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PurposeUsing norms of reciprocity, this study explores how employees' exposure to workplace ostracism (WO) affects their task performance through the mediating role of knowledge hiding (KH). Moreover, drawing on social identity theory, this research outstretches the boundary conditions of KH, i.e. under which KH is less likely to occur.Design/methodology/approachTime-lagged, multisource data collected from 297 employees in service sector organizations in Pakistan were analyzed using SMARTPLS (v 3.3.3).FindingsThe findings reveal that perception of WO provokes KH behavior in employees, which, in turn, deteriorates their task performance. Results also disclose that moral identification (MI) and organizational identification (OI) buffer against the positive association between WO and KH, such that the ostracism-KH link is weaker at higher levels of MI and OI, and vice versa.Practical implicationsThe study envisages that a KH loop occurs between the knowledge hider and the knowledge seeker, which fosters spirals of conflict that might prevail in organizations over an extended period of time. Therefore, the occurrence context of KH should be mitigated through appropriate managerial interventions. In addition, nurturing self-identities will be beneficial for both employees and organizations.Originality/valueThis is the first study that investigates the relationship between WO and task performance while also considering the mediating role of KH and the moderating roles of MI and OI.

This chapter aims to synthesize some of the current issues of the circular economy and circular business models. Based on the international literature, the chapter highlights aspects such as the conceptual theoretical approaches of the circular economy and circular business models, interconnecting the principles of the circular economy, the difference between the linear and the circular economy, the circular economy and the sustainable development, the supply chain within the circular economy, possible business models of the circular economy, advantages and limitations in the successful implementation of the circular economy and supporting sustainability, other aspects of the circular economy and sustainability. The covered topics are based on the studies conducted by specialists and also present some author opinions on the sustainable development and circular economy. The chapter ends with the authors' conclusions on the impact of the circular economy and circular business models in the actual ecological context, launching possible future research topics for specialists.

Project delays are a large and prevalent problem in the Gilgit-Baltistan construction industry, and delays can distinctly affect project duration, budget, and also community needs. The purpose of this study is to highlight and rank delaying factors in the Annual Development Programme public sector building infrastructure projects and examine them through a relative importance index. A total of 52 delaying factors were identified through a detailed literature review and categorized into eight major groups, and a pilot study with 16 experienced construction experts was conducted. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the importance of each factor from public construction experts. In total, 102 respondents participated in the survey. The study determined that difficulties in financing projects by contractors, delays in progress payments, dispute on land usage, improper project feasibility studies, award project to the lowest bid price, extreme weather conditions, inadequate contractor experience, and insufficient data collection and survey before design were among the top eight critical delaying factors. In addition, Spearman’s rank correlation tests revealed that there was no difference in perception between owners and contractors. A comparison of the top five delay factors was done with eight preferred construction industries in Asia to validate the results of this study. The findings are likely to be a solid contribution to the Gilgit-Baltistan construction industry in mitigating future construction delays.

In the era of industrial revelation 4.0 (IR 4.0), sustainability has been a serious challenge of contemporary small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Using Natural Resource-Based-View (NRBV), the current paper examines the moderated mediation model of the role of information access in the sustainability of SMEs, through the mediating role of access to resource and innovation capability in the relationship between information access and sustainability, and the moderating role of management commitment in the relationship between innovation capability and SME sustainability. This paper gathered data from 222 SMEs in Pakistan. The study used a purposive sampling technique to distribute the survey questionnaire. Smart-PLS software was used to analyze the data. The study finding indicates that access to information affects both sustainability and innovation capability. Moreover, access to resources affects innovation capability, though it did not affect SME sustainability. Furthermore, innovation capability mediates the relationship between access to resources, access to information, and SME sustainability. Additionally, management commitment moderates the relationship between access to information and innovation capability, however, it does not moderate the relationship between access to resources and innovation capability. Practical, theoretical, and methodological implications are discussed in the study.

