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Purpose To investigate the epidemiology of types of ocular trauma in a tertiary center in north of Iran.Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on 476 patients with ocular trauma referred to emergency eye department of Amir-Almomenin Hospital in 2021. Personal information and types of traumas collected by medical records and a designed questionary. Data were collected and analyzed using IBM SPSS 26. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the frequency and distribution of traumas.Results The most vulnerable groups were 31–40 years (28.8%) and mean age of 41.5 ± 17.4. Most of the injuries occurred at home (57.1%) and few of them used eyewear (5.3%). Patients were mostly lived in city. Closed globe injuries were the prominent types of traumas at about (96%) and Open close injuries were at a low rate (4%).Conclusion Ocular Trauma is a common cause of trauma in north of Iran. Closed globe injuries were the most common types of traumas occurred between the age of 30–40 and male were most commonly susceptible

Purpose To compare the outcomes of phacoviscocanalostomy and viscocanalostomy in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Methods This non randomized, prospective comparative study included 168 eyes of 168 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Phacoviscocanalostomy was performed in 94 eyes with POAG and cataract and viscocanalostomy was performed in 74 eyes with POAG. Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressures (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medication, intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded throughout the follow-up period. Results The mean follow-up after surgery was 20.13 ± 7.9 months. Mean IOP decreased significantly 1 month after surgery in both groups (p Conclusions Both Phacoviscocanalostomy and viscocanalostmy are effective procedures in the control of IOP in patients with POAG with and without cataract. Higher complete success rates and BCVA were achieved in phacoviscocanalostomy. Therefore, phacoviscocanalostomy and viscocanalostomy are recommended in eyes with medically uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma with and without coexisting cataract.

Purpose: Viscocanalostomy represents an alternative to standard penetrating glaucoma surgery. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and viscocanalostomy in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) versus eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG). Methods: In this prospective non-randomized comparative study, eyes with cataract and POAG or PEXG were enrolled. Pre- and postoperative data including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and the number of antiglaucoma medications administered were recorded at each visit. All patients underwent phacoviscocanalostomy. Complete success was defined as the IOP of 21 mmHg or less without the administration of medication while a qualified success reported the same IOP parameters either with or without the administration of medication. Results: Fifty-four eyes with POAG and fifty-four with PEXG underwent phacoviscocanalostomy. The mean follow-up time was 23.36 ± 8.8 months (range, 6–40 months). The mean postoperative IOP reduced significantly in both groups, although the mean IOP reduction was significantly greater in PEXG eyes (14.7 ± 8.9 vs 10.1 ± 7.7 mmHg) (P = 0.05). At the final follow-up visit, the mean postoperative IOP was 14.1 ± 2.1 and 16.6 ± 3.5 mmHg in the PEXG and POAG eyes, respectively (P = 0.001). A complete success rate of 88.9% and 75.9% was achieved in PEXG and POAG eyes, respectively (P = 0.07). The qualified success rate was 100% in the PEXG and 85.2% in POAG groups (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Phacoviscocanalostomy achieved significant IOP reduction and visual improvement in both POAG and PEXG patients. Our results indicated that in terms of IOP reduction, this procedure was more effective in treating PEXG.

Usher syndrome, the most prevalent cause of combined hereditary vision and hearing impairment, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, several conditions with phenotypes overlapping Usher syndrome have been described. This makes the molecular diagnosis of hereditary deaf–blindness challenging. Here, we performed exome sequencing and analysis on 7 Mexican and 52 Iranian probands with combined retinal degeneration and hearing impairment (without intellectual disability). Clinical assessment involved ophthalmological examination and hearing loss questionnaire. Usher syndrome, most frequently due to biallelic variants in MYO7A (USH1B in 16 probands), USH2A (17 probands), and ADGRV1 (USH2C in 7 probands), was diagnosed in 44 of 59 (75%) unrelated probands. Almost half of the identified variants were novel. Nine of 59 (15%) probands displayed other genetic entities with dual sensory impairment, including Alström syndrome (3 patients), cone-rod dystrophy and hearing loss 1 (2 probands), and Heimler syndrome (1 patient). Unexpected findings included one proband each with Scheie syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. In four probands, including three Usher cases, dual sensory impairment was either modified/aggravated or caused by variants in distinct genes associated with retinal degeneration and/or hearing loss. The overall diagnostic yield of whole exome analysis in our deaf–blind cohort was 92%. Two (3%) probands were partially solved and only 3 (5%) remained without any molecular diagnosis. In many cases, the molecular diagnosis is important to guide genetic counseling, to support prognostic outcomes and decisions with currently available and evolving treatment modalities.

