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2. Trends and social determinants of the obesity epidemic among reproductive-age women in ten Asian countries

Author

Thapa, Subash, Ahmed, Kedir Y., Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Huda, M. Mamun, Chalise, Binaya, Bore, Meless G., Belachew, Sewunet Admasu, Hassen, Tahir A., Amsalu, Erkihun, Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Seid, Abdulbasit, Mesfin, Yonatan M., Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Dadi, Abel F., Odo, Daniel Bogale, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu E., Mahmood, Shakeel, Astawesegn, Feleke Hailemichael, and Ross, Allen G.

Published
2024
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4. Intimate partner violence and childhood health outcomes in 37 sub-Saharan African countries: an analysis of demographic health survey data from 2011 to 2022

Author

Dadi, Abel F, Ahmed, Kedir Y, Berhane, Yemane, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Hassen, Tahir A, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Bore, Meless G, Belachew, Sewunet Admasu, Amsalu, Erkihun, Nhassengo, Sergio, Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Seid, Abdulbasit, Mesfin, Yonatan M, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Odo, Daniel Bogale, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Thapa, Subash, Kidane, Eshetu Girma, Desyibelew, Hanna Demelash, Misganaw, Awoke, Zeleke, Berihun M, Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, and Ross, Allen G

Published
2024
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5. Population modifiable risk factors associated with neonatal mortality in 35 sub-Saharan Africa countries: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys

Author

Ahmed, Kedir Y., Thapa, Subash, Hassen, Tahir A., Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Dadi, Abel F., Odo, Daniel Bogale, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Belachew, Sewunet Admasu, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Amsalu, Erkihun, Bore, Meless G., Seid, Abdulbasit, Mesfin, Yonatan M., Kibret, Kelemu Tilahun, Huda, M. Mamun, Mahmood, Shakeel, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu E., and Ross, Allen G.

Published
2024
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6. Population modifiable risk factors associated with under-5 acute respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea in 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (2014–2021): an analysis of data from demographic and health surveys

Author

Ahmed, Kedir Y., Dadi, Abel F., Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Hassen, Tahir A., Amsalu, Erkihun, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Bore, Meless G., Alebel, Animut, Alemu, Addisu Alehegn, Shifa, Jemal E., Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Thapa, Subash, Omar, Syed Haris, and Ross, Allen G.

Published
2024
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8. Co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency among pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study

Author

Fite, Meseret Belete, Tura, Abera Kenay, Yadeta, Tesfaye Assebe, Oljira, Lemessa, Wilfong, Tara, Mamme, Newas Yusuf, Asefa, Gemechu, Gurmu, Demiraw Bikila, Habtu, Wossene, Waka, Feyissa Challa, Demiss, Nahom Tefera, Woldeyohannes, Meseret, Tessema, Masresha, Alemayehu, Dawit, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Motuma, Aboma, and Roba, Kedir Teji

Published
2023
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11. Spatiotemporal patterns and factors contributing to neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: Data from EDHS 2000 to 2019.

Author

Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Dadi, Abel F., Amsalu, Erkihun, Alemu, Addisu Alehegn, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Bore, Meless Gebrie, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Shifa, Jemal E., Alebel, Animut, and Ahmed, Kedir Y.

Subjects
NEONATAL mortality, CHILD mortality, DEMOGRAPHIC surveys, BIRTH intervals, GEOGRAPHIC information systems, MULTILEVEL models
Abstract

