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Objective: To assess the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on paediatric bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion rates in New Brunswick, Canada. Methods: All paediatric bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion cases from 1 July 2015 through 30 June 2021 were provided by New Brunswick Medicare. The numbers of otolaryngologists, cataract surgical procedures, total hip arthroplasties and thyroidectomies were collected to assess the availability of operating theatres and otolaryngologists. Negative binomial logarithmic regressions were used for analyses. Results: Of the 5175 paediatric bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion cases that were included, the bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion rate significantly decreased by 2.9 times (p < 0.001) during the pandemic. Thyroidectomies, cataract surgical procedures and total hip arthroplasties did not significantly decrease. The number of otolaryngologists increased (20 vs 16–17). Conclusion: Paediatric bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion rates significantly decreased during the pandemic. This cannot be accounted for by reduced otolaryngologists or operating theatre availability. The paediatric bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion rate decrease is likely due to public health measures reducing the transmission of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in fewer indications for paediatric bilateral myringotomy and tube insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One minute of operating room (OR) time costs $36 to 37. However, ORs are notoriously inefficient. There is growing literature on improving OR efficiency, but no formal review of this topic within otolaryngology has been performed. This study reviews and synthesizes the current literature on improving OR efficiency within otolaryngology., Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, preprints.org, and medRxiv were searched on November 4, 2022., Review Methods: Published English studies were included if they reported on metrics for improving OR efficiency within otolaryngology. There were no publication date restrictions. Articles were screened by 2 reviewers. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis reporting for scoping reviews was followed., Results: The search yielded 9316 no-duplicate articles; 129 articles were included. Most of the studies reported on head and neck procedures (n = 52/129). The main tactics included surgical considerations: hemostatic devices, techniques, and team/simultaneous approaches; anesthetic considerations: local anesthetic and laryngeal mask airways; procedure location considerations: procedures outside of the OR and remote technologies; standardization: equipment, checklists, and personnel; scheduling considerations: use of machine learning for booking, considering patient/surgeon factors, and utilizing dedicated OR time/multidisciplinary teams for on-call cases., Conclusion: The current literature brings to attention numerous strategies for improving OR efficiency within otolaryngology. Applying these strategies and implementing novel techniques to manage surgical cases may assist in offloading overloaded health care systems and improving access to care while facilitating patient safety and outcomes. Anticipated barriers to implementation include resistance to change, funding, and the current strain on health care systems and providers., (© 2024 The Authors. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Objective: To compare the postoperative complications of the fibular free flap (FFF), scapula free flap (SFF), and osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap (OCRFFF) following osseous reconstruction in the head and neck., Data Sources: PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane., Review Methods: A literature search and systematic review were performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using a random effects model to compare operative time and postoperative complications., Results: The systematic review identified 26 studies comparing at least 1 variable of interest. The odds ratio estimates favored reduced rates of flap failure with the OCRFFF when compared to FFF (0.7, confidence interval [CI]: 0.29-1.11, P < .001), while FFF and SFF were similar. The mean difference estimates for operative time significantly favored FFF over SFF (-51.04 minutes, CI: -92.73 to -9.35, P = .016) and OCRFFF over FFF (66.77 minutes, CI: 52.74-80.8, P < .001). The FFF was more prone to hardware exposure, longer hospital stays, and donor site complications. Recipient wound complications and fistula rates were similar for all flap types., Conclusion: Depending on the clinical context, the OCRFFF, FFF, and SFF are all robust options for reconstruction in the head and neck. The OCRFFF is associated with a reduced rate of flap failure and shorter operative times. The SFF requires longer operative times, although significant variation was observed between institutions. The FFF has broad reconstructive indications but is associated with more perioperative and long-term complications., (© 2024 