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In this study, green zinc oxide (ZnO)/polypyrrole (Ppy)/cellulose acetate (CA) film has been synthesized via solvent casting. This film was used as supporting material for glucose oxidase (GOx) to sensitize a glucose biosensor. ZnO nanoparticles have been prepared via the green route using olive leaves extract as a reductant. ZnO/Ppy nanocomposite has been synthesized by a simple in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (Py) monomer using ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidizing agent. The produced materials and the composite films were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Glucose oxidase was successfully immobilized on the surface of the prepared film and then ZnO/Ppy/CA/GOx composite was sputtered with platinum electrode for the current determination at different initial concentrations of glucose. Current measurements proved the suitability and the high sensitivity of the constructed biosensor for the detection of glucose levels in different samples. The performance of the prepared biosensor has been assessed by measuring and comparing glucose concentrations up to 800 ppm. The results affirmed the reliability of the developed biosensor towards real samples which suggests the wide-scale application of the proposed biosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun nanofibers for gas sensor application were effectively prepared from polyvinyl alcohol and pluronic solution with different percentages of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Nanofibers membrane was subject to detailed analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Adding TiO2 nanoparticles to the blended solution increased nanofibers diameters from 280±20 to 310±30nm. The gas sensor response of TiO2 nanofibers (as a function of temperature) was estimated toward liquid petroleum gas (LPG), CO2, and O2 and compared with pure nanofibers. The maximum response value (100%) was obtained for LPG at 160∘C with TiO2 nanofibers (0.01%). These results show promising gas sensing characteristics (such as lower operating temperatures and sufficient gas responses) for those nanofibers materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were successfully synthesized using both biological and chemical techniques. This study is mainly focused on the green synthesis (biological) method of ZnO-NPs using different plant leaf extracts from leaves of guava, olive, fig, and lemon. The plant leaf extracts (polyphenols) act as reductants and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) acts as a precursor. Chemical synthesis method of ZnO-NPs was carried out using prepared sodium hydroxide and zinc nitrate. The produced ZnO-NPs were characterized using X- ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and particle size analysis (PSA). The average crystallite size of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanopowders range from 7.1 to 28 nm, while the average crystallite size of chemical-synthesized zinc oxide powders range from 19.6 to 148 nm according to the XRD calculations and TEM observations. Both ZnO nanopowders showed high thermal stability up to 600 °C. The green-synthetized ZnO-NPs were evaluated for phenol decontamination in polluted wastewater. The maximum recorded phenol removal was 99.7% within 250 minutes using 0.1g ZnO-NPs, making ZnO-NPs a promising adsorbent material for phenol decontamination in polluted wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel nanopolymeric composite powdered material was prepared by physical immobilization of the sol‐gel prepared zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) into poly (acrylonitrile‐ co‐pyrrole) (poly (AN‐co‐py)) copolymer. The prepared copolymer composite was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transfer infrared spectrophotometer (FT‐IR). SEM images investigated its homogeneous spherical morphological structure with an average diameter of 60 nm. The potential of this nanopolymeric composite material to remove a basic dye (Basic Red 46) was evaluated in a batch process. The improvement in material dosage, solution pH, and temperature has positive impact on the dye decolonization process. The maximum dye decolonization was 87.7% that recorded using 0.5 g from the composite matrix within 150 min. The kinetic data analysis indicated that the dye adsorption is a second‐order process. The results indicated that the prepared nanopolymeric composite could be an alternative for more costly adsorbents used for dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabricated In-doped ZnOgas sensors with different ratio (1,5 and 10%) are successfully synthesized via sol gel technique that is sensitive to different gases especially to LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Detection of LPG is necessary for domestic appliances used in the heating of buildings, producing petrochemicals and as a motor fuel. The gas sensitivity and voltage are measured as a function of temperature for the fabricated In-doped and un-doped ZnO gas sensor devices for LPG gas. The maximum sensitivity is recorded at Zn/In = 95:5 is 111%. This concentration has a good voltage variation. By increasing the load resistances the voltage will decreases. The fabricated gas sensor is used with Arduino kit to make it as an audible gas detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the effect of replacement of selenium by indium on the thermal stability and crystallization kinetics of Se90−x-Zn5-Te5-Inx (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) glassy alloys. Assessment of the thermal stability of these glassy alloys was achieved using various simple quantitative methods based on the characteristic temperatures of DSC curves. In this case, kgl may be more suitable for estimating the glass thermal stability in the above composition range. The kinetic parameter Kr (T) is added to the stability criteria. The results of all thermal stability parameters confirm that the thermal stability increases with increasing indium at expense of selenium in Se90−x-Zn5-Te5-Inx glassy alloys. These results have been discussed in terms of cohesive energy and average heat of atomization. Finally, according to the average values of Avrami indices, n = 2 for the crystallization peaks means volume nucleation and two-dimensional growth for all the compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Optical properties of amorphous Se80− x Te20Bi x thin films with different compositions (x =0, 2, 4, 6 and 8at.