Background: Although Ethiopia has substantial improvements in various health indicators such as maternal and child mortality, the burden of neonatal mortality remains high. Between 2016 and 2019, neonatal mortality increased from 29 deaths per 1,000 live births to 33 deaths per 1,000 live births. This study aimed to explore the spatial patterns and factors contributing to neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: Data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) for the years 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016, and 2019 were analyzed. The EDHS sampling design uses a two-stage cluster sampling technique, considering census enumeration areas as primary sampling units and households as secondary sampling units. We used the Spatial Scan analysis in SaTScan and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic in Geographic Information System (GIS), to analyse the spatiotemporal patterns of neonatal mortality. Maternal, newborn and health service-related factors contributing to neonatal mortality were also analyzed using a multilevel logistic regression model. Adjusted Odds Rios (AOR) with corresponding 95% CI were presented as a measure of association and a P-value of 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results: During the initial three consecutive surveys, there was a consistent pattern of hot spot clusters in the Amhara and Benshangul Gumuz regions, along with certain parts of the Oromia region. However, in later surveys, these clusters shifted to the eastern parts of the country, notably including the Somali region. Early initiation of breast feeding was associated with reduced chances of neonatal death (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]) = 0.27; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.23, 0.32). Neonates born at home (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.82) and male babies had a higher likelihood of mortality during the neonatal period compared to their counterparts (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.51). The odds of neonatal mortality increased with the number of children a mother had ever given birth to (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.51). In contrast, longer birth intervals were associated with a reduced risk of neonatal mortality (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.83). Conclusion: The central southern, central-western, north-western, and northern parts of Ethiopia had most of the neonatal death clusters in the first three rounds of DHS while eastern Ethiopia had the highest neonatal mortality clusters in the latest two surveys. Our results underscore the importance for policymakers and health administrators to reassess intervention approaches and reallocate resources to regions identified as hot spots for neonatal mortality. Enhancing the initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of birth would improve newborn survival rates. Special attention and care need to be given to babies born of smaller sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Burden of 30 cancers among men: Global statistics in 2022 and projections for 2050 using population‐based estimates.

Author

Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Dadi, Abel F., Ahmed, Kedir Y., Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Bore, Meless G., Thapa, Subash, Odo, Daniel Bogale, Kassa, Zemenu Y., Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Amsalu, Erkihun, Sarich, Peter, Venchiarutti, Rebecca L., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Kibret, Kelemu Tilahun, Habte, Aklilu, Mefsin, Yonatan M., and Seid, Abdulbasit

Subjects
PUBLIC health infrastructure, HUMAN Development Index, OLDER men, AGE groups, INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics)
Abstract

Background: Men exhibit higher prevalence of modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, leading to greater cancer incidence and lower survival rates. Comprehensive evidence on global cancer burden among men, including disparities by age group and country, is sparse. To address this, the authors analyzed 30 cancer types among men in 2022, with projections estimated for 2050. Methods: The 2022 GLOBOCAN estimates were used to describe cancer statistics for men in 185 countries/territories worldwide. Mortality‐to‐incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated by dividing age‐standardized mortality rates by incidence rates. Results: In 2022, a high MIR (indicating poor survival) was observed among older men (aged 65 years and older; 61%) for rare cancer types (pancreatic cancer, 91%) and in countries with low a Human Development Index (HDI; 74%). Between 2022 and 2050, cancer cases are projected to increase from 10.3 million to 19 million (≥84%). Deaths are projected to increase from 5.4 million to 10.5 million (≥93%), with a greater than two‐fold increase among men aged 65 years and older (≥117%) and for low‐HDI and medium‐HDI countries/territories (≥160%). Cancer cases and deaths are projected to increase among working‐age groups (≥39%) and very‐high‐HDI countries/territories (≥50%). Conclusions: Substantial disparities in cancer cases and deaths were observed among men in 2022, and these are projected to widen by 2050. Strengthening health infrastructure, enhancing workforce quality and access, fostering national and international collaborations, and promoting universal health coverage are crucial to reducing cancer disparities and ensuring cancer equity among men globally. In 2022, notable cancer disparities were observed between men's age groups and between countries/territories, and these disparities are projected to widen by 2050. Strengthening health system infrastructure, improving access to universal health coverage, and multidisciplinary approaches are essential for narrowing existing and projected cancer disparities, ultimately ensuring cancer equity in men worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. The intergenerational association of preterm birth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Author

Seid, Abdulbasit, Cumpston, Miranda S., Ahmed, Kedir Y., Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Thapa, Subash, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Dadi, Abel F., Odo, Daniel Bogale, Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Belachew, Sewunet Admasu, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Amsalu, Erkihun, Bore, Meless G., and Hassen, Tahir Ahmed