Considering the worldwide evolutionary stage of Industry 4.0, this study wants to fill in a lack of information and decision-making, trying to answer a question about the level of preparation of Romanian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) regarding the implementation of the new technology. The main purpose of this article is to identify the opinions and perceptions of SME managers in Romania on the drivers and barriers of implementing Industry 4.0 technology for business development. The research method used in the study was analyzed by sampling using the questionnaire as a data collection tool. It includes closed questions, measured with a nominal and orderly scale. 176 managers provided complete and useful answers to this research. The collected data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) package using frequency tables, contingency tables, and main component analysis. Major contributions from research have highlighted the fact that Romania is in a full transition process from industry 2.0 to industry 4.0. There was also a high level of knowledge of the new Industry 4.0 technology, and a desire to implement it in the Romanian SMEs, as well as the low level of resources needed to implement it.

Stress is a universal and inevitable component of life. The article reports findings of a study aimed to determine the sources of stress among medical practitioners in private hospitals. The context of the study is medical practitioners in private hospitals and clinics in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Field study was conducted and primary data collection instrument was questionnaires. The questionnaire was based on five dimensions: workload, working conditions, role overload, sleep deprivation and unrealistic demands of the patients. The data was analyzed through statistical techniques using SPSS Version 16. Findings of the study revealed that sleep deprivation was the most important source of stress, followed by workload, working conditions, role overload and unrealistic demands of patients. The study provides a piece of evidence which may be used to illustrate the stress level of private practitioners in the healthcare industry in a developing country. Results of this study are useful to guide and inform healthcare management and policy measures.

Instructional technology plays a vital role in enhancing instructional process and makes it more interesting, successful and productive (Suleman, et al. 2011a). The purpose of the study was to explore the role of instructional technology in enhancing student’s educational attainment in General Science at elementary level in District Karak (Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) Pakistan. All the students at elementary level in District Karak constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to the students of Government High School Khurram District Karak. The study was further delimited to the students of 8 th class. Fifty students of class 08 of the same school were selected as sample of the study. Sample students were divided into two groups i.e. control group and experimental group by equating them on the basis of their previous knowledge in subject of General Science as determined through pre-test. Each group was comprised of 25 students. The study was experimental in nature therefore pre-test and post-test technique was used as research instrument for the collection of data. Mean, standard deviation and t-test were used for the statistical treatment of the data. After analysis of the data, the researchers concluded that instructional technology plays a fundamental and crucial role in teaching of General Science at elementary level. The application of instructional technology during teaching learning process increased the achievement level of the students. It also increased the motivational level of the students. Students of the experimental group were found more attentive and interested. On the basis of findings and conclusions it is recommended that instructional technologies should be utilized in teaching of General Science at elementary level. It is further recommended that instructional technologies should be provided to each school on priority basis. KEYWORDS: Instructional Technology; Enhancing Students’ Educational Attainment; General Science; Elementary Level

Classroom management is a critical part of effective and successful instruction. Effective teaching learning process depends upon effective classroom management. Effective classroom management depends upon the competencies of teachers. Therefore the study was conducted to explore and compare the competencies of in-service promoted and directly selected elementary school teachers regarding classroom management in District Karak, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (Pakistan). The objectives of the study were: (a) to compare the competencies of directly selected and in-service promoted elementary school teachers regarding classroom management (b) to explore the weak and strong points of directly selected and in-service promoted elementary school teachers regarding classroom management and (c) to suggest proper ways and means to improve the quality of elementary school teachers regarding classroom management. All the students at Elementary Level in District Karak, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (Pakistan) constituted the population of the study. In order to ensure adequate representation of sample, only 1350 students studying in forty five schools at elementary level in District Karak were selected randomly. From each school, 05 students from class 6 th , 10 from class 7 th and 15 students from 8 th were selected. The study was descriptive in nature therefore, the researchers decided to develop questionnaires for the collection of data. Two questionnaires were developed for the whole sample. One questionnaire was prepared about in-service promoted elementary school teachers and the other was prepared about directly selected elementary school teachers. Pilot testing was conducted to explore the weakness, misconceptions and ambiguities of the questions in questionnaires in order to make it more reliable and authentic. After conduction of pilot testing, the questionnaires were revised and then their final versions were prepared. The researchers personally visited to the respective sample students and distributed two two questionnaires among the participants. In this way data was collected. After the collection of data, the data was organized, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. Percentage and chi-square were used for the statistical treatment of the data. After statistical analysis of data, the researchers concluded that the overall performance of the directly selected elementary school teachers is better and highly appreciable. On the other hand, the performance of the in-service promoted elementary school teachers is poor and unsatisfactory. On the basis of findings and conclusions, it is strongly recommended that special training should be given to the existing in-service promoted elementary school teachers in classroom management and teaching methods to equip them with the modern teaching methods and techniques so that they may perform their duties effectively. KEYWORDS: Elementary School Teachers, Competencies, Classroom Management, Elementary Level

