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Umer Anayyat,1 Faiza Ahad,1 Tobias Achu Muluh,1 Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi,1 Faiza Usmani,2 Hua Yang,1 Mengqing Li,1 Hammad Ali Hassan,3 Xiaomei Wang1 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; 3Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USACorrespondence: Xiaomei Wang, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13544234361, Email xmwang@szu.edu.cnAbstract: A novel and rapid therapeutic approach is the treatment of human breast cancer by enhancing the host’s immune system. In initial findings, program death one (PD-1) and program cell death ligand one (PD-L1) showed positive results towards solid tumors, but tumor relapse and drug resistance are the major concerns. Breast cancer therapy has been transformed by the advent of immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have exhibited enduring responses to clinical usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs) like atezolizumab and pembrolizumab. Nonetheless, a notable proportion of individuals with TNBC do not experience advantages from these treatments, and there is limited comprehension of the resistance mechanisms. Another approach to overcome resistance is cancer stem cells (CSCs), as these cells are crucial for the initiation and growth of tumors in the body. Various cancer vaccines are created using stem cells (dendritic, whole cell, bacterial) and focus primarily on targeting tumor-related antigens. The ultimate objective of cancer vaccines is to immunize the patients by active artificial immunity against cancer, though. In this review, we primarily focused on existing immunotherapeutic options, immune checkpoint blockers, the latest progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), advanced strategies to overcome resistance to ICBs, cancer stem cell antigens and molecular markers, ongoing clinical trials for BCs and cancer vaccines for breast cancer.Keywords: breast cancer, cancer stem cell, immunotherapy, cancer therapy

Ahmed Issak Hussein,1 Abdikarim Ali Omar,1 Hodan Abdi Hassan,1 Mohamed Mukhtar Kassim,2 Abdisalam Abdullahi Yusuf,2 Ahmed Adam Osman3 1Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 2Pediatric Department, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 3Radiology Department, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, SomaliaCorrespondence: Ahmed Issak Hussein, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia, Tel +252615597479, Email daacat100@gmail.comBackground and Importance: Spontaneous uterine rupture, especially in an unscarred uterus, is a rare pregnancy complication that can cause severe morbidity and mortality in both the mother and the fetus. The vast majority of uterine ruptures occur in the presence of a previous uterine scar, most commonly from a previous cesarean delivery. To our knowledge, here we reported the first case of spontaneous rupture of unscarred uterus in a term primigravida secondary to lethal skeletal dysplasia fetus (Type 1 Thanatophoric dysplasia) faced by a practicing clinician in an underdeveloped country (Somalia) with a successful outcome.Case Presentation: The patient was 24 yrs. Old Primagravida, at 40 weeks gestation by LMP, presented with abdominal pain and active vaginal bleeding; she did not receive antenatal care during pregnancy; after initial abdominal ultrasonography and vaginal examination, laparotomy was performed due to high suspicion of uterine rupture. After dead fresh fetal extraction, the uterine defect was repaired successfully, and the patient was discharged home in good condition after several days.Conclusion: Through this case, we would like to highlight the urgent need to focus on and recognize the importance of receiving antenatal care in the community so that the burden of thousands of lives lost each year can be reduced.Keywords: uterine rupture, Thanatophoric dysplasia, Primagravida, antenatal care, case report

Hazlinda Abu Hassan,1,3 Noorizan Abd Aziz,2,* Yahaya Hassan,2,* Fahmi Hassan2,* 1Malacca Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ayer Keroh, Malaysia; 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia; 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Malacca Hospital, Jalan Mufti Haji Khalil, Malaysia *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Lack of awareness among ex-smokers on the benefits of sustaining smoking cessation may be the main cause of their smoking relapse. This study explored health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and hospital admission amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients according to the duration of smoking cessation. Materials and methods: This study recruited COPD patients from a chest clinic who agreed to participate in a medication therapy-adherence program from January to June 2013. They were interviewed during their visits to obtain information regarding their smoking history and HRQoL. They were divided into three groups according to smoking status (sustained quitters, quit ≥5 years; quitters, quit 64 years) with low-to-middle level of education, who smoked more than 33 cigarettes per day and had high levels of adherence to the medication regimen. The results showed that sustained quitters were less likely to have respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm and dyspnea) than smokers (odds ratio 0.02, confidence interval 0–0.12; P