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Objective: Health care is a significant contributor to the climate crisis. Multidisciplinary clinics (MDC) may reduce carbon emissions by combining multiple appointments into one. This is the first program evaluation study to quantify the carbon footprint associated with multidisciplinary pediatric airway clinics., Study Design: Retrospective., Setting: Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Center, London, Canada., Methods: Pediatric airway MDC allows patients to see otolaryngology and respirology in one appointment. The carbon and financial savings (Canadian Dollars) of all patients attending the MDC from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 were calculated. Patient postal codes and institutional parking rates were inputted into the CASCADES carbon accounting tool. Total distance was divided into unsustainable (vehicles) and sustainable (transit, walking, cycling) transportation to calculate carbon emissions. Travel costs included cost/kilometer for vehicles (maintenance, license/registration, insurance, fuel) and costs/ride for transit., Results: A total of 560 MDC appointments for 300 patients saved 77,785 km. Total carbon emissions saved from travel averted was 16.21 tonnes. The total carbon emissions saved, minus public transit, was 15.60 tonnes. Using the Natural Resources Canada Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator, 16.21 tonnes are approximately equivalent to 5 passenger vehicles, 6906 L of gasoline, 3.8 homes' energy, and 10.8 homes' electricity use for one year, 36.6 barrels of oil consumed, and 675 propane cylinders. Travel costs of $28,891.83 (no parking), $30,519.40 ($4 minimum parking fee), or $33,774.55 ($12 maximum parking fee) were saved., Conclusion: MDC effectively reduced carbon emissions and offered patients financial savings. Similar models can be adapted across institutions to help mitigate climate change., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest upcoming or existing in the previous 24 months that pertain to this article., (© 2024 The Author(s). OTO Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Objectives: Patients with a peritonsillar abscess (PTA) often present to emergency departments as the first point of medical contact. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are more frequent in the winter. Therefore, we hypothesize that the incidence of PTAs will be more frequent in colder winter months as well. This is the first study assessing the seasonal variation and epidemiology of PTA presentations to an emergency department in Atlantic Canada, home to a unique maritime climate., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted through a chart review of all patients who presented to the Saint John Regional Hospital Emergency Department from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020. Patient characteristics, treatment, and microbiology were reported. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test assessed the seasonal variation of PTA. Pearson correlations assessed PTA incidence per mean monthly temperature and humidity., Results: A total of 75 patients were included. 57.3% were male and 42.7% were female, with a mean age (±SD) of 35.9 ± 14.0. Most patients presented afebrile (82.7%, cutoff ≥ 38.0°C). Approximately half of all patients had an elevated WBC count (49.3%, cutoff ≥ 10.9 × 10 9 ). The most common bacteria isolated were Streptococcus species followed by anaerobic bacteria (17.9%). No significant variation was found with respect to season (X 2 (3) = 1.0, P  = .801), temperature ( r(70)  = 0.198, P  = .096), or humidity, ( r(70)  = 0.063, P  = .599)., Conclusion: This study did not find a seasonal variation of PTA in a maritime climate. These findings question the anecdotal hypothesis that PTA is associated with progression from acute URTIs and therefore would be more common in the winter months.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort., Objectives: To compare outcomes of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) vs open surgery (OPEN) for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) in patients with diabetes., Methods: Patients with diabetes who underwent spinal decompression alone or with fusion for LSS within the Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network (CSORN) database were included. MIS vs OPEN outcomes were compared for 2 cohorts: (1) patients with diabetes who underwent decompression alone (N = 116; MIS n = 58 and OPEN n = 58), (2) patients with diabetes who underwent decompression with fusion (N = 108; MIS n = 54 and OPEN n = 54). Modified Oswestry Disability Index (mODI) and back and leg pain were compared at baseline, 6-18 weeks, and 1-year post-operation. The number of patients meeting minimum clinically important difference (MCID) or minimum pain/disability at 1-year was compared., Results: MIS approaches had less blood loss (decompression alone difference 100 mL, P = .002; with fusion difference 244 mL, P < .001) and shorter length of stay (LOS) (decompression alone difference 1.2 days, P = .008; with fusion difference 1.2 days, P = .026). MIS compared to OPEN decompression with fusion had less patients experiencing adverse events (AEs) (difference 13 patients, P = .007). The MIS decompression with fusion group had lower 1-year mODI (difference 14.5, 95% CI [7.5, 21.0], P < .001) and back pain (difference 1.6, 95% CI [.6, 2.7], P = .002) compared to OPEN. More patients in the MIS decompression with fusion group exceeded MCID at 1-year for mODI (MIS 75.9% vs OPEN 53.7%, P = .028) and back pain (MIS 85.2% vs OPEN 70.4%, P = .017)., Conclusions: MIS approaches were associated with more favorable outcomes for patients with diabetes undergoing decompression with fusion for LSS.