Abstract

Background: Around half of preterm births lack identifiable causes, indicating the need for further investigation to understand preterm birth risk factors. Existing studies on the intergenerational association of preterm birth showed inconsistency in effect size and direction. Objective: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to review existing studies and provide comprehensive evidence on the intergenerational association of preterm births. Search Strategy: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Maternity and Infant Care databases, from the inception of each database to 04 April 2024. Selection Criteria: Eligibility criteria included studies that reported on women who had given birth and had recorded information about a family history of preterm birth in one or both of the child's biological parents. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. A random‐effects model was used to compute pooled estimates using odds ratios. Main Results: Sixteen eligible studies with a total of 2 271 612 mothers were included. The findings indicated a 1.44 (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.54) fold increase in odds of giving preterm births among women who were born preterm. Additionally, having a sibling born preterm (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.87) and having a partner born preterm (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.25) were associated with increased likelihood of giving preterm births among women. Conclusion: The study revealed that women with a family history of preterm birth face an increased risk of giving preterm births. Screening pregnant women for a family history of preterm birth is essential, with those having a positive family history requiring closer follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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15. Effects of short inter-pregnancy/birth interval on adverse perinatal outcomes in Asia-Pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Harris, Melissa L., Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Beyene, Tesfalidet, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, and Chojenta, Catherine

Subjects
*SMALL for gestational age, *BIRTH intervals, *REPRODUCTIVE health services, *FAMILY planning services, *NEONATAL mortality
Abstract

Background: Short inter-pregnancy or birth interval is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. However, some emerging evidence questions this association and there are also inconsistencies among the existing findings. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding the effect of short inter-pregnancy or birth intervals on adverse perinatal outcomes in the Asia-Pacific region. Methods: A comprehensive search of five databases was conducted targeting studies published between 2000 to 2023. Studies that reported on short inter-pregnancy or birth interval and examined adverse perinatal outcomes, such as low birthweight (LBW) preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), and neonatal mortality were included and appraised for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Three reviewers independently screened the studies and performed data extraction. Narrative synthesis and meta-analyses were conducted to summarise the key findings. Results: A total of 41 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included. A short-interpregnancy interval was associated with an increased risk of low birthweight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95%CI:1.39, 1.95), preterm birth (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.35, 1.66), and small for gestational age (OR = 1.24; 95%CI:1.09, 1.41). We also found elevated odds of early neonatal mortality (OR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.11, 3.29) and neonatal mortality (OR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.25, 2.55) among women with short birth intervals. Conclusion: This review indicates that both short inter-pregnancy and birth interval increased the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. This underscores the importance of advocating for and implementing strategies to promote optimal pregnancy and birth spacing to reduce the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes. Reproductive health policies and programs need to be further strengthened and promote access to comprehensive family planning services and increase awareness about the importance of optimal pregnancy and birth spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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16. Effects of short birth interval on child malnutrition in the Asia‐Pacific region: Evidence from a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Author

Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Harris, Melissa L., Hassen, Tahir A., Bagade, Tanmay, Shifti, Desalegn M., Feyissa, Tesfaye R., and Chojenta, Catherine

Subjects
RISK assessment, ANEMIA, MALNUTRITION, WASTING syndrome, LEANNESS, CINAHL database, META-analysis, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, CHILD mortality, PEDIATRICS, SYSTEMATIC reviews, MEDLINE, ODDS ratio, NUTRITION disorders in children, INFERENTIAL statistics, MALNUTRITION in children, CONFIDENCE intervals, DATA analysis software, GROWTH disorders, BIRTH intervals, TIME, DISEASE risk factors
Abstract

Child malnutrition remains a significant concern in the Asia‐Pacific region, with short birth intervals recognised as a potential risk factor. However, evidence of this association is inconclusive. This study aimed to systematically review the existing evidence and assess the summary effects of short birth interval on child malnutrition in the Asia‐Pacific region. Five electronic databases were searched in May 2023 to identify relevant studies reporting the association between short birth interval and child malnutrition, including stunting, wasting, underweight, anaemia and overall malnutrition, in Asia‐Pacific region between September 2000 and May 2023. Fixed‐effects or random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to estimate the summary effects of short birth interval on child malnutrition. Out of 56 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 48 were included in quantitative synthesis through meta‐analysis. We found a slightly higher likelihood of stunting (n = 25, odds ratio [OR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97–1.32) and overall malnutrition (n = 3, OR = 2.42; 95% CI: 0.88–6.65) among children born in short birth intervals compared to those with nonshort intervals, although the effect was not statistically significant. However, caution is warranted due to identified heterogeneity across studies. Subgroup analysis demonstrated significant effects of short birth intervals on child malnutrition in national‐level studies and studies with larger sample sizes. These findings underscore short birth intervals as a significant contributor to child malnutrition in the Asia‐Pacific region. Implementing effective policies and programs is vital to alleviate this burden, ultimately reducing child malnutrition and associated adverse outcomes, including child mortality. Key messages: Short interval pregnancies pose a persistent public health threat in the South Asian region.While a potential link with child malnutrition exists, reported associations often conflict.Our findings suggest that short interval births slightly increase the risk of child malnutrition.Addressing short interval pregnancies is crucial to mitigate the ongoing nutritional burden in South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. Global burden of 34 cancers among women in 2020 and projections to 2040: Population‐based data from 185 countries/territories.