To determine the applicability of current international and national retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening guidelines and to identify a suitable community-based screening criterion.A retrospective study on premature neonates (≤37 weeks gestation) referred to a tertiary eye hospital ROP clinic in the north of Iran was conducted over a 10-year period. Neonates were classified as no ROP, with ROP and type 1 ROP. Data consisting of birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA) and chief risk factors were evaluated. Various screening criteria and currently established screening guidelines were applied and compared for applicability using a receiver operating characteristic curve.A total of 716 neonates with a mean GA of 31.4 ± 2.8 weeks and BW of 1629 ± 502 grams were screened. The incidence of ROP was 22.9% and type 1 ROP requiring treatment was 0.28%. When applying the national Ministry of Health Guidelines, all neonates with type 1 ROP requiring treatment were identified; These criteria had a specificity of 7% for the diagnosis of type 1 ROP, and a large number of neonates (n=645) who are not at risk for type 1 ROP will be redundantly screened. Guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the UK would miss 4.5% of patients requiring ROP treatment. According to our data a threshold of GA≤32 weeks and/or BW ≤1600 grams demonstrated a sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 33.6% for the diagnosis of any ROP and a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 26.8% for type 1 ROP requiring treatment.The ideal ROP screening guideline is one that is very sensitive and identifies patients requiring treatment without delay. To minimize redundant screening while maintaining optimum ROP requiring treatment diagnosis, we proposed a new local evidence-based screening guideline.

This is an Erratum to "Carrier Status for p.Gly61Glu and p.Arg368His CYP1B1 Mutations Causing Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Iran" [J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021;16(4):574–581] and does not have an abstract. Please download the PDF or view the article HTML.

In this study, we aimed to find the frequency of agger nasi cells (ANC) and their correlation with other anatomical anomalies in dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) candidates, compared with a control group. The study was conducted on 42 patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction who underwent DCR surgery. Also, 80 C.T. of healthy sex- and age-matched subjects were selected as the control group. Paranasal sinuses computed tomography scanning was performed preoperatively, and abnormalities including ANC, concha bullosa, osteomeatal complex disease (OMC), nasal septum deviation, and polyposis were investigated and registered. Radiologic findings showed ANC presence in 83.3% of cases, and frequency of concha bullosa was 23.8%, and OMC disease, septal deviation, and nasal polyposis recorded as 11.9%, 85.7%, and 14.3%, respectively. In the control group, ANC was found in 52 subjects (65%), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.036). There was no significant correlation between the presence of ANC and the coexistence of other mentioned anatomical changes as attributing factors for NLD obstruction. The frequency of ANC was much higher in patients with NLD obstruction compared with the control group, but its association with other anomalies was non-significant.

Purpose To present a relatively rare case of retinal toxicity and consequent severe vision loss due to Closantel ingestion. Case report A 37-year-old female presented with sudden painless decrease vision in both eyes. She had no previous history of medical disease and denied any trauma. The patient had accidentally ingested Closantel a few days prior to presentation. Closantel is a veterinary anti-helminthic drug used mainly in livestock. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation was 20/200 bilaterally. There was no relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and red saturation test was normal. Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed disruption in the outer retinal layer and ellipsoid zone in both eyes. A diagnosis of retinal toxicity due to Closantel was made and the patient was started on 1 mg/kg oral prednisolone acetate. On the 45th day after presentation, her BCVA had improved to 20/20 bilaterally. Conclusion Closantel is a potentially toxic drug causing destruction of the neurosensory retina and visual disturbances. We suggest eye-care personnel awareness regarding the risk of Closantel-induced retinal toxicity and prompt treatment with systemic steroids should be considered.

To compare the visual and anatomical outcomes of four surgical techniques to manage pseudophakic and aphakic retinal detachment (PARD).In a multicenter randomized clinical trial, 211 eyes of 211 patients with PARD and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) grade B or less were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups: (1) scleral buckling (SB), 50 eyes, (2) vitrectomy without band, 51 eyes, (3) vitrectomy with encircling band (EB), 58 eyes, and (4) triamcinolone acetonide (TA) assisted vitrectomy, 52 eyes. Patients were followed for 12 months after the surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal reattachment rate at each follow-up time point were considered as the primary outcome measures. PVR, macular pucker, and cystoid macular edema were considered as the secondary outcomes.Visual improvement was achieved in all treatment groups relative to the baseline at all time points (all Ps 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with regard to BCVA changes. However, there was a significant difference in the slope of visual improvement curve: the SB group had a more rapid visual improvement compared to the vitrectomy with buckle group at month 12 (P = 0.032). The retinal reattachment rates at month 12 were 75, 64.7, 68.5, and 66.7 % in SB, vitrectomy without buckle, vitrectomy with EB, and TA-assisted vitrectomy groups respectively (P 0.99). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of adverse events.SB, TA-assisted vitrectomy, and vitrectomy with and without buckle had comparable outcomes in the management of PARD.