Family setting and structure is playing a crucial role in strengthening or devastating student’s academic performance. Family is the primary socializing agent which moulds the child in society. Therefore, the study was conducted to know the effects of family structure on academic performance of the students at elementary level in district Karak. The main objectives of the study were: (a) to explore the effects of family structure on the academic performance of the students at elementary level and (b) to suggest proper ways and means for the excellent academic performance of students at elementary level. All the students at elementary level in district Karak constituted the population of the study. In order to represent adequate sample, 30 students from each school were selected as a sample randomly. The study was delimited to the twelve male secondary schools. The study was further delimited to the students of class 08. The Study was descriptive in nature therefore the researchers decided to develop questionnaire for the collection of data. Pilot testing was conducted to know the weakness, misconceptions and ambiguities of the questionnaire. After the conduction of pilot testing, final version of the questionnaire was developed and prepared. The researchers personally visited to the respective sample and distributed questionnaires among the sample. In this way data was collected. After collection of data, the data was organized, tabulated and analyzed. Chi-square was used for the statistical treatment of the data. After analysis of data, the researchers concluded that large family size; large number of brother and sisters; domestic issues and tension among the family members; low socio-economic status, lack of parent’s participation badly effects student’s educational attainment. On the other hand, it was also found that home tuition; parent’s education; high socio-economic status; and parent’s participation plays a fundamental and significant role in enhancing student’s academic performance. Key Words: Family, Family Structure, Effects of family Structure, Academic Achievement

Trust has been recognized as a multi-dimensional concept with its various components. However, the missing link of trust and collaboration is still being observed in human resource management literature. This study deliberates upon exploring the linkage between trust and collaboration among employees in an organization. The current research highlights the positive contribution of trust in building and sustaining collaboration in the organizations. Researchers have elaborated a detailed metaanalysis of literature on trust and collaboration in order to achieve its effectual link with organizational performance. The findings reveal that trust and collaboration are interdependent processes. Trust is an essential element in building collaboration and high level of trust is required to build effective collaborative relationships.

Organizations focus upon increased revenue generated by its employees, competitive workforce and employee dedication for achieving its strategic goals in order to meet the challenges of 21st century. However, in this era of hyper competition work life balance of employees’ at all managerial levels has been affected enormously. This exploratory study deliberates upon a brief elaboration of work-life balance, its importance for the organizations and the various emerging practices/initiatives associated with it. The current research builds upon the considerable knowledge related to the theory and practices of Work-life balance from extensive Meta-analysis of literature. The findings reveal that work-life balance is both important for the organization and for its employees particularly in current dynamic organizational scenarios. It helps the organization to improve productivity, efficiency, competitiveness, morale and hence gain a competitive edge. Similarly employees are benefited from work-life balance initiatives through increased motivation to work, enhanced satisfaction, empowerment and ultimately more commitment to the organization.

Organizational Citizenship is one of the emerging management concepts that are being emphasized for its unique constitution. Organizations strive to establish organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among their employees for attaining exceptionally motivated workforce. The purpose of this paper was to explore Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and its importance in recent times. It elaborates the extent to which five core job characteristics of Job Characteristic Model (JCM) lead to organizational citizenship and its impact of employee engagement and commitment on OCB. Qualitative research design has been adopted where extensive literature resources have been elaborated in order to understand the relationship. Researchers have presented a detailed model explaining Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and its critical link with JCM and with employee commitment and job engagement. Findings reveal that four dimensions (task variety, task identity, task significance and task autonomy) Job Characteristic Model (JCM), and employee engagement produces positive impact on OCB. However, the impact of employee commitment on OCB is not yet obvious.