Author

Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Dadi, Abel F., Hassen, Tahir A., Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Ahmed, Kedir Y., Kassa, Zemenu Y., Amsalu, Erkihun, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Alemu, Addisu Alehegn, Alebel, Animut, Shifa, Jemal E., Assefa, Yibeltal, Tessema, Gizachew A., Sarich, Peter, Gebremedhin, Aster Ferede, and Bore, Meless G.

Abstract

Globally women face inequality in cancer outcomes; for example, smaller improvements in life expectancy due to decreased cancer‐related deaths than men (0.5 vs 0.8 years, 1981–2010). However, comprehensive global evidence on the burden of cancer among women (including by reproductive age spectrum) as well as disparities by region, remains limited. This study aimed to address these evidence gaps by considering 34 cancer types in 2020 and their projections for 2040. The cancer burden among women in 2020 was estimated using population‐based data from 185 countries/territories sourced from GLOBOCAN. Mortality to Incidence Ratios (MIR), a proxy for survival, were estimated by dividing the age‐standardised mortality rates by the age‐standardised incidence rates. Demographic projections were performed to 2040. In 2020, there were an estimated 9.3 million cancer cases and 4.4 million cancer deaths globally. Projections showed an increase to 13.3 million (↑44%) and 7.1 million (↑60%) in 2040, respectively, with larger proportional increases in low‐ and middle‐income countries. MIR among women was higher (poorer survival) in rare cancers and with increasing age. Countries with low Human Development Indexes (HDIs) had higher MIRs (69%) than countries with very high HDIs (30%). There was inequality in cancer incidence and mortality worldwide among women in 2020, which will further widen by 2040. Implementing cancer prevention efforts and providing basic cancer treatments by expanding universal health coverage through a human rights approach, expanding early screening opportunities and strengthening medical infrastructure are key to improving and ensuring equity in cancer control and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Global burden of 34 cancers among women in 2020 and projections to 2040: Population‐based data from 185 countries/territories

Author

Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, primary, Dadi, Abel F., additional, Hassen, Tahir A., additional, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, additional, Ahmed, Kedir Y., additional, Kassa, Zemenu Y., additional, Amsalu, Erkihun, additional, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, additional, Alemu, Addisu Alehegn, additional, Alebel, Animut, additional, Shifa, Jemal E., additional, Assefa, Yibeltal, additional, Tessema, Gizachew A., additional, Sarich, Peter, additional, Gebremedhin, Aster Ferede, additional, and Bore, Meless G., additional

Published
2023
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23. Anemia Among Women Using Family Planning at Public Health Facilities in Ambo Town, Central Ethiopia: Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Nagari,Shalama Lekasa, Egata,Gudina, Mehadi,Ame, Hassen,Tahir Ahmed, Raru,Temam Beshir, Abdurke,Mohammed, Yuya,Mohammed, Abdulkadir,Shemsedin, Berhanu,Hiwot, Roba,Kedir Teji, Nagari,Shalama Lekasa, Egata,Gudina, Mehadi,Ame, Hassen,Tahir Ahmed, Raru,Temam Beshir, Abdurke,Mohammed, Yuya,Mohammed, Abdulkadir,Shemsedin, Berhanu,Hiwot, and Roba,Kedir Teji

Abstract

Shalama Lekasa Nagari,1 Gudina Egata,2 Ame Mehadi,3 Tahir Ahmed Hassen,3 Temam Beshir Raru,3 Mohammed Abdurke,3 Mohammed Yuya,3 Shemsedin Abdulkadir,4 Hiwot Berhanu,3 Kedir Teji Roba3 1College of Health Sciences, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia; 2College of Health and Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 4College of Health and Medical Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ame Mehadi, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia, Tel +251919118839, Fax +251256668081, Email mehadiame1554@gmail.comBackground: Anemia affects more than a quarter of non-pregnant women over the globe, with Sub-Saharan Africa bearing a disproportionate share. Although the use of family planning is beneficial in reducing anemia, lack of scientific study on anemia among family planning users of reproductive-age women is notable, particularly in the study setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of anemia and associated factors in women who used family planning.Methods: A cross-sectional multi-centered study was conducted from March 3 to 29, 2019, among 443 non-pregnant reproductive age (15 to 49 years) women receiving family planning services in Ambo town. Sample size was calculated using Epi-info version 7 software. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Trained data collectors collected data using a structured pretested questionnaire, as well as venous blood and stool samples. Epi-Data and SPSS were used to enter and analyze data. The effect of independent variables on the outcome variable was determined by binary logistic regression analysis with adjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error. P-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.Results: This study revealed 28% (95% CI:23.9%, 32.3%) magnit

