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In this essay, we use lactation workas a lens through which to study women’s workin the past. The issues addressed are what countsas work, how to find evidence of women’s work,and how to use the evidence. We present anapproach developed by the Swedish Gender andWork (GaW) project, including a theoreticalfocus on practices and the verb-oriented method,and we illustrate how we combine quantitativeand qualitative analyses by zooming in and outon the data. We conclude with a discussion ofthe shifting analytical usefulness of ‘women’ asa category of historical analysis., Gender and Work

This article offers a comparative analysis of the early modern Danish and Swedish Household state in relation to the treatment of “disobedient” children. It uses law codes and court records to explore the dynamic relationship between the household and state, arguing that contrasting patterns are apparent despite the common features of absolutism, agrarian, and mono-confessional Lutheranism. In Denmark, the state often responded to such cases by arrogating the power of the household and removing children from their care. In Sweden, the state upheld and sought to educate the household and relied upon parents to carry out appropriate chastisements of its junior members., Den nordiska hushållstaten: variationer på ett tema av Luther

Title in Web of Science: An empirical history

This article takes Denise Riley’s and Joan Scott’s call to historize the categories of women and men as its starting point and presents an investigation of words used to designate people in two different text corpora from early modern Sweden.The first corpus is a selection from the database Korp that contains printed texts from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century, mainly newspapers. The other corpus is the Gender and Work (GaW) database based mainly on court books, but also on diaries and other accounts. The frequency of Swedish equivalents of ”woman”, ”wife”, ”Mrs”, ”madame”, ”widow”, ”maid”, ”girl”, ”man”, ”Mr”, ”gentleman”, ”farmhand”, ”boy” and several similar words have been studied in both corpora, complemented by an in-depth study of the GaW corpus.The investigation shows that words used to denote people in early modern Sweden regularly included several intersectional elements: almost always gender, but also information about household position, age, kinship and social status. For women, ”wife” (hustru) was the most common title in both corpora. For men, the word ”man” (man) was quite common in the Korp corpus but rather unusual in the GaW corpus. In the latter the word ”man” and ”woman” were used in a few instances when someone wanted to point out the sex of otherwise anonymous people. Both ”man” and ”woman”, but especially ”woman”, were also used with a derogatory meaning. The only context in which a version of the word ”woman” (kvinnfolk) was used regularly was in lists of women’s wages in accounts from royal demesnes.The use of words is governed by context. In legal courts, people’s legal status and credibility were important, as were their family and kinship relationships, especially in cases involving property and inheritance. The words most commonly used about women in court – ”wife”, ”widow”, ”daughter” and ”maid” – testified to these very circumstances. In addition to the professsional-like titles, the same types of words dominated for me, Title in WoS: Womenfolk, farmhands and gender categories: Significant words in early modern Sweden

This article takes Denise Riley's and Joan Scott's call to historize the categories of women and men as its starting point and presents an investigation of words used to designate people in two different text corpora from early modern Sweden. The first corpus is a selection from the database Korp that contains printed texts from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century, mainly newspapers. The other corpus is the Gender and Work (GaW) database based mainly on court books, but also on diaries and other accounts. The frequency of Swedish equivalents of "woman", "wife", "Mrs", "madame", "widow", "maid", "girl", "man", "Mr", "gentleman", "farmhand", "boy" and several similar words have been studied in both corpora, complemented by an in-depth study of the GaW corpus. The investigation shows that words used to denote people in early modern Sweden regularly included several intersectional elements: almost always gender, but also information about household position, age, kinship and social status. For women, "wife" (hustru) was the most common title in both corpora. For men, the word "man" (man) was quite common in the Korp corpus but rather unusual in the GaW corpus. In the latter the word "man" and "woman" were used in a few instances when someone wanted to point out the sex of otherwise anonymous people. Both "man" and "woman", but especially "woman", were also used with a derogatory meaning. The only context in which a version of the word "woman" (kvinnfolk) was used regularly was in lists of women's wages in accounts from royal demesnes. The use of words is governed by context. In legal courts, people's legal status and credibility were important, as were their family and kinship relationships, especially in cases involving property and inheritance. The words most commonly used about women in court "wife", "widow", "daughter" and "maid" testified to these very circumstances. In addition to the professional-like titles, the same types of words dominated for men.