CH Loo,1,2 M Basri,2 R Ismail,1 HLN Lau,1 BA Tejo,2 MS Kanthimathi,3 HA Hassan,1 YM Choo11Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, 2Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 3Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPurpose: To study the effects of varying lipid concentrations, lipid and oil ratio, and the addition of propylene glycol and lecithin on the long-term physical stability of nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLC), skin hydration, and transepidermal water loss.Methods: The various NLC formulations (A1–A5) were prepared and their particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, and stability were analyzed. The formulations were applied on the forearms of the 20 female volunteers (one forearm of each volunteer was left untreated as a control). The subjects stayed for 30 minutes in a conditioned room with their forearms uncovered to let the skin adapt to the temperature (22°C ± 2°C) and humidity (50% ± 2%) of the room. Skin hydration and skin occlusion were recorded at day one (before treatment) and day seven (after treatment). Three measurements for skin hydration and skin occlusion were performed in each testing area.Results: NLC formulations with the highest lipid concentration, highest solid lipid concentration, and additional propylene glycol (formulations A1, A2, and A5) showed higher physical stability than other formulations. The addition of propylene glycol into an NLC system helped to reduce the particle size of the NLC and enhanced its long-term physical stability. All the NLC formulations were found to significantly increase skin hydration compared to the untreated controls within 7 days. All NLC formulations exhibited occlusive properties as they reduced the transepidermal water loss within 7 days. This effect was more pronounced with the addition of propylene glycol or lecithin into an NLC formulation, whereby at least 60% reduction in transepidermal water loss was observed.Conclusion: NLCs with high lipid content, solid lipid content, phospholipid, and lecithin are a highly effective cosmetic delivery system for cosmetic topical applications that are designed to boost skin hydration.Keywords: nanostructured lipid carriers, transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, particle size

Invalidity is the state of a juridical act not valid in terms of law, and lacking the expected effects in terms of its validity. In fact, an invalid juridical act is one lacking an essential foundation and not restoring validity through subsequent authorization. Shiite jurisprudents consider the word \"invalidity” in its general sense including the state of being inoperative. The present article seeks to clarify the meaning of annulment of contract, and its differences with institutions such as invalidity, being inoperative, withdrawal of contract, and suspension in the Shiite jurisprudence, the four Sunni schools of law and the law of Iran. Since the concept of annulment in the law of Egypt(as a Muslim country with its legal system based on Sunni jurisprudence) is different from that in the law of Iran, it will also deal with and analyze those differences.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) greatly relies on tacit knowledge sharing. Hence, it is important to investigate the means of promoting knowledge retention. The growth of technology in knowledge management system triggers the transformation of knowledge quality to leverage institutional knowledge. HEIs as knowledge provider needs a knowledge sharing network which can meet the demands of changing knowledge. This paper aims to study the mediating role of knowledge management (KM) system quality between organizational factors and tacit knowledge sharing among academics of HEIs. Barron and Kenny method was used to measure the direct and indirect influence of KM system quality between organisational factors and tacit knowledge sharing. The prelude findings reveal that knowledge management system was effective through organisational factors which promote tacit knowledge sharing among academics of HEIs.

Eight tetracycline drugs were tested for inhibitory effect on phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated growth (measured by [3H]-TdR uptake) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells: at least 26 normal subjects were tested with each drug. Doxycycline reduced DNA synthesis appreciably at concentrations within and just above the therapeutic range of blood levels: it was the most potent inhibitor, but demeclocycline, methacycline and minocycline had similar, if less potent, effects. Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and clomocycline did not inhibit DNA synthesis of 3-day cultures even at concentrations five to ten times greater than the therapeutic blood level. Volume spectroscopy measurements showed that none of the eight tetracycline drugs interfered with the recruitment of cells into G1- phase growth of the first cell cycle after PHA stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]