Published
2023

24. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T, Anderson, H Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cohen, Aaron J, Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sur, Patrick J, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Batis, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Manzano, Alejandra G Contreras, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, 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2016
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25. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

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Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Jonathan, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Troeger, Chris, Truelsen, Thomas, VanderZanden, Amelia, Wagner, Joseph A, Wanga, Valentine, 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Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J S, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L

Published
2016
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29. sj-doc-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221142412 – Supplemental material for Immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device utilization and associated factors among women who gave birth in public health facilities of Adama town, Ethiopia

Author

Aemro, Etenat, Abdo, Meyrema, Deksisa, Alem, Alemayehu, Afework, Mulatu, Teshale, Ahmed Hassen, Tahir, Molla, Alemayehu, and Teji Roba, Kedir

Subjects
FOS: Veterinary sciences, 111199 Nutrition and Dietetics not elsewhere classified, Cardiology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified, 110604 Sports Medicine, FOS: Health sciences, 110306 Endocrinology, 110308 Geriatrics and Gerontology, 111099 Nursing not elsewhere classified, 111708 Health and Community Services, 160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods, 111702 Aged Health Care, 111403 Paediatrics, 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, 110203 Respiratory Diseases, 110315 Otorhinolaryngology, 70706 Veterinary Medicine, FOS: Clinical medicine, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy), FOS: Sociology, FOS: Psychology, 110599 Dentistry not elsewhere classified, 110323 Surgery, 110305 Emergency Medicine, 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified, 111299 Oncology and Carcinogenesis not elsewhere classified, 110314 Orthopaedics
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221142412 for Immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device utilization and associated factors among women who gave birth in public health facilities of Adama town, Ethiopia by Etenat Aemro, Meyrema Abdo, Alem Deksisa, Afework Alemayehu, Teshale Mulatu, Tahir Ahmed Hassen, Alemayehu Molla and Kedir Teji Roba in SAGE Open Medicine

Published
2022
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33. ART Adherence Among People Living with HIV Seeking Services from Public Health Facilities in Western Ethiopia

Author

Tolossa,Tadesse, Wakuma,Bizuneh, Mulisa,Diriba, Besho,Merga, Tsegaye,Reta, Yilma,Mekdes, Kebebe,Habtamu, Markos,Jote, Hiko,Nesru, Hassen,Tahir, Wirtu,Desalegn, Tolossa,Tadesse, Wakuma,Bizuneh, Mulisa,Diriba, Besho,Merga, Tsegaye,Reta, Yilma,Mekdes, Kebebe,Habtamu, Markos,Jote, Hiko,Nesru, Hassen,Tahir, and Wirtu,Desalegn

Abstract

Tadesse Tolossa,1 Bizuneh Wakuma,2 Diriba Mulisa,2 Merga Besho,3 Reta Tsegaye,2 Mekdes Tigistu,1 Habtamu Kebebe,3 Jote Markos,2 Nesru Hiko,2 Tahir Hasen,2 Desalegn Wirtu1 1Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; 3Department of Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tadesse TolossaDepartment of Public Health, Institutes of Health Sciences, Wollega University, P.O.Box: 395, Nekemte, EthiopiaTel +251911936804Email yadanotolasa@gmail.comBackground: The burden of COVID-19 is more severe among the elderly and patients affected with chronic medical conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and HIV/AIDS. There is no study regarding the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) during the time of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. So, this study aimed to assess the level of HIV positive patient’s adherence to ART treatment and associated factors in Nekemte public health facilities, Western Ethiopia.Methods: This study was conducted in Nekemte public health facilities, Western Ethiopia from August 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020. A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed among HIV positive patients on ART treatment. A single proportion formula was used to calculate a sample size of 384 . A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the sample population. Face-to-face interview questionnaires were used during data collection. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with dependent factor, and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was used to estimate the strength of the association between dependent and independent variables.Results: A total of 361 HIV positive patients have participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 94%. The mean age of the participants was 33.8 (SD ± 9.8) years. Seventy-seven (21.3%) H

Published
2021

37. The association between birth weight and proxy-reported health-related quality of life among children aged 5 - 10 years old: A linked data analysis.