To conduct an assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Gilan, 2014.A cross-sectional population-based survey was performed on a representative sample of urban and rural individuals aged ≥50 years of the province. Blindness was defined as presenting visual acuity (PVA)3/60 in the better eye. Moderate visual impairment (MVI) and severe visual impairment (SVI) were defined as 6/60 ≤ PVA6/18 and 3/60 ≤ PVA6/60 in the better eye, respectively. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was determined based on random blood sugar (RBS) levels ≥200 mg/dL or a previous diagnosis. We used the Scottish grading system to grade DR.We invited 2975 individuals from 85 clusters. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of blindness, SVI, MVI, and DM in 2587 participants (response rate: 86.9%) were 1.5% (95% CI: 1.1-2.0), 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9-2.0), 11.3% (95% CI: 9.9-12.7) and 21.4% (95% CI: 19.2-23.7), respectively. The leading causes of blindness were cataract (47.1%), age-related macular degeneration (14.7%) and DR (8.8%). Cataract surgery (CS) coverage was 69.3%. The main challenges for CS were cost and unawareness. The outcome of CS was good in 66.9% of operated eyes. Any DR and/or maculopathy were observed in 25.3% (95% CI: 21.0-29.5) of subjects including 12.6% (95% CI: 9.7-15.6) sight-threatening DR. In previously known DM cases, 215 (41.7%) had never undergone an eye examination for DR.The proportion of avoidable blindness and DR is considerable in Gilan Province.

Objective To compare the efficacy of the classic treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis (pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and prednisolone) with a regimen consisting of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) plus prednisolone. Design Prospective randomized single-blind clinical trial. Participants Fifty-nine patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: 29 were treated with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine, and 30 patients received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Intervention Treatment consisted of 6 weeks' treatment with antibiotics plus steroids. Antitoxoplasmosis antibodies (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and IgG) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Main Outcome Measures Changes in retinochoroidal lesion size after 6 weeks' treatment, visual acuity (VA) before and after intervention, adverse drug reactions during follow-up, and rate of recurrence. Results Active toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis resolved in all patients over 6 weeks' treatment, with no significant difference in mean reduction of retinochoroidal lesion size between the 2 treatment groups (61% reduction in the classic treatment group and 59% in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group, P = 0.75). Similarly, no significant difference was found in VA after treatment between the 2 groups (mean VAs after treatment were 0.12 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] [20/25] in the classic treatment group and 0.09 logMAR [20/25] in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group, P = 0.56). Adverse effects were similar in both groups, with one patient in each suffering from any significant drug side effects. The overall recurrence rate after 24 months' follow-up was 10.16%, with no significant difference between the treatment groups ( P = 0.64). Conclusions Drug efficacies in terms of reduction in retinal lesion size and improvement in VA were similar in a regimen of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and the classic treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Therapy with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole seems to be an acceptable alternative for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Purpose To compare the incidence of adverse reactions following rapid versus slow fluorescein injection for fundus angiography. Methods This randomized controlled trial was performed on 500 patients with retinal vascular disorders. Subjects with central serous retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and retinal pigment epithelial changes were excluded. Pregnancy, asthma, allergic diseases and previous history of reactions to fluorescein were other exclusion criteria. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups who received slow infusion of dye (over 15–25 seconds) versus the usual rapid injection (in 5–8 seconds), and were compared for adverse effects. Results Overall, 47 (9.4%) patients including 34 (13.6%) subjects in the rapid group and 13 (5.2%) cases in the slow group developed adverse reactions (P=0.001, relative risk=2.6). All adverse reactions were categorized as mild; no instance of moderate or severe reactions was observed. There was a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting with slow infusion of fluorescein (P=0.02), however no statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of vertigo and vasovagal reactions between the study groups. Conclusion Slow fluorescein injection during fundus angiography, instead of the usual rapid application, can be an effective way to reduce the incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients whose first phase of angiography is of little diagnostic importance.