Professional development for teachers is an essential element of plans to improve the quality of education. Professional development in a broader sense refers to the development of a person in his or her professional role. More specifically, professional development of teachers refers to the achievement of enhanced learning experience in research and teaching with synchronized system so that he/she could deliver effectual knowledge to his /her students in particular and to the society as a whole. Exploring this imperative aspect of teaching human resource in universities, current study analyzes the initiatives taken by public universities of Pakistan for professional development of their teachers. The aim of this explanatory study is to investigate the issues and challenges regarding professional development mechanisms of public universities of Pakistan. It elaborates their performance development procedures and strategies and unearths the influential factors and challenges which are faced by these university teachers regarding performance development systems. The sample of the said study comprised of randomly selected teaching staff of five major Public Universities of Pakistan. Along with detail questionnaires, in depth interviews had been conducted with teaching staff of the sample universities in order to achieve the deeper insights of the challenges and issues regarding teachers’ professional development. The study reveals that foreign scholarships to university teachers, research grants and training programs are various effectual measures taken by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for Public universities. However, comprehensive monitoring system, quality assurance and impact measurement of the said measures are lacking elements which create dissatisfaction among teachers in public universities of Pakistan. Also, lack of training for improved teaching in semester system, communication gap among seniors and junior faculty, decreased guidance for modernized research conduction, overburdened teaching load are some of the hindering factors in professional development of teachers which are been revealed by the current research.

Orientation- This exploratory study elaborates the hindering factors of high performance of the beginning teachers in higher education of Pakistan and suggests the solutions with their implications which lead to an effort for performance improvement of beginning teachers in the higher education institutions. Researchers have taken IUB as a case study. Purpose – The aim of the researchers in this endeavor is to identify the challenges and obstacles faced by beginning teachers in higher education. This study also explores practical implications and what adaptation can be utilized in order to have high performance of the beginning teachers. Design/ Methodology- Researchers have applied qualitative technique to collect and interpret data. Semi structured Interviews were conducted from the 40 beginning teachers of the case study university in order to identify various hindering factors of high performance. Findings- Research r esults indicate that by addressing the 11 major hindering factors of beginning teachers’ high performance i.e. less teaching exposure, over overburden, strict evaluation, lack of training, insufficient material and supplies, lack of effective communication, student counseling problems, class room discipline problems, Difficulties in assessing students’ work, least expectations of career in teaching and misbehavior of students, the performance level of beginning teachers in higher education can be enhanced. Practical implications- Current research may be use by universities to identify and resolve the beginning teachers’ problems in order to get high performance. It also provides the literature for future researches.

Orientation- This exploratory study elaborates performance management issues like job dissatisfaction and high job turnover rates faced by the IT firms in Pakistan and suggest the solutions with their implications. Researchers have taken an IT firm as a case study. Purpose – The aim of the researchers in this endeavor is to identify the problem areas and challenges faced by IT firms while implementing best practices of performance management. This study also explores practical implications and what adaptation can be utilized in order to have effective performance management system. Design/ Methodology- Researchers have adopted qualitative research methodology in which qualitative technique is applied to collect and interpret data. Semi structured Interviews were conducted from the director and the middle management of the case study firm in order to identify various PM issues. Findings- Results also indicate that by implementing steps of performance management processes i.e. setting objectives, training, performance agreement, performance review and reward system “We Care” firm may resolve its performance related issues like job dissatisfaction, high job turn over and the rigid environment. Practical implications- Current research may be use by HR managers to identify and resolve the performance evaluation and development challenges. It also provides the literature for future researches. Contribution- This research firstly presents comprehensive literature analysis on performance management practices which allows its reader to critically analyze various developments in PM practices. Moreover, it explores the issues of practical implications of PM best practices in real business scenario. Current research elaborates the different emerging implementation issues which create gap between theory (best practices) and its implementation.