Uppgifter om mäns och kvinnors försörjningsaktiviteter i Snevringe (Västmanland) häradsrätts protokoll har transkriberats och analyserats, och källtext och källtrogna variabler registrerats bokstavstroget, av Jonas Lindström, Benny Jacobsson, Carl Mikael Carlsson, Karin Hassan Jansson, Linnea Henningsson, Maria Ågren, Sarah Vorminder och Örjan Kardell, inom forskningsprojektet Gender and Work. Kvalitetskontroll är utförd av Sofia Ling och Jonas Lindström. Analys av källmaterialet har gjorts av Benny Jacobsson, Carl Mikael Carlsson, Karin Hassan Jansson, Linnea Henningsson, Maria Ågren, Sarah Vorminder, Örjan Kardell inom projektet Gender and Work https://www.uu.se/gaw Materialet är sökbart i databasen GAW - https://gotham.ddb.umu.se

Uppgifter om mäns och kvinnors försörjningsaktiviteter i Skellefteå (Västerbotten) häradsrätts protokoll har transkriberats och analyserats, och källtext och källtrogna variabler registrerats bokstavstroget, av Jonas Lindström och Karin Hassan Jansson inom forskningsprojektet Gender and Work., Kvalitetskontroll är utförd av Sofia Ling., Analys av källmaterialet har gjorts av Jonas Lindström och Karin Hassan Jansson inom projektet Gender and Work https://www.gaw.hist.uu.se/vad-kan-jag-hitta-i-gaw/kallunderlag/skelleftea--vasterbotten---haradsrattens-protokoll--1771, Materialet är sökbart i databasen GAW - http://gaw.ddb.umu.se:8080/gaw-query/query/index.xhtml

Starting from a singular case about a late seventeenth-century maid, who disobeyed her mistress and took her to court, this article discusses the place of microhistory in the wider eld of historical research. We argue that microhistory has the potential to make invaluable contributions to our understanding of more general phenomena. This presupposes that the study of a single case is put into a larger context established by previous research. By doing this, we open up the possibility of a dialogue between previous research and the case, which in turn makes possible for the results of the microhistorian to in uence the construction of grand narratives. In our example, the actions of the maid are related to certain propositions in Swedish historical research about patriarchal society. We nd that these propositions explain the maid’s actions inadequately. Instead, we suggest an alternative explanation and reformulate the general understanding of seventeenth-century Swedish patriarchal society on this basis. Patriarchy was a culture, rather than merely an ideology and it o ered a repertoire of arguments that people in both subordinate and superior positions could use. Fathers of di erent kinds, such as household heads, priests, bishops and judges, maintained patriarchal order through a dynamic interplay in which the participation of people in subordinate positions, such as maids, were crucial. Whether this new understanding of the general context is valid or not, or if we are dealing with the exception to a rule, is not for this study but for future research to determine. The kind of microhistory that we advocate is not about “bringing history to life” or “giving it a human face”, nor is it only about falsifying general theories. This would be to underestimate the potential of microhistory. Instead, our microhistory seeks to explain the particular in such a way that it has e ect on how we understand the universal. Instead of reducing a single case to an instance of some, Titel i Web of Science: "The maid and patriarchy: Rules, exceptions and the potential of microhistory"., Gender and Work

Based on the verb-oriented method and a unique collection of observations from court records, this article shows that both men and women did almost all categories of work in early modern Sweden. On the level of concrete tasks, however, there was both difference and similarity between the genders. Marital status exerted a strong influence on women’s sustenance activities, creating a clear distinction between unmarried and ever-married. These patterns were probably the effect of a labour legislation that forced young people without independent means to offer their bodies and time to masters and mistresses., Gender and Work

Inom ramen för delprojektet "Pigors arbete och arbetsvillkor i det tidigmoderna Sverige" (projektansvarig forskare Karin Hassan Jansson) har uppgifter om mäns och kvinnors försörjningsaktiviteter i rättsfall gällande våldtäktsbrott i Sverige, perioden 1636-1800, samlats in, transkriberats och analyserats, och källtext och källtrogna variabler registrerats ordagrant (men ej bokstavstroget), av Karin Hassan Jansson inom forskningsprojektet Gender and Work. Kvalitetskontroll är utförd av Jonas Lindström. Analys av källmaterialet har gjorts av Karin Hassan Jansson inom projektet Gender and Work https://www.gaw.hist.uu.se/vad-kan-jag-hitta-i-gaw/kallunderlag/samling-av-valdtaktsfall--1600-1800/ Materialet är sökbart i databasen GAW - http://gaw.ddb.umu.se:8080/gaw-query/query/index.xhtml

Gender and Work