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© 2021 Taylor & Francis.Purpose: In the present study, antifungal activity of ozonated olive oil (OZO) and ozonated distilled water (ODW) in the treatment of experimentally induced keratitis with C. albicans in rabbits were investigated. Methods: The Groups were composed of as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (n = 5 rabbits, 10 eyes/in each group) and Group 6 (n = 10 rabbits, 20 eyes/in the group). Fourty-eight hours after C. albicans inoculation; Group 1 received fluconazle (FLU)+OZO drops, Group 2 received FLU drop, Group 3 received OZO drop, Group 4 received FLU+ODW drops, Group 5 received ODW drop, Group 6 (infected control group) and Group 7 received PBS drop (negative control group). Treatment continued in all groups for 22 days for every 8 hours. Results: Cornea cultures made 24 days post inoculation revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) with concern to C. albicans amounts between Group 6 and Group 1–5. Statistical comparison of corneal opacity and corneal ulcer and conjunctivitis values among the Group 6 and Group 1–5 were also different significantly (p < 0,05) on days 20 and 24 post inoculation. Conclusion: OZO and ODW were found to be effective in treating C. albicans keratitis in the present study. It has also been proven by this study that ODW contain 26 μg/ml was the most effective in the treatment of C. albicans keratitis.

In the present study, antifungal activity of ozonated olive oil (OZO) and ozonated distilled water (ODW) in the treatment of experimentally induced keratitis withThe Groups were composed of as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (n = 5 rabbits, 10 eyes/in each group) and Group 6 (n = 10 rabbits, 20 eyes/in the group). Fourty-eight hours afterCornea cultures made 24 days post inoculation revealed statistically significant differences (OZO and ODW were found to be effective in treating

PURPOSE: To investigate whether the serum total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and thiol parameters could play a role in the pathogenesis of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION). METHODS: In this study, 18 newly diagnosed NA-AION patients and 17 healthy subjects (control group) were included. Serum plasma TOS and TAS, AOPP, and thiol parameters were measured by spectrophotometric method and the results were compared. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients and the controls were 60.8 ± 8.4 and 61.9 ± 9.4 years, respectively (p = 0.729). There were no significant differences between the patients and the control group with regard to the values of TAS, TOS, AOPP, and thiol (p = 0.869, p = 0.863, p = 0.040, p = 0.314; respectively). There was a positive correlation between TOS and thiol (p = 0.002, r = 0.681). CONCLUSION: We found no significant relationship between systemic oxidative parameters and NA-AION. However, this study should be accepted as a pilot investigation and needs to be validated.

OZET Results: The mean FT was found to be lower in the study group (t=21.35 and t=18.78, P

To evaluate the clinical findings and multifocal electroretinography results of cases with solar maculopathy due to eclipse watching. Eight eyes of six patients (ages ranged 12–42) who presented to our clinic after the solar eclipse of 29 March 2006 were evaluated in the study. All patients underwent a full ophthalmologic examination and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Visual acuities at the initial examination were between 20/32 and 20/20; and at final examination between 20/25 and 20/20 respectively. Fundoscopic examination disclosed macular pigmentary changes in almost all patients. Fundus Fluorescein Angiography revealed a window defect in six eyes. The initial findings of the mfERG at the first visit showed a decrease in the P1 and N1 amplitudes of the central responses. The following mfERG recordings showed a recovery in central P1 and N1 amplitudes. Decrease in P1 and N1 amplitudes of central macular region can be detected by mfERG in patients with solar maculopathy. Follow-up mfERG test results may recover with the increase of visual acuity.