The article is planned to investigate curriculum implementation and feedback mechanism at secondary school level in Punjab Pakistan. Data was collected from randomly selected 23 curriculum experts from Ministry of Education, curriculum wing Punjab and Punjab Textbook Board. Data was statistically treated using percentage and mea score. Finally keeping in view the major findings of data, conclusions and recommendations were formulated. The study conclude proper implementation and monitoring mechanism need to be reconsider in curriculum development process.

Human resource planning is vital and foremost practice of human resource management. This article has explored theoretical grounds of human resource planning practice. Author has attempted to present comprehensive literature review on this imperative practice. This paper explores how human resource planning plays a strategic role in managing organizations. Author has detailed importance, strategic objectives and factors affecting human resource planning process. Moreover, this paper details human resource planning models, frameworks and processes of retaining and motivating employed workforce.

Human Resource Management discipline extracted its roots from organizational psychology discipline and proved to be an important practice for managing organizations. The role of this practice has emerged to be strategic with passage to time. Today the role of human resource management departments has become inevitable for 21st century modern businesses. This article focuses upon role of human resource management practice in 21st century. This theoretical paper is aiming the importance of human resource managers, HR practices and its influencing factors. In addition to that, this article also elaborates the upcoming challenges which are faced by 21st century HR managers. Author has conducted HR literature analysis in order to present emerging issues, challenges and practices of human resource management discipline in context of 21st century.

The present paper is an attempt to explore professional development practices for teachers in secondary schools of Pakistan. Research has attempted to discover the better ways for professional development of teachers in secondary schools in addition to many other factors like continue training, in service education, workshops etc. counseling and incentives are also very important factors to discuss here because in Pakistan teachers face many problems while getting professional development so counseling, incentives are necessary for continuous professional development of teachers. Otherwise many lose heart due to a lot of problems faced by them during professional development trainings. The purpose of the study is to explore the term professional development, to make teachers able to manage the class more efficiently and also increase the level of learning throughout their career and also find the hindrances in professional development programs of teachers in secondary schools of Pakistan and to provide the better solution to overcome the hurdles by providing different training programs batter than that provided in the past. So for these purpose schools of Pakistan we took a sample for the collection of relevant data. Our study is also helpful to explore how we can make the professional development programs more effective and professional development is helpful for teachers and what are their purpose to design these programs moreover explore the challenges they are facing recently and what issues arises related to it and how could we minimize these. Researchers have applied qualitative technique in order to collect and interpret data. Semi structured interview were conducted from ten teachers of public and private schools. Moreover hundred questionnaires are also filled up from both of the schools, in which we use the liker scale. This study also explores practical implications and what adoptions can be utilized in order to improve the professional development program of public and private school teachers in Punjab. From research it has concluded that professional development programs are not so effective because programs are characterized with inflexible curriculum which ignored teacher’s needs. In other sense there is no connection between their professional development and every day class room needs. Secondly due to the time constraints mostly teachers are not interested in these programs, they just take in to get certificates. Thirdly teachers have no input while planned training topics there is lack of teacher’s involvement in planning and training process. At the end there is no proper plan for follow up and transferred activities to class room practices. Professional development of teachers must be planned, funded and supported. Teachers must be encouraged to participate in training programs. There should be proper co-ordination in professional development programs, so that logical sequence of experience should be followed. Key words:Professional Development, Enhancement, Issues, Secondary education, Appraisal, Learning

