed by LTBP4 sequencing analysis were comprehensively reviewed in terms of pulmonary manifestations through chest examination, lung function tests (LFTs), chest X-ray, and thorax computed tomography. RESULTS: Family 1 (c.3740A>G LTBP4 mutation): A 5-year-old male patient with pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) presented with persistent cough and exhibited mild restriction on LFT. Family 2 (c.2T>G LTBP4 mutation): Radiographic examinations revealed PE in a 7-year-old female patient who was operated for diaphragmatic hernia. She had recurrent bronchiolitis and pulmonary infections. LFT revealed both obstructive and restrictive pattern. Her cousin also had respiratory distress with the onset of the newborn period and died due to bilateral pneumothorax in early infancy. CONCLUSION: The variable severity of pulmonary findings was shown in these patients. It should also be kept in mind that there could be intrafamilial variability of systemic manifestations. Although obstructive lung disease is expected to be seen in ARLC1C patients, restrictive LFT patterns may also be detected as a result of comorbidities such as diaphragmatic hernia and PAS.

We introduce the synthesis of photosensitive tetrazole monomers via Passerini multicomponent reactions (MCRs). We exploit the MCR's tolerance toward various functional groups under mild, catalyst-free conditions in a one-pot reaction setup to generate tetrazole-containing monomers featuring a methacrylic moiety, which enables their subsequent reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. By employing tetrazoles with either a 4-methoxy phenyl or a pyrene substituent, further modifications of the polymers in a wavelength-orthogonal, self-reporting fashion upon irradiation with either UV or visible light become possible.

We introduce a novel sulfur-containing polyester derivative based on a renewable monomer bearing secondary disulfide groups. Specifically, we demonstrate that this secondary disulfide moiety, placed in each repeating unit within the polymer, enables the introduction of high sulfur content by virtue of an organocatalytically triggered sulfur exchange reaction using elemental sulfur, thereby facilitating the synthesis of sustainable aliphatic polyesters with tailored functional properties.

A carbon-dioxide-responsive organic–inorganic nanocomposite membrane based on a through-hole anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template was constructed. The composite was prepared via a surface-initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (SI-RAFT) polymerization strategy to achieve the grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes on the AAO membrane. The grafted polymer chain length could be controlled based on the feed ratio between the free chain transfer agent (CTA) and reactive monomer, e.g., methyl methacrylate and 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, resulting in a membrane that features adjustable water permeability. Importantly, the membrane pore size and surface wettability could be switched from hydrophobic to hydrophilic upon the introduction of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases. This allowed for the nanocomposite membrane to be utilized for controlled water flux and oil/water emulsion separation. The simple fabrication methodology as well as sustainable gaseous stimulus will be useful for the construction of future smart membranes.

The objective of this mini-review article is to highlight the importance of the chemical design towards the synthesis of polymeric profluorescent nitroxides applicable as self-reporting probes.

Purpose: This case report investigated the effectiveness of an individualized physical therapy program in CALFAN syndrome. Case Description: A 13-year-old girl participated in physical therapy, which included trunk stabilization, balance training, and functional exercises for 12 weeks. Assessments: The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale; Trunk Impairment Scale; Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; Functional Independence Measure for Children; Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire; 9-Hole Peg Test; and Cobb measurement were used as outcome measures. Results: Positive changes were observed in the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale; Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire; Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; Trunk Impairment Scale; Functional Independence Measure; and the 9-Hole Peg Test. The Cobb angle was increased by 2° in the thoracic region and reduced by 11° in the lumbar region. Conclusions: Physical therapy improved quality of life, functional independence, trunk control, and upper extremity performance. What This Adds to Evidence: This case report is the first to support the effectiveness of physical therapy for a child with CALFAN syndrome. © 2022 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Ataxia is a clinical syndrome characterized by coordination problems and postural disorders. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effects of functional trunk training on trunk control and upper limb functions in autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia. METHODS: Twenty patients were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. Both groups received trunk stabilization and balance exercises, and the treatment group received additional functional trunk training sessions (3 days/week for 8 weeks). The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, Trunk Impairment Scale, Modified Functional Reach Test, Nine-Hole Peg Test and Quick-Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand questionnaire were used for assessments. RESULTS: The treatment group showed an increase in the upper limb performance bilaterally, whereas increased performance was seen only in the dominant upper limb in the control group. While the functional reach improved in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions in the treatment group, it was improved only in the AP direction in the control group. Also, the mean changes in outcomes were not significantly different between the groups except for modified functional reach test. CONCLUSIONS: Functional trunk training may be a more effective method to improve upper limb performance and dynamic trunk balance in autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia.