Background To investigate the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) and VEGFR-2 in pterygium and to clarify the prognostic significance of these expressions in pterygia. Methods A total of 40 surgically excised pterygia and 9 normal conjunctivae were immunohistochemically studied applying the streptavidin–biotin method in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Monoclonal antibodies were targeted against VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 proteins. At the sixth postoperative month, the recurrence rate was graded on a scale of 1–4. Results The mean percentage of VEGF-positive epithelial cells was comparable in pterygium and normal conjunctivae. However, the pterygium group presented higher expression levels of VEGF in pterygia endothelial cells (p=0.05). In terms of VEGFR-1 expression in epithelial cells, no statistically significant difference was found between two groups (p=0.658). However, normal conjunctivae exhibited higher expression levels of VEGFR-1 in endothelial cells (p=0.002). Epithelial cells in pterygium presented higher combined scores of VEGFR-2 (87.5% and 22.2%, respectively) (p=0.013). While higher expression levels of VEGFR-2 were documented in pterygia endothelial cells, no VEGFR-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelial cells of normal conjunctivae (p

Purpose. To describe the clinical findings of a patient who initially underwent surgery for a pterygium and who was finally diagnosed with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. and to determine the necessity and importance of pathologic investigation in all cases of a presumed pterygium. Methods. A case report. Results. A 63-year-old man was referred for severe pain, redness. and purulent secretion in his right eye. A year earlier. he had under-one excision of a pterygium in his right eye by a bare sclera technique without any adjunctive antimetabolite in a private eye clinic. Furthermore, 6 months after this operation, he had undergone autologous conjunctival graft surgery because of dehiscence of the Surgical site. His visual acuity was Only light perception in the right eye. Slitlamp biomicroscopy showed severe nasal corneoscleral melting, purulent secretion, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema. hypopyon, intracamaral hemorrhage. and lid swelling. Ultrasonography showed a right hypoechoic mass invading the nasal part of the globe and a totally detached retina. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed a large (2 cm in diameter), irregular, lobulated mass invading the globe in the medial part of the right orbit. Results of a biopsy were consistent with squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the extensive intraocular involvement at the time of the diagnosis, subtotal orbital exenteration was performed. Conclusions. All pterygia Should be evaluated meticulously with regard to possible underlying causes, Such as carcinoma in situ or squamous Cell carcinoma, and all excised lesions should also be evaluated pathologically to prevent Such serious adverse Outcomes that are mentioned in this case report.