Purpose: The aim of the researchers in this effort is to identify the challenges and barrier faced by teachers in colleges of Pakistan regarding their professional development. The study also discovers realistic implication and adaptation which can be used in order to have highly professionally developed teachers in colleges. Objective of the study: The current research is conducted to find the different professional development characteristic and different factors which are beneficial in professional development of college teachers as well as the factors which are the root cause of creating deficiencies in professional development programs of teachers, especially for college teachers. Methodology: In conducting the current research study the researchers had used the qualitative method and quantitative method. In quantitative method Likert scale or in other words summated rating scale is used; as it is easiest to construct and by the definition of this scale each statement on the scale have equal importance or weight. Sample taken to conduct this research study is 120 teachers from both the sectors as 60 public and 60 private respectively. Besides the questionnaire, interview technique is also been used to carry out the mention research. Findings: The major findings of research has reveled that professional development programs at institutional level are not carried in its required intensity moreover these programs if executed properly then could increase teachers’ satisfaction, student learning and learning output. However such programs are aimless as these programs are run without any definite purpose. Moreover it is found that there are inadequate course contents and trainers are mostly untrained. Also seminars are not conducted due to insufficient allocated funds and if seminars are conducted these results to be unproductive. Employee in educational institutions are not provided some sort of scholarship programs

Managing human resource was always an important concern for managers in any organization. Today, human resource management proves one of the main stream departments in modern businesses. This paper aims to focus at history of this management function. This theoretical research narrows down the literature and presents detail analysis of the origins of human resource management discipline. Author has elaborated various researches and literature resources in order to understand the history of human resource management theories and focus on various theories, models and frameworks on which this discipline was started off in history

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceived effectiveness of academic leadership in schools of Bahawalpur (Pakistan). All the teachers teaching at secondary school level of private sector constituted the population of the study. Only 100 school teachers were selected as sample through simple random sampling technique. A self-developed structured questionnaire was used as research instrument for data collection. The quantitative research methodology has been used. Statistical tools i.e., mean standard deviation and percentage were used for the analysis of the data. After analysis of the data, it was concluded that that the academic leadership in schools is not as effective as it should be as per staff perception. Supervisors do not empower their teachers. Teachers are not motivated and not involved in decision making process. Teachers are not rewarded on showing excellent performance. Furthermore, they are not engaged in building ethical ambiance in school.

The purpose of the paper was to examine the effects of classroom physical environment on the academic achievement scores of secondary school students. All the students studying at secondary school level in Kohat Division, Pakistan constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to the students of class 09 of Govt. High School Khurram (Karak). Forty students from class 09 of the same school were selected as sample through simple random sampling technique. The study was experimental in nature and therefore “Pre-test-Post-test Equivalent Groups Design” was used. Statistical data was collected through pre-test and post-test technique. Statistical tools i.e., mean, standard deviation and differences of means were calculated for each group. Significance of the difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups was tested at 0.05 level of confidence by applying t-test. After analysis, it was concluded that classroom favorable environment has a significant positive effect on the academic achievement scores of secondary school students. The students of experimental group showed better performance as compared to the students of control group. Based on findings, it was recommended that classroom physical environment should be well-organized, equiped and facilitated.

Secondary school teachers occupy the most critical and crucial position in the entire education system (Suleman, et al, 2011a). The purpose of the study was to compare the performance of online and directly selected secondary school teachers regarding teaching proficiency and classroom Management. All the students at secondary school level in Kohat Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) constituted the population of the study. Only 600 students studying at secondary school level in Kohat Division were selected as sample randomly. The study was delimited to only male students at secondary school level. The study was descriptive type and questionnaire was used as research instrument. Data was collected through personal visits. After the collection of data, it was organized, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. The statistical tools i.e. means, standard deviation and differences of means were computed for each variable. Significance of difference between the mean values of the responses of students about online and directlly selected secondary school teachers were tested at 0.05 levels by applying t-test. After statisitcal analysis of the data, the researchers conclduded that the overall performance of the directly selected secondary school teachers was better and satisfactory. They were found to have the knowledge of teaching methods and the ability to control classroom disruptive behaviour. Conversely, the overall performance of the online selected secondary school teachers was poor and unsatisfactory. They have no knowledge of teaching methodologies and subject mastery. They were found unable to manage classroom disruptive behaviour and other related activities. Based on findings, it was strongly recommended that a special professional training programme should be arranged to the existing online selected SSTs in teaching methodologies and classroom management to equip them with the modern teaching methods and techniques of managing classroom behaviour so that they become able to perform their duties effectively.