Author

Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Chojenta, Catherine, Egan, Nicholas, and Loxton, Deborah

Subjects
BIRTH weight, LOW birth weight, QUALITY of life, GENERALIZED estimating equations, DATA analysis
Abstract

Background: Birth weight has a substantial effect on children's cognitive development, physical capability, and emotional development, which in turn impact on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Generally, evidence indicates that children born with low birth weight tend to have poorer proxy-reported HRQoL, particularly at school age. However, there is limited evidence on whether variation in HRQoL exists across the entire range of possible birth weights. This study aimed to examine the association between birth weight and proxy-reported HRQoL among children aged 5-10 years old.Methods: Data from the 1973-78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were linked with state-based Perinatal Data Collections and the Mothers and their Children's Health study for 1,589 mothers and 2,092 children aged 5 - 10 years old. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the association between birth weight and proxy-reported HRQoL measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0. Results are presented as odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals.Results: In this study, 15.61 % of children were at risk of impaired proxy-reported HRQoL. Each 100-gram increase in birth weight was associated with a 3 % reduction in the odds of impaired HRQoL (AOR = 0.97; 95 % CI: 0.94, 0.99). However, there was only limited evidence of an effect within the normal birth weight range (AOR = 0.97; 95 % CI: 0.94, 1.01).Conclusions: The findings indicate that increased birth weight was protective against impaired HRQoL, although there was limited evidence of variability within the normal birth weight range. This study contributes to the existing literature by not only emphasizing the impact of low birth weight on children's health and health-related outcomes but also by focusing on the variability within the normal birth weight range, particularly in a setting where low birth weight is less prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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38. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T., Anderson, H. Ross, Bhutta, Zulficiar A., Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Godwin, William W., Griswold, Max, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick Y., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B., Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sur, Patrick J., Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A., Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvarez Martin, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwar, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Baernighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Bans, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M., Brugha, Traolach S., Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A., Cahill, Leah E., Calabria, Bianca, Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Coates, Matthew M., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., Davletov, Kairat, Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C., del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Tome, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dorsey, E. Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Aquino Faraon, Emerito Jose, Farid, Talha A., Sofia E Sa Farinha, Carla, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Fuerst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goenka, Shifalika, Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Mari, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Maria Haro, Josep, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, Norberto, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Hutchings, Sally J., Huybrechts, Inge, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jansen, Henrica A. F. M., Jassal, Simerjot K., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Kromhout, Hans, Krueger, Hans, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena, Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Maclntyre, Michael, Mahdavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehari, Alem, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B. M., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Nassiri, Nariman, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Orozco, Ricardo, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patil, Snehal T., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Pope, C. Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja, Razo Garcia, Christian Aspacia, Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jurgen, Reinig, Nikolas, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Rolm, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Anna, Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Sandar, Logan, Santomauro, Damian F., Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schoettker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stockl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Landon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Belaynew Wasie, Taylor, Hugh R., Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J. S., Thomas, Bernadette A., Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., van Donkelaar, Aaron, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, J. Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Waller, Stephen G., Wang, JianLi, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D., Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhu, Jun, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J. L., Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T., Anderson, H. 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Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accou

Published
2016
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39. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfigar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Johnson, Catherine, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J., Kyu, Hmwe H., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Chris, VanderZanden, Amelia, Wagner, Joseph A., Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Zhou, Maigeng, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kumar, Sanjay, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Raghib, Ali, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Anderson, Gregory M., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhofff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Helene, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choudhury, Lincoln, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A., Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I., Das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C., Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Deveber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gabbe, Belinda, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Ribhi, Randah, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Hedayati, Mohammad T., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Daniel J., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kajungu, Dan K., Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lavados, Pablo M., Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E., Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M., Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. 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C., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Soljak, Michael, Soreide, Kjetil, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Steiner, Timothy J., Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Landon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R., Ao, Braden J. 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A., Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gabbe, Belinda, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Ribhi, Randah, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Hedayati, Mohammad T., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Daniel J., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kajungu, Dan K., Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lavados, Pablo M., Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E., Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M., Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Dheeraj, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Refaat, Amany H., Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Ricci, Stefano, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Sanabria, Juan R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Soljak, Michael, Soreide, Kjetil, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Steiner, Timothy J., Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Landon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R., Ao, Braden J. Te, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J. S., Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., van Gool, Coen H., van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Linhong, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, WestermaM, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L., Yan, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D., and Murray, Christopher J. L.