Özet Amaç. Katarakt cerrahisi sırasında ve travmaya bağlı vitreusa disloke olan göz içi lens (GİL) ve nükleuslarda pars plana vitrektomi sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir. Yöntem. Ocak 2009-Ocak 2010 tarihleri arasında katarakt cerrahisi esnasında ve travmaya bağlı olarak vitreusa disloke olan GİL ve nükleuslara pars plana vitrektomi uygulanan olguların dosya bilgileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular. Dokuz olgu katarakt cerrahisi sırasında, 3 olgu travmaya bağlı olarak nükleus dislokasyonu, 5 olgu katarakt cerrahisi esnasında GİL dislokasyonu, 1 olgu ise katarakt cerrahisi sırasında hem nükleus hem de GİL dislokasyonu olmak üzere 18 hasta çalışma kapsamında değerlendirildi. Hastaların ameliyat öncesinde görme keskinliği ortanca değeri 0.0025 (0,0025-0,002) seviyesindeyken, ameliyat sonrasında görme keskinliği ortanca değeri 0,1 (0,0025-0,8) olarak bulundu. 17 olgunun (%94,4) ameliyat sonrası görme keskinliğinde, ameliyat öncesi değere göre artış olduğu görüldü. PPV ile aynı seansta 11 olguda sulkusa, 3 olguda ön kamaraya, 4 olguda ise skleraya fikse edilen GİL implantayonu yapıldı. GİL dislokasyonu olan bir olguda ise korneal kesafet nedeni ile görme değişmemiştir. Bir olguda ise ameliyat sonrası 1,5 ay sonra retina dekolmanı görülmüş ve skleral çökertme ameliyatı yapılmıştır. Sonuç. Katarakt cerrahisi ve travmaya bağlı olarak vitreusa disloke olan nükleuslar ve GİL’lerde kötü görsel prognoz, pars plana vitrektomi ve sekonder GİL implantasyonu ile etkili olarak engellenebilmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Göz içi lens dislokasyonu, katarakt, nükleus dislokasyonu, pars plana vitrektomi Abstract Aim. Evaluating results of pars plana vitrectomy surgeries for dislocated intraocular lenses and nucleuses during cataract surgeries and related to trauma. Method. Records of cases who underwent pars plana vitrectomy surgeries for vitreus dislocation of intraocular lenses and nucleuses during cataract surgeries and related to trauma between January 2009-January 2010 evaluated retrospectively. Results. 9 cases of nuclues dislocation during cataract surgery and 3 cases of nucleus dislocation after trauma and 5 cases of intraocular lens disloaction during cataract surgery and 1 case of both nucleus and intraocular lens dislocation during cataract surgery totally 18 cases included in the study. Preoperative median of visual acuity values of patients was 0.0025 (0.0025-0.002), postoperative median of visual acuity values was 0.1 (0.0025-0.8). Increased postoperative visual acuity values in comparison to preoperative values were found in 17 cases (94.4 %). In addition to PPV in same surgery intraocular lens implantation in sulcus for 11 cases, in anterior chamber for 3 cases and scleral fixation for 4 cases were performed. Visual acuity didn’t improve for 1 case with intraouclar lens dislocation as a result of corneal opacity. 1 case had retinal detachment 1.5 month after the initial surgery and underwent scleral buckling surgery. Conlusion. For cases with dislocated nucleus and intraocular lenses related to cataract surgery or trauma, bad prognosis can be prevented effectively by performing pars plana vitrectomy and secondary implantation of intraocular lenses. Keywords: Cataract, intraocular lens dislocation, nucleus dislocation, pars plana vitrectomy, Amaç. Katarakt cerrahisi sırasında ve travmaya bağlı vitreusa disloke olan göz içi lens (GİL) ve nükleuslarda pars plana vitrektomi sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir. Yöntem. Ocak 2009-Ocak 2010 tarihleri arasında katarakt cerrahisi esnasında ve travmaya bağlı olarak vitreusa disloke olan GİL ve nükleuslara pars plana vitrektomi uygulanan olguların dosya bilgileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular. Dokuz olgu katarakt cerrahisi sırasında, 3 olgu travmaya bağlı olarak nükleus dislokasyonu, 5 olgu katarakt cerrahisi esnasında GİL dislokasyonu, 1 olgu ise katarakt cerrahisi sırasında hem nükleus hem de GİL dislokasyonu olmak üzere 18 hasta çalışma kapsamında değerlendirildi. Hastaların ameliyat öncesinde görme keskinliği ortanca değeri 0.0025 (0,0025-0,002) seviyesindeyken, ameliyat sonrasında görme keskinliği ortanca değeri 0,1 (0,00250,8) olarak bulundu. 17 olgunun (%94,4) ameliyat sonrası görme keskinliğinde, ameliyat öncesi değere göre artış olduğu görüldü. PPV ile aynı seansta 11 olguda sulkusa, 3 olguda ön kamaraya, 4 olguda ise skleraya fikse edilen GİL implantayonu yapıldı. GİL dislokasyonu olan bir olguda ise korneal kesafet nedeni ile görme değişmemiştir. Bir olguda ise ameliyat sonrası 1,5 ay sonra retina dekolmanı görülmüş ve skleral çökertme ameliyatı yapılmıştır. Sonuç. Katarakt cerrahisi ve travmaya bağlı olarak vitreusa disloke olan nükleuslar ve GİL’lerde kötü görsel prognoz, pars plana vitrektomi ve sekonder GİL implantasyonu ile etkili olarak engellenebilmektedir.

Aims The aim of this study was to show the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods 20 patients diagnosed with NAION were included in the study. 20 age and sex matched subjects with similar risk factors for NAION, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT), constituted the control group. All cases underwent polysomnography for investigation of the presence of OSA. Cases with an Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index >5 were accepted as having OSA. Results Mean ages of the patients and controls were 60.90±8.14 and 61.15±7.23 years, respectively. There were no significant differences between the patient and control groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index, smoking/alcohol consumption or systemic diseases. In the patient group, 85% were diagnosed with OSA compared with 65% in the control group (p>0.05). Conclusions We found a high prevalence of OSA in patients with NAION but it was also high in the control group (p>0.05). This may be due to the fact that the two groups were matched for the same risk factors for NAION. The study indicates that OSA is not a risk factor for NAION in itself but is the contributing factor as it has effects on the vascular endothelium in DM, HT and atherosclerosis.