Research reveals that private or home tuition after school time plays a crucial role in strengthening and improving student’s academic achievement (Atta, et al., 2011). The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of private tuition on the academic achievement of students in subject of mathematics at secondary school level. All the students at secondary school level in Kohat Division (Pakistan) constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to the students of Government High School Ahmadi Banda Karak only. Fifty students of class 09 were selected as sample of the study. Sample students were divided into two groups i.e. control group and experimental group by equating them on the basis of their previous knowledge in subject of mathematics as determined through a pre-test. Each group was composed of 25 students. Students of the experimental group were engaged in tuition for two hours after school time. The study was experimental in nature therefore, “The pre-test-post-test Equivalent Groups Design” was used for the collection of data. Statistical tools i.e. the mean, standard deviation and differences of means were computed for each group. Significance of difference between the mean scores of both the experimental and control groups on the variable of pre-test and post test scores was tested at 0.05 levels by applying t-test. After statistical analysis of the data, the researchers concluded that there is significant positive effect of private tuition on the academic achievement of students in subject of mathematics at secondary school level. Based on the findings, it was recommended that parents should arrange private tuition for their children to move up their achievement level in subject of mathematics.

Effective classroom management is playing a vital role in strengthening instructional process and makes it more productive, effective and successful. Without effective classroom management, teaching learning process has no fruitful results. Classroom disruptive behaviour of students is one of the important issues in field of education that affects the teaching learning process negatively. The purpose of the study was to explore the techniques used by secondary school teachers in managing classroom disruptive behaviours. All the secondary school teachers and students in District Karak constituted the population of the study. Only 135 secondary school teachers and 920 students (at the rate of 75% and 15% respectively) were selected as sample through simple random sampling technique. As the study was descriptive in nature therefore questionnaire was used as research instrument. Data was collected through personals visits. Percentage and chi square were used as statistical tools for the analysis of the data. After analysis of the data, the researchers arrived at the results that the overall performance of the secondary school teachers in managing classroom disruptive behaviour is satisfactory as they use constructive and appropriate techniques to control the classroom disruptive behaviour. However, the negative area of the secondary school teachers in managing classroom disruptive behaviour is that they do not devise any rules and regulations of classroom management at the opening day of the class. Parents are not informed through letters about the disruptive behaviour of their children. Therefore it is strongly recommended that at opening day of the class, classroom management norms, rules and regulations should be formulated and announced so that students may understand the conduct of a teacher. A special training programme regarding management of classroom disruptive behaviour should be launched to equip the existing teachers with modern techniques to control and manage classroom disruptive behavior properly. KEYWORDS: Techniques, Secondary School Teachers, Classroom Disruptive Behavior, Secondary School Students

It is a reality that educational technology plays a remarkable role in strengthening and facilitating instructional process. Educational technologies are useful and effective in maximizing educational attainment at each level. The purpose of the study was to explore the effectiveness of educational technology in strengthening students’ achievement in English at secondary school level. All the students at secondary school level in Kohat Division constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to the students of Govt. High School Khurram (Karak). The study was further delimited to the students of 9 th class. Forty students of 9 th class were selected as sample. Sample students were divided into two groups i.e. control group and experimental group on the basis of pre-test. Each group was comprised of 20 students. The study was experimental in nature therefore pre-test and post-test research design was used as research instrument. Statistical tools i.e. the mean, standard deviation and differences of means were computed for each group. Significance of difference between the mean scores of both the experimental and control groups on the variable of pre-test and post test scores was tested at 0.05 levels by applying t-test. After statistical analysis of the data, the researchers arrived at the conclusions that educational technology plays a vital role in teaching of English at secondary level. Educational technologies were found to be more effective and successful in teaching of English. The students of experimental group showed unexpected and astonishing performance as compared to the students of control group. On the basis of the findings, it is strongly recommended that availability of educational technologies should be ensured and utilized at secondary school level. KEYWORDS: Effectiveness; Educational Technology; Students’ Achievement; English; Secondary Level