Objective: Access to and use of physician services is limited for those experiencing homelessness. Homelessness may predispose patients to several Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) health conditions and barriers to care may leave these unaddressed. The aim of this review was to synthesize the literature on OHNS health needs and community-based interventions for patients experiencing homelessness., Data Sources: English literature was searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL., Review Methods: Studies were included if they reported on OHNS-related conditions in patients experiencing homelessness and/or interventions related to providing OHNS care to this patient population., Results: Twelve hundred and one articles were screened, and 12 articles were included. Most studies reported on otologic conditions (n = 8) and head and neck-related conditions (n = 6). Nasal trauma, chronic rhinosinusitis, dysphonia, hearing loss, and cancerous/precancerous head and neck lesions were common OHNS conditions reported in this patient population. Identified barriers to care included lack of transportation, financial considerations, and lower health literacy. Three articles on community-based interventions were included. Most of these interventions were single visits to shelters, and ensuring adequate follow-up was identified as a challenge., Conclusion: The current literature brings attention to certain OHNS diseases that are prevalent in this unique patient population and identifies unique barriers these patients experience when accessing care. Future studies should focus on further delineating the impact of OHNS diseases in patients experiencing homelessness and screening interventions that can be employed to mitigate the impact of diseases of the head and neck., (© 2023 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Objective: Healthcare systems, specifically operating rooms, significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing operating room environmental sustainability requires understanding current practices, opinions, and barriers. This is the first study assessing the attitudes and perceptions of otolaryngologists on environmental sustainability., Study Design: Cross-sectional virtual survey., Setting: Email survey to active members of the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery., Methods: A 23-question survey was developed in REDCap. The questions focused on four themes: (1) demographics, (2) attitudes and beliefs, (3) institutional practices, and (4) education. A combination of multiple choice, Likert-scale, and open-ended questions were employed., Results: Response rate was 11% (n = 80/699). Most respondents strongly believed in climate change (86%). Only 20% strongly agree that operating rooms contribute to the climate crisis. Most agree environmental sustainability is very important at home (62%) and in their community (64%), only 46% said it was very important in the operating room. Barriers to environmental sustainability were incentives (68%), hospital supports (60%), information/knowledge (59%), cost (58%), and time (50%). Of those involved in residency programs, 89% (n = 49/55) reported there was no education on environmental sustainability or they were unsure if there was., Conclusion: Canadian otolaryngologists strongly believe in climate change, but there is more ambivalence regarding operating rooms as a significant contributor. There is a need for further education and a systemic reduction of barriers to facilitate eco-action in otolaryngology operating rooms., Competing Interests: 1Competing interestsThe authors declare no potential conflicts of interest in the past 24 months.2Funding sourceNone.1The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest in the past 24 months., (© 2023 The Authors. OTO Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Background: Knowledge dissemination is paramount so physicians may practice the most up-to-date, evidence-based medicine to best serve their patients. Medical conferences are a commonly employed method of facilitating this. By determining the publication rate of research presented at a conference, the quality of the conference is indirectly assessed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the publication rate, along with other conference metrics, of abstracts presented at the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (CSOHNS) meetings from 2008 to 2018., Methods: All abstracts presented at the CSOHNS Annual Meetings from 2008 to 2018 were reviewed from publicly available records. Presentation year, presentation type (i.e. oral or poster), whether each abstract was presented in the Poliquin Resident Research