Heterozygous activating missense variants of PDGFRB are associated with the phenotype of Kosaki overgrowth syndrome (KOGS). Here, we present a family including a father and 2 siblings with a novel variant, c.2567A>T (p.Asn856Ile), localized in the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, exhibiting a KOGS phenotype. The coarsening of the facial features, enlargement of the hands/feet, and progressive scoliosis started to appear after an average age of 6. There were no signs of thin/fragile skin, premature aging appearance, myofibroma, white matter findings, and intellectual disability in any of them. Corneal pterygium and evidence of cerebral vasculopathy were only detected in the father. One sibling exhibited café-au-lait spots. Posterior fossa enlargement was revealed only in one sibling. KOGS is an extremely rare overgrowth syndrome. No familial cases of KOGS have been reported so far. Hereby, we demonstrated that the features of KOGS can show mild intrafamilial variability, and the risk of vascular complications may arise with age.

The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) can lead to poor endurance and mobility, often associated with pain, restricted range of motion (ROM), low energy levels and fatigue, negatively affecting quality of life and activities of daily living. This study aimed to examine the impact of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) on aerobic capacity, functional independence and quality of life in children with MPS and to determine the anxiety and depression levels of their caregivers. Study Design established in Cross sectional study. Twelve children aged 3 to 11 years were included in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the use of ERT. Quality of life and functional independence were assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and timed up and go test (TUG) were used to evaluate aerobic capacity. Anxiety and depression levels of parents were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. A total of 12 MPS patients 7 boys (58.3%) and 5 girls (41.7%) with a mean age of 5.58±2.67 years were included in the study.1 patient had MPS type I, 2 patients had MPS type III, 5 patients had MPS type IV, and 4 patients had MPS type VI. Six patients were receiving ERT. The children had a mean 6MWT score of 330.83±114.29, a mean TUG score of 14.24±5.71 sec, a mean PedsQL score of 46.83±14.03 and a mean WeeFIM score of 70.83±26.85. Their caregivers had a mean BAI score of 19.25±10.95 and a mean BDI score of 19.41±6.81. A significant difference was found between the children receiving ERT and those not receiving in the WeeFIM scores (P0.05). ERT did not change aerobic capacity and quality of children with MPS but increased their level of functional independence. Multisystem involvement in MPS children may affect anxiety and depression levels of their caregivers but ERT does not seem to have any effect on this psychosocial aspect.

3D printing techniques are often based on light-induced chemical reactions, driven by the fascinating and powerful possibilities to control light in space and time. To date, these approaches are usually restricted to a single color of light, which does not do justice to light as an entire spectrum of distinct wavelengths. It is possible to further tap into the vast potential of light-induced 3D printing by introducing a second color of light. While the complexity of photochemical interactions in two-color systems is greatly increased, it concomitantly allows for enhanced control over manufacturing speed and resolution. In general, three types of two-color interactions can be distinguished, i.e., synergistic, orthogonal, and antagonistic. In recent years, intriguing printing techniques with superior potential for the fabrication of 3D structures are emerging that require two colors of light. Their future development potential is vast yet needs to be critically underpinned by an advance in complex tunable photochemical reaction systems. The current perspective will thus explore the potential for using synergistic, orthogonal, and antagonistic photochemistries in 3D printing.