The major purposes of this paper is to firstly explore the relationship among three variables namely professional development of faculty members, teachers’ performance and quality of higher education, and secondly to provide solution to perceived issues and challenges faced by higher education system with the help of comprehensive model. Authors have deeply reviewed previous research studies conducted by researchers and have elaborated their views in connection with the current debate. This paper is purely qualitative in nature and authors have formulated comprehensive model that can be helpful for the policy makers and administrators of the higher education system. This comprehensive model clearly explains that if teachers are equipped with proper and well organized pedagogical as well as administrative training programs then their performance can be greatly improved which can further enhance the quality of education delivered to the students. Both pre-service and in-service professional development programs should be organized for faculty members that will improve their knowledge, skills and abilities, which in turn will further improve their academic, pedagogical and administrative job performance resulting the improvement of overall quality education. Moreover the relation that has been explored can be used to minimize many emerging problems, and perceived issues and challenges faced by higher education system. The model proposed by authors will be useful for policy makers who can then make better policies and can design improved procedures to enhance quality of education. Besides all this, the model is also helpful for management/administrators of higher education system to train and develop their faculty members on specified patterns to inculcate healthy learning among their students. Key words: Professional Development of faculty members, Perceived Issues and Challenges to Higher Education, Quality, Quality of Education, Professional Development Programs, Performance of Faculty Members.

This paper explores some basic facts about one of the very important aspect of HRM that is Compensation Management and how it affects the job satisfaction and employee retention in banking sector of Pakistan. This paper seeks to add some contribution towards the compensation management in the banking sector of Pakistan. Researchers have analyzed the success factors of one of the leading bank of Pakistan as a case study in current research in order to explore the leading satisfactory factors, issues and challenges regarding compensation policy of the case study bank. A sample of 450 employees of case study bank has been selected for current research using questionnaire and in depth interviews as leading technique of data collection. Research reveals the changing trend of employees from financial rewards to non financial rewards as well. Along with various success factors by which bank retains its employees, results have shown that work overload, lack of practical approach towards training and seniority oriented incentive plans are some of the major issues which need immediate attention by the administration.

Internet banking is a vital component of E-banking flourished rapidly in developed countries unlike developing countries. This paper provides recommendations for the banks offering internet services after examining the barriers in adoption of internet banking perceived by the active internet users living in non-metropolitan areas of Pakistan. Various, significantly perceived barriers identified by previous studies are presented after an extensive literature review in order to form a basis for developing questionnaire and comparing the findings. Data were collected from 520 customers of the banks offering internet services. The respondents selection criteria was being active internet user and living in non-metropolitan area of Pakistan. Findings show that the loss of personal service and one to one relationship with bankers, low perceived value of internet banking as compared to traditional banking and lack of knowledge, information are perceived to be the most significant barriers in adoption of internet banking among respondents. Unlike other studies lack of security, risk of hacking, fear of incomplete transactions and high financial risks are perceived to be moderately significant barriers. The study recommends that the banks should identify the information needs of the customers and establish the effective information channels to communicate the benefits and uses of internet banking services and develop long term relationship.

The current business environment requires a performance management with a much broader framework. The article deals with the overall performance of an entity and the composition of performance indicators that are grouped under specific dashboards: economic and financial, social and environmental. In order to reflect economic and financial, social and environmental performance, an entity may use the dashboard which allows selection, arrangement and presentation of performance indicators, on the basis of objectives and to obtain the information necessary for performing the pilotation of this entity. The approach proposed started from the conceptual framework of CERISE which was expanded and treated in the light of the research conducted. Depending on the empirical importance provided by each performance dimension (the economic-financial, social and environmental), they received a share which is reflected in the complexity of the final decision at microeconomic level. The existence and development of a performance management system in economic entities for any entity represents a competitive advantage because it is the starting point for achieving sustainable performance, achieving medium and long term high-performance. To highlight aspects of the economic and financial, social and environmental performance we suggest using an intercorelatted dashboard, whose composition and visualization is shown by our study. The article ends with the authors' conclusions regarding global performance and macroeconomic framework for broadening the constitutive formation of indicators used in the dashboards, which ultimately contributes to the knowledge of the actual performance of an entity.