Background The authors aimed at investigating ophthalmological changes at high altitude and correlating this with blood oxidation/antioxidation parameters. Methods There were 40 volunteers who participated in the study. Initial ophthalmological examinations were performed at 3543 ft (1080 m) and repeated on the following day after the participants climbed to an altitude of 9186 ft (2800 m) on Mt. Erciyes, Turkey. Venous blood samples were taken at both altitudes to evaluate total oxidative system (TOS) and antioxidative system (TAS) levels. Results IOP-right eyes at 3543 ft (1080 m) was 13.23 +/- 0.43 mmHg and significantly increased to 14.45 +/- 0.56 mmHg at 9186 ft (2800 m). LOP-left eyes at 3543 ft (1080 m) was 13.50 +/- 0.44 mmHg and increased to 14.13 +/- 0.54 mmHg at 9186 ft (2800 m) (P = n.s.). Central corneal thickness (CCT) of the right eyes was 540.98 +/- 4.34 microm at 3543 ft (1080 m) and significantly increased to 549.73 +/- 4.59 microm at 9186 ft (2800 m). CCT of the left eyes was 542.13 +/- 29.01 microm at 3543 ft (1080 m) and significantly increased to 547.23 +/- 4.59 microm at 9186 ft (2800 m). Spherical equivalent refraction of right or left eyes did not show any significant changes. TOS at 3543 ft (1080 m) was 5.33 +/- 0.76 micromol H2O2 equiv/L and significantly increased to 7.55 +/- 0.82 micromol H2O2 equiv/L at 9186 ft (2800 m). TAS at 3543 ft (1080 m) was 2.45 +/- 0.12 micromol H2O2 equiv/L and decreased to 2.22 +/- 0.08 micromol H2O2 equiv/L (P = n.s.) at 9186 ft (2800 m). There was a positive correlation between TAS and LOP at 9186 ft (2800 m). Conclusion Increased CCT can be related to stromal edema caused by hypoxia's effect on corneal endothelial function. Although TOS increased at high altitude, TAS did not show any parallel increase. Since this was nonacclimatized climbing, the antioxidant system could not have reached sufficient levels to counterbalance the observed oxidant stress.

Orbital apex syndrome is a rare manifestation of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. Herein we report on a case of orbital apex syndrome secondary to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. A 75 year-old male complained of vision loss, conjunctival hyperemia and proptosis on the left eye, was referred to our clinic. Visual acuity was 5/10 Snellen lines and he had conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, minimal nuclear cataract and proptosis on the left eye. A diagnosis of orbital pseudotumor was demonstrated firstly. The patient received oral and topical corticosteroids, antiinflammatory and antibiotic agents. On day 2, vesiculopustular lesions were observed, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus was diagnosed and corticosteroid treatment stopped, oral acyclovir treatment initiated. Two days later, total ophthalmoplegia, ptosis and significant visual loss were observed on the left. The diagnosis of orbital apex syndrome was considered and the patient commenced on an intravenous acyclovir treatment. After the improvement of acute symptoms, a tapering dose of oral cortisone treatment initiated to accelarate the recovery of ophthalmoplegia. At 5-month follow-up, ptosis and ocular motility showed improvement. VA did not significantly improve because of cataract and choroidal detachment on the left. We conclude that ophthalmoplegia secondary to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus responds favourably to intravenous acyclovir and steroids.

We report a case of posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy after cataract extraction. A 74-year-old man underwent uneventful phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in left eye under peribulber anaesthesia. On the first postoperative day, the patient complained of vision loss in the in the left eye with a visual acuity of 1-m finger counting. After complete ocular, fluorescein angiographic, electrophysiological, systemic and laboratory evaluation, the diagnosis of posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy was made. This case highlights that posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy is a rare clinical entity and should be diagnosed only after exclusion of all other causes in differential diagnosis of postoperative visual loss.