Competition, and the country in which the lead author's institution was located, were collected. Publication status of each abstract was then determined using a six-tiered search strategy in PubMed and Google Scholar. All data were then analyzed using SPSS Version 27.0., Results: From 2008 to 2018, 1947 abstracts were analyzed, yielding an overall publication rate of 58.7%. There was a significantly increasing trend in publication rate over the 11 years (p = 0.015). The rate of publication differed based on type of presentation (oral 65.1%, poster 50.2%; p = 0.001). Most presentations were presented by a first author associated with a Canadian institution (94.4%). The top journal in which research was published was Journal of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery (37.3%). The mean impact factor of the journals in which presentations were published was 2.92. Finally, the median time to publication was 14 months (IQR: 9.0-25.0)., Conclusions: Research presented at 2008-2018 CSOHNS annual meetings was published in academic journals at higher rates than research at comparable conferences. Oral presentations have a significantly greater publication rate, compared to poster presentations. Additionally, the upward trend in publication rate over the 11 meetings suggests a steady increase in the quality of research being presented., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The Choosing Wisely Canada campaign raises awareness amongst physicians and patients regarding unnecessary or inappropriate tests and treatments. Using an online survey, members of the Pediatric Otolaryngology Subspecialty Group within the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery developed a list of nine evidence based recommendations to help physicians and patients make treatment decisions regarding common pediatric otolaryngology presentations: (1) Don't routinely order a plain film x-ray in the evaluation of nasal fractures; (2) Don't order imaging to distinguish acute bacterial sinusitis from an upper respiratory infection; (3) Don't place tympanostomy tubes in most children for a single episode of otitis media with effusion of less than 3 months duration; (4) Don't routinely prescribe intranasal/systemic steroids, antihistamines or decongestants for children with uncomplicated otitis media with effusion; (5) Don't prescribe oral antibiotics for children with uncomplicated tympanostomy tube otorrhea or uncomplicated acute otitis externa; (6) Don't prescribe codeine for post-tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy pain relief in children; (7) Don't administer perioperative antibiotics for elective tonsillectomy in children; (8) Don't perform tonsillectomy for children with uncomplicated recurrent throat infections if there have been fewer than 7 episodes in the past year, 5 episodes in each of the past 2 years, or 3 episodes in each of the last 3 years; and (9) Don't perform endoscopic sinus surgery for uncomplicated pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis prior to failure of maximal medical therapy and adenoidectomy., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Thyroid nodules are stratified through fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and are often categorized using The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, which estimates the risk of malignancy for six cytopathological categories. The atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) and follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) categories have varying malignancy rates reported in the literature which can range from 6 to 72.9%. Due to this heterogeneity, we assessed the malignancy rate and effectiveness of repeat FNA (rFNA) for AUS/FLUS thyroid cytopathology at our institution., Methods: Electronic health records of patients with AUS/FLUS thyroid cytopathology on FNA at our center since the implementation of the Bethesda System on May 1, 2014-December 31, 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, treatment pathway, and pathology results were collected. The treatment pathway of the nodules, the rFNA results, and the malignant histopathology results were reported. Malignancy rates were calculated as an upper and lower limit estimate., Results: This study described 182 AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules from 177 patients. In total, 24 thyroid nodules were deemed malignant upon histopathology, yielding a final malignancy rate of 13.2-25.3%. All of the malignancies were variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The malignancy rate of the nodules which underwent resection without rFNA (21.5%) was lower than the malignancy rate of the nodules which underwent resection after rFNA (43.8%). 45.5% of the rFNA results were re-classified into more definitive categories., Conclusion: The malignancy rate of AUS/FLUS thyroid cytopathology at our center is in line with the risk of malignancy stated by the 2017 Bethesda System. However, our malignancy rate is lower than some other Canadian centers and approximately half of our rFNAs were re-classified, highlighting the importance of establishing center-specific malignancy and rFNA re-classification rates to guide treatment decisions., (© 2021. The Author(s).)