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Objective. The aims of this study were to determine whether physical rehabilitation intervention for individuals who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with clinical outcomes and to assess whether the patient mobility response over initial rehabilitation sessions early in the intensive care unit (ICU) course predicts or is associated with survival, lengths of stay, discharge disposition, and 30-day readmissions. Methods. This study was a 10-year retrospective practice analysis of adults who were critically ill and required ECMO for >72 hours in the cardiothoracic ICU at an academic medical center. Physical rehabilitation implemented during or following the initiation of ECMO was quantified on the basis of timing, frequency, and change in mobility level in response to the intervention over the first 4 consecutive sessions. The primary dependent outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included 30-day readmission and discharge disposition ranked on an ordinal scale. Results. Three hundred fifteen individuals (mean age =50 years [SD =15 years]; 63% men; mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score = 11.6 [SD =3.3]) met the inclusion criteria. Two hundred eighteen individuals (69%) received at least 1 physical rehabilitation session while requiring ECMO, 70 (22%) received rehabilitation after ECMO was discontinued, and 27 (9%) never received rehabilitation. Individuals discharged alive achieved higher mobility levels and had a steeper, more positive rate of change in mobility over the first 4 sessions than individuals who died in the hospital (2.8 vs 0.38; degrees of freedom =199, t =8.24). Those who received rehabilitation and achieved the milestones of sitting on the edge of the bed and walking for >45 m were more likely to survive (47% vs 13%; [chi square] = 156) than those who did not (26% vs 3.5%; [chi square]= 80). Conclusion. A positive rate of change in mobility and the ability to achieve mobility milestones with rehabilitation were associated with improved clinical outcomes. Impact. An individual's mobility response to physical rehabilitation early in the ICU course is an important indicator of illness and should be used with clinical presentation to guide clinical decision-making and predict outcomes. Keywords: Critical Illness, Early Mobilization, ECMO, Outcomes, Physical Rehabilitation, Introduction Physical rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) is safe and feasible for a diverse range of critically ill individuals, including those requiring mechanical ventilation, (1,2) continuous renal replacement [...]