We aimed at assessing the visual functions in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture and to compare the results with age-matched controls in this three-year prospective study.Seventy-one patients with a history of fall related hip fracture (39 females, 32 males; mean age 76.3+/-9.7 years; range 64 to 90 years) and who were diagnosed with femoral neck fracture after direct graphy were treated by means of bipolar partial prosthesis and they were contacted postoperatively or prior to discharge to participate in the study. Visual acuity, depth perception, the presence of cataract in the red reflex were evaluated. A dilated fundus and slit-lamp examination were performed if possible. On completion of the examination, the ophthalmologist documented the causes of any visual impairment found. Control group was comprised of age-matched 40 subjects (22 females, 18 males; mean age 73.2+/-7.6 years; range 62 to 90 years) who applied to ophtalmology clinic for routine examination.The visual acuity was significantly decreased in the patient group as was stereopsis (p0.05). We found no difference between the study group and the controls when we evaluate the distribution of self reported eye disease and eye disease found on ocular examination. The rate of cases who reported not usually wearing glasses was 35% while it was 5% in the control group. When we evaluate the time since last examination, 38% of cases had not had an eye examination for over four years, as compared with 22.5% of controls.This study shows that elderly people should have their eyes tested at least once every two years, refractive errors should be corrected and eye diseases should be treated to decrease the risk of fall-related femoral neck fractures.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore changes in ocular surface and tear function parameters in chronic hepatitis C at different stages of hepatic fibrosis. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C and 54 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects without systemic hepatitis C infection were examined with the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, Schirmer with and without anesthesia, tear film breakup time, and scoring of ocular surface Lissamine green staining using modified Oxford and van Bijsterveld scoring systems and corneal fluorescein staining. RESULTS: Patients with chronic hepatitis C scored significantly worse than the control subjects on all parameters: modified Oxford scores of Lissamine green staining (5.5/3.0; P

PURPOSE Pattern electroretinography (PERG) is a specific test for the analysis of functions of the central retina. In this study, we investigated the PERG recordings in subjects with myopia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study was performed on 1 eye of 80 subjects with varying degrees of myopia. Four groups were formed according to the refraction values: group 1: between 0.00 and -0.75 diopter (D); group 2: between -1.00 and -3.00 D; group 3: between -3.25 and -6.00 D; and group 4: between -6.25 and -10.00 D. Amplitudes and latencies of transient PERG P50 and N95 waves were recorded in all subjects. RESULTS P50 and N95 wave amplitudes were lower in higher myopes (groups 3 and 4) when compared with lower myopes (groups 1 and 2; P

Purpose To evaluate the changes in pattern electroretinography (PERG) 1 month after photodynamic therapy alone and photodynamic therapy in combination with intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods This is a prospective series of 45 eyes with subfoveal CNV secondary to AMD. Twenty eyes were treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin and 1.25 mg of intravitreal bevacizumab, and 25 patients were treated with PDT alone. Visual acuities and serial PERG recordings were performed both before and 1 month after therapy. Results Following the 1-month therapy period, visual acuity improved in 56% of patients in the PDT group and 76% of patients in the combination group. No significant ocular or systemic adverse effects were observed in either group. According to the PERG results, the mean P50 amplitude was 1.5 +/- A 0.9 mu V before PDT and improved to 2.1 +/- A 1.1 mu V at 1 month after PDT. The mean P50 amplitudes in the combination therapy group before and after therapy were 1.6 +/- A 0.8 mu V and 2.7 +/- A 1.2 mu V, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant between the groups. Conclusions In this small series of eyes with limited follow-up, the combined treatment of PDT with verteporfin and intravitreal bevacizumab seems to be associated with improvement in VA and pattern electroretinographic results when compared to those in the PDT group.