%) deposited by evaporation technique have been investigated by optical spectrophotometry measurements in the wavelength range of 400–2500nm. An optical characterization method for uniform films based on Swanepoel's ideas (envelope method) has been employed to extract the refractive index n and film thickness d, with accuracies better than 1%. It was found that the refractive index increases with increasing the concentration of Bi at the expense of Se content. The increasing in refractive index n is interpreted in terms of polarizability and the mean coordination number. The dispersion of the refractive index is discussed in terms of the single oscillator Wemple–DiDomenico model. The fundamental parameters for the investigated semiconducting thin films Se80− x Te20Bi x e.g. absorption coefficient and band gap are calculated in the strong absorption region of transmittance and reflectance spectra. The possible optical transition in these films is found to be allowed indirect transition with energy gap E g optdecreases from 1.467 to 1.035eV with increasing Bi content at expense of Se. Finally, the decrease in the optical band gap with increasing Bi content in Se80− x Te20Bi x has been explained in terms of the chemical bond approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study presents novel composites of biochar (BC) derived from spinach stalks and zinc oxide (ZnO) synthesized from water hyacinth to be used for the first time in a hybrid system for activating persulfate (PS) with photocatalysis for the degradation of bromothymol blue (BTB) dye. The BC/ZnO composites were characterized using innovative techniques. BC/ZnO (2:1) showed the highest photocatalytic performance and BC/ZnO (2:1)@(PS + light) system attained BTB degradation efficiency of 89.47% within 120 min. The optimum operating parameters were determined as an initial BTB concentration of 17.1 mg/L, a catalyst dosage of 0.7 g/L, and a persulfate initial concentration of 8.878 mM, achieving a BTB removal efficiency of 99.34%. The catalyst showed excellent stability over five consecutive runs. Sulfate radicals were the predominant radicals involved in the degradation of BTB. BC/ZnO (2:1)@(PS + light) system could degrade 88.52%, 84.64%, 81.5%, and 77.53% of methylene blue, methyl red, methyl orange, and Congo red, respectively. Further, the BC/ZnO (2:1)@(PS + light) system effectively activated PS to eliminate 97.49% of BTB and 85.12% of dissolved organic carbon in real industrial effluents from the textile industry. The proposed degradation system has the potential to efficiently purify industrial effluents which facilitates the large-scale application of this technique., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A novel biochar (BC), derived from spinach leaves, was utilized as an activator for persulfate (PS) in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light conditions. Thorough analyses were conducted to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the biochar. The (BC + light)/PS system exhibited superior MB degradation efficiency at 83.36%, surpassing the performance of (BC + light)/hydrogen peroxide and (BC + light)/peroxymonosulfate systems. The optimal conditions were ascertained through the implementation of response surface methodology. Moreover, the (BC + light)/PS system demonstrated notable degradation ratios of 90.82%, 81.88%, and 84.82% for bromothymol blue dye, paracetamol, and chlorpyrifos, respectively, under optimal conditions. The predominant reactive species responsible for MB degradation were identified as sulfate radicals. Notably, the proposed system consistently achieved high removal efficiencies of 99.02%, 96.97%, 94.94%, 92%, and 90.35% for MB in five consecutive runs. The applicability of the suggested system was further validated through its effectiveness in treating real textile wastewater, exhibiting a substantial MB removal efficiency of 98.31% and dissolved organic carbon mineralization of 87.49%., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

An innovative task was undertaken to convert ubiquitous and toxic electronic waste, waste toner powder (WTP), into novel adsorbents. Alkaline modification with KOH, NaOH, and NH 4 OH was employed for the first time to synthesize a series of surface-modified WTP with enhanced dispersibility and adsorption capacity. XRD, XRF, FTIR, and BET analyses confirmed that the prepared KOH-WTP, NaOH-WTP, and NH 4 OH-WTP were oxygen-functionalized self-doped iron oxide-graphite nanocomposites. The prepared adsorbents were used to remove methylene blue and tetracycline from aqueous solutions. KOH-WTP (0.1 g/100 mL) adsorbed 80% of 10 mg/L methylene blue within 1 h, while 0.1 g/100 mL NH 4 OH-WTP removed 72% of 10 mg/L tetracycline in 3 h. Exploring surface chemistry by altering solution pH and temperature suggested that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, π-π electron stacking, and pore filling were plausible adsorption mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a diminishing adsorbents porosity after adsorption proving the filling of pores by the adsorbates. KOH-WTP and NH 4 OH-WTP removed 77% and 61% of methylene blue and tetracycline respectively in the fourth reuse. The adsorption data of methylene blue and tetracycline fitted the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of KOH-WTP and NH 4 OH-WTP for methylene blue and tetracycline were 59 mg/g and 43 mg/g respectively. The prepared adsorbents were also compared with other adsorbents to assess their performance. The transformation of waste toner powder into magnetically separable oxygen-functionalized WTP with outstanding recyclability and adsorption capacity showcases a significant advancement in sustainable wastewater treatment. This further aligns with the