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Background: Examination into the origin of SARSCoV-2 has shed further light on opportunities for broader zoonotic pathogen transmission stemming from the trade in living wildlife and animal parts, and in associated practices. In certain parts of the world (e.g., Africa), various bird species are illegally captured for both subsistence and nonsubsistence purposes such as for belief-based use. The latter practice includes rare and declining vulture species and arises from the (relatively recent) belief that directly ingesting certain vulture body parts may impart powers of clairvoyance or bring good fortune. Among a variety of capture methods used by hunters, pesticide-poisoned or nicotine-laced baits are prevalent. In 2020, a mass mortality incident in Guinea Bissau involving over 2000 Critically Endangered Hooded Vultures was linked to belief-based practices, and to the use of a carbamate pesticide. This was to date the highest reported number of vultures killed by pesticide poisoning within a single event. Such deliberate, indiscriminate poisoning is now widely acknowledged within conservation sectors as posing evident threats to vulture species and populations. However, the potential human health repercussions arising from the possibility for zoonotic pathogen transmission (e.g., anthrax, avian H5N1 influenza), and for secondary exposure to the range of toxic substances used to capture and prepare individual birds -- whether to hunters, procurers and traders of vulture parts or to consumers -- have remained unexplored. Objectives: Our aims are to 1) generate awareness of these practice within human health risk assessment sectors; and 2) generate interest within the human health sector in examining the potential for zoonotic pathogen transmission and toxicity or poisoning risks to people that may stem from these practices. Discussion: We briefly describe human behaviours associated with this belief-driven practice as they relate to potential exposure, and issue a plea for examination of the associated health risks, in collaboration with ongoing conservation and wildlife forensics efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization can have profound impacts on the distributional ecology of wildlife and livestock, with implications for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services and human health. A wealth of studies have assessed biotic responses to urbanization in North America and Europe, but there is little empirical evidence that directly links human activities to urban biodiversity in the tropics. Results from a large‐scale field study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, are used to explore the impact of human activities on the biodiversity of wildlife and livestock with which humans co‐exist across the city. The structure of sympatric wildlife, livestock and human populations are characterized using unsupervised machine learning, and statistical modelling is used to relate compositional variation in these communities to socio‐ecological drivers occurring across the city. By characterizing landscape‐scale drivers acting on these interfaces, we demonstrate that socioeconomics, elevation and subsequent changes in habitat have measurable impacts upon the diversity, density and species assemblage of wildlife, livestock and humans. Restructuring of wildlife and livestock assemblages (both in terms of species diversity and composition) has important implications for the emergence of novel diseases at urban interfaces, and we therefore use our results to generate a set of testable hypotheses that explore the influence of urban change on microbial communities. These results provide novel insight into the impact of urbanization on biodiversity in the tropics. An understanding of associations between urban processes and the structure of human and animal populations is required to link urban development to conservation efforts and risks posed by disease emergence to human health, ultimately informing sustainable urban development policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]