Hatice Mutlu, Filip Du Prez and Remzi Becer present the Polymer Chemistry themed collection on synthetic methodologies for complex macromolecular structures in honour of Prof. Yusuf Yagci's 70th birthday.

Applying Robert Boltje's theory of canonical induction, we give a restriction-preserving formula expressing any p-permutation module as a Z [ 1 / p ] -linear combination of modules induced and inflated from projective modules associated with subquotient groups. The underlying constructions include, for any given finite group, a ring with a Z -basis indexed by conjugacy classes of triples ( U , K , E ) where U is a subgroup, K is a p ′ -residue-free normal subgroup of U, and E is an indecomposable projective module of the group algebra of U / K .

Staining compounds containing heavy elements (electron dyes) can facilitate the visualization of DNA and related biomolecules by using TEM. However, research into the synthesis and utilization of alternative electron dyes has been limited. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel DNA intercalator molecule, bis‐acridine uranyl (BAU). NMR spectroscopy and MS confirmed the validity of the synthetic strategy and gel electrophoresis verified the binding of BAU to DNA. For TEM imaging of DNA, two‐dimensional DNA origami nanostructures were used as a robust microscopy test object. By using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging, which is favored over conventional wide‐field TEM for improved contrast, and therefore, quantitative image analysis, it is found that the synthesized BAU intercalator can render DNA visible, even at the single‐molecule scale. For comparison, other staining compounds with a purported affinity towards DNA, such as dichloroplatinum, cisplatin, osmium tetroxide, and uranyl acetate, have been evaluated. The STEM contrast is discussed in terms of the DNA–dye association constants, number of dye molecules bound per base pair, and the electron‐scattering capacity of the metal‐containing ligands. These findings pave the way for the future development of electron dyes with specific DNA‐binding motifs for high‐resolution TEM imaging.

We introduce a chemically λ-orthogonal bichromophore triggered simply by different colours of light, enabling two different photochemical reactions in one molecule. Uniquely, the short wavelength (λ = 314 nm) does not trigger the red-shifted reaction system (λ = 416 nm), opening possibilities for the light controlled gating of specific molecular sites independent of wavelength.

We introduce a facile photoinduced self-reporting crosslinking methodology for the compaction of polymer chains in highly diluted solution. The chain compaction, which is readily monitored via the change in optical properties due to the release of the chromophore, is achieved via mild visible light irradiation (430–435 nm) of statistically distributed pyrene-substituted oxime ester derivatives. In-depth characterization via size exclusion chromatography (SEC), UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as NMR measurements including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), reveals an efficient system, which may serve as a blueprint for reading out the state of SCNPs in more complex scenarios.

The synergy of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and metathesis chemistry is applied for the synthesis of bio-based functional isosorbide polymers (i.e., polyesters) decorated with α-acyloxy amide motif. The chemical structure of the polyesters that are not accessible by any other conventional methodologies is characterized in-depth via nuclear magnetic resonance, size-exclusion chromatography, and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. It is also observed that the “biomass-derived” carbon % of the polymers varied between 66.2 and 76.9. Moreover, the thermal properties of the novel isosorbide-based polymers are investigated via thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, revealing that the polymers are in the amorphous state, identified by the glass transition temperature (T$_g$) values below the human body temperature. The mechanical properties and the biocompatibility of the functional novel polyester derivative with the highest “biomass-derived” carbon % are evaluated via dynamic mechanical analysis and cytotoxicity test. The exemplary polymer is biocompatible with chondrocyte cells in the conditions used in the tests. In summary, the complementary nature of isosorbide derivatives with MCRs and metathesis chemistry is utilized to illustrate the potential utility of isosorbide as a building block for polymers with prospective biomedical application (namely, as novel cartilage materials).