The purpose of this study is to describe clinical and electrophysiological findings of three patients with unilateral extensive peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers. Three patients with unilateral extensive peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers were examined. A complete ophthalmologic examination including uncorrected and best spectacle corrected visual acuities (UCVA, BSCVA) on Snellen charts, dilated fundoscopy, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), perimetry and electrophysiological tests was performed. ERG results of both eyes were normal in all cases. FFA showed hypofluorescence at the myelinated nerve fibers (MNF) area in the affected eyes. We found a visual field defect resembling arcuat scotom at perimetry of the affected eyes. In OCT, there was hyper-reflectivity in reply to MNF. In all cases, pattern ERG results of the affected eyes showed decreased amplitudes and increased latencies of P50 and N95 waves. P100 amplitudes of PVER and FVER were decreased, and latencies were increased in all affected eyes. Extensive peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers may cause changes in PERG and VER.

Amaç: İş nedeniyle uzun süre bilgisayar kullanımının gün içindeki kuru göz parametreleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemek Yöntem: İş nedeniyle bütün gün bilgisayar kullanan, altısı bilgi işlem memuru, on dördü sekreter 20 kişi (5 erkek, 15 bayan) çalışmaya alındı. Tüm bireyler sabah işe başlamadan ve mesai bitiminde olmak üzere iki kez muayene edildi. “Oküler Yüzey Hastalığı Skoru” (OSDİ) uygulaması yapılan tüm bireylerin daha sonra klinik ve demografik özelliklerin sorgulandığı bir anketi doldurmaları istendi. Her iki muayene sırasında göz semptomlarının derecelendirilmesi bireyler tarafından yapıldıktan sonra; anestezili ve anestezisiz Schirmer testi, gözyaşı kırılma zamanının tespiti ve flöresein ile korneal boyanma derecelendirilmesi yapıldı. Sonuçlar: Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin yaş ortalaması 23.7 ± 2.5 yıl idi. Ortalama OSDİ skoru 46.7 ± 14.9 olarak hesaplandı. Mesai bitimindeki gözyaşı kırılma zamanı sabah yapılan ölçümlerle mukayese edildiğinde, daha düşük; flöresein ile korneal boyanma skoru daha yüksek bulundu (p

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the role of protein peroxidation by detecting the serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), a novel marker for the degree of oxidative damage to proteins, and total thiol as a marker of antioxidant status in diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to compare the results with those of control subjects. Methods The study groups consisted of two separate subgroups: 1) 37 patients (14 male, 23 female) with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) showing diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 2) 20 patients with NIDDM and without any signs of DR (9 male, 11 female); 26 healthy non-diabetic control subjects (15 male, 11 female) were selected from the patients attending our department for refractive disorders. Venous blood samples of all participants were collected in the morning after an overnight fast, and serum samples stored at −70°C until assay for AOPP, and total thiol. Results AOPP levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with (210.9±73.0 μmol/L) or without DR (222.7±94.4 μmol/L) when compared to those of controls (152.4±72.04 μmol/L) (p=0.004). Even though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.095), total thiol levels in cases with DR (278.7±139.1 μmol/L) were lower than those without DR (334.0±129.4 μmol/L) and controls (353.2±145.6 μmol/L). Correlation tests did not reveal any association between these parameters and age, sex, or duration of DM. Conclusions The present study suggests that increased protein oxidation may contribute to the pathogenesis of DR.

Background Sleep-related disorders are among the important risk factors for neurovascular diseases. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia. Our aim was to investigate the presence of glaucoma in patients with OSAS and to reveal vascular pathology related to the pathogenesis of glaucoma in those patients. Patients and methods The study included 31 patients with OSAS and 25 control subjects. Orbital Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine the resistivity index (RI) in the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery. All patients and controls underwent perimetric examination. Results The prevalence of glaucoma in the group of patients with OSAS was 12.9% (4/31); all of these 4 patients with glaucoma were in the “severe” OSAS group. No statistically significant difference was found between ophthalmic artery resistivity index (OARI), central retinal artery resistivity index (CRARI), and intraocular pressure (IOP) between patients and controls (p > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between OARI and mean defect (MD), CRARI and MD, and CRARI and loss variance (LV) values (p