Abstract

Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs off set by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates

Published
2016
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40. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015

Author

University of Helsinki, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Department of Medical Genetics, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T., Anderson, H. Ross, Bhutta, Zulficiar A., Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Godwin, William W., Griswold, Max, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick Y., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B., Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sur, Patrick J., Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A., Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Amanuel, Abajobir, Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvarez Martin, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwar, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Al Artaman, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Baernighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Bans, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M., Brugha, Traolach S., Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A., Cahill, Leah E., Calabria, Bianca, Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Coates, Matthew M., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., Davletov, Kairat, Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C., del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Tome, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dorsey, E. Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Aquino Faraon, Emerito Jose, Farid, Talha A., Sofia E Sa Farinha, Carla, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Fuerst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goenka, Shifalika, Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Mari, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Maria Haro, Josep, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, Norberto, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Hutchings, Sally J., Huybrechts, Inge, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jansen, Henrica A. F. M., Jassal, Simerjot K., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Kromhout, Hans, Krueger, Hans, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena, Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Maclntyre, Michael, Mahdavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehari, Alem, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B. M., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Nassiri, Nariman, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Quyen Le Nguyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Orozco, Ricardo, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patil, Snehal T., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Pope, C. Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja, Razo Garcia, Christian Aspacia, Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jurgen, Reinig, Nikolas, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Rolm, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Anna, Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Sandar, Logan, Santomauro, Damian F., Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schoettker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stockl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Landon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Belaynew Wasie, Taylor, Hugh R., Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J. S., Thomas, Bernadette A., Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Bach Xuan Tran, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., van Donkelaar, Aaron, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, J. Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Waller, Stephen G., Wang, JianLi, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D., Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhu, Jun, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J. L., GBD 2015 Risk Factors, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Department of Medical Genetics, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T., Anderson, H. Ross, Bhutta, Zulficiar A., Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Godwin, William W., Griswold, Max, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick Y., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B., Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sur, Patrick J., Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A., Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Amanuel, Abajobir, Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvarez Martin, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwar, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Al Artaman, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Baernighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Bans, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M., Brugha, Traolach S., Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A., Cahill, Leah E., Calabria, Bianca, Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Coates, Matthew M., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., Davletov, Kairat, Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C., del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Tome, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dorsey, E. Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Aquino Faraon, Emerito Jose, Farid, Talha A., Sofia E Sa Farinha, Carla, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Fuerst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goenka, Shifalika, Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Mari, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Maria Haro, Josep, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, Norberto, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Hutchings, Sally J., Huybrechts, Inge, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jansen, Henrica A. F. M., Jassal, Simerjot K., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Kromhout, Hans, Krueger, Hans, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena, Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Maclntyre, Michael, Mahdavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehari, Alem, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B. M., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Nassiri, Nariman, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Quyen Le Nguyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Orozco, Ricardo, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patil, Snehal T., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Pope, C. Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja, Razo Garcia, Christian Aspacia, Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jurgen, Reinig, Nikolas, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Rolm, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Anna, Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Sandar, Logan, Santomauro, Damian F., Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schoettker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stockl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Landon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Belaynew Wasie, Taylor, Hugh R., Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J. S., Thomas, Bernadette A., Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Bach Xuan Tran, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., van Donkelaar, Aaron, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, J. Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Waller, Stephen G., Wang, JianLi, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D., Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhu, Jun, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J. L., and GBD 2015 Risk Factors

Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accou

Published
2016

41. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T., Anderson, H. Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Godwin, William W., Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Patrick Y., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B., Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sur, Patrick J., Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A., Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C., Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala A., Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Batis, Carolina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Broday, David M., Brugha, Traolach S., Brunekreef, Bert, Butt, Zahid A., Cahill, Leah E., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O., Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel C., Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Coates, Matthew M., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Manzano, Alejandra G. Contreras, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., Das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C., Davletov, Kairat, Castro, E. Filipa, La Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C., Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dorsey, E. Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hernández-Llanes, Norberto Francisco, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Hutchings, Sally J., Huybrechts, Inge, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jansen, Henrica A. F. M., Jassal, Simerjot K., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-Il, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Kromhout, Hans, Krueger, Hans, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Macintyre, Michael, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B. M., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Nassiri, Nariman, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Orozco, Ricardo, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patil, Snehal T., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Pope, C. Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Amir Radfar, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja, García, Christian Aspacia Razo, Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jürgen, Reinig, Nikolas, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Sandar, Logan, Santomauro, Damian F., Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stöckl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Belaynew Wasie, Taylor, Hugh R., Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J. S., Thomas, Bernadette A., Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Donkelaar, Aaron, Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, J. Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Waller, Stephen G., Wang, Jian Li, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D., Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhu, Jun, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J. 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Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, 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Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fleming, Tom, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guillemin, Franci, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hernández-Llanes, Norberto Francisco, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Husseini, Abdullatif, Hutchings, Sally J, Huybrechts, Inge, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jansen, Henrica A F M, Jassal, Simerjot K, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Johnson, Catherine O, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Kromhout, Han, Krueger, Han, Ku, Tiffany, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Ander, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Macintyre, Michael, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Medina, Catalina, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B M, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moge, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Nassiri, Nariman, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Orozco, Ricardo, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Teja, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Pope, C Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja, García, Christian Aspacia Razo, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Colin D, Rehm, Jürgen, Reinig, Nikola, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rivera, Juan A, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Sandar, Logan, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stöckl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Belaynew Wasie, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J.S., Thomas, Bernadette A, Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolao, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Jian Li, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhu, Jun, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J L, Public Health, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Psychiatry, Kardiyoloji, RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), and Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie

Subjects
Blood Glucose, Alcohol Drinking, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Body Mass Index, Middle East, Life Expectancy, Risk-Taking, Africa, Northern, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Occupational Exposure, Africa South of the Sahara, Medicine(all), Unsafe Sex, Risk Factor, Medicine (all), Malnutrition, Smoking, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Sodium, Dietary, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Biomarker, Environmental Exposure, Substance-Related Disorder, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Cholesterol, Air Pollution, Indoor, Hypertension, Disabled Person, Human
Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57.8% (95% CI 56.6-58.8) of global deaths and 41.2% (39.8-42.8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211.8 million [192.7 million to 231.1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148.6 million [134.2 million to 163.1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143.1 million [125.1 million to 163.5 million]), high BMI (120.1 million [83.8 million to 158.4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113.3 million [103.9 million to 123.4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103.1 million [90.8 million to 115.1 million]), high total cholesterol (88.7 million [74.6 million to 105.7 million]), household air pollution (85.6 million [66.7 million to 106.1 million]), alcohol use (85.0 million [77.2 million to 93.0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83.0 million [49.3 million to 127.5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

42. Unmet Supportive Care Needs Among Cancer Patients in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Mixed Method Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author

Bore, Meless Gebrie, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Amsalu, Erkihun, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Perry, Lin, Alemu, Addisu Alehegn, Shifa, Jemal Ebrahim, Alebel, Animut, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, and Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie

Subjects
*CANCER patient care, *CANCER patients, *CANCER treatment, *CINAHL database
Abstract

Supportive cancer care is vital to reducing the current disparities in cancer outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including poor survival and low quality of life, and ultimately achieving equity in cancer care. This is the first review aimed to evaluate the extent of unmet supportive care needs and identify their contributing factors among patients with cancer in SSA. Six electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, Medline [Ovid], PsycINFO, PubMed, and Cochrane Library of Databases] were systematically searched. Studies that addressed one or more domains of unmet supportive cancer care needs were included. Findings were analyzed using narrative analysis and meta-analysis, as appropriate. Eleven articles out of 2732 were retained in the review. The pooled prevalence of perceived unmet need for cancer care in SSA was 63% (95% CI: 45, 81) for physical, 59% (95% CI: 45, 72) for health information and system, 58% (95% CI: 42, 74) for psychological, 44% (95% CI: 29, 59) for patient care and support, and 43% (95% CI: 23, 63) for sexual. Older age, female sex, rural residence, advanced cancer stage, and low access to health information were related to high rates of multiple unmet needs within supportive care domains. In SSA, optimal cancer care provision was low, up to two-thirds of patients reported unmet needs for one or more domains. Strengthening efforts to develop comprehensive and integrated systems for supportive care services are keys to improving the clinical outcome, survival, and quality of life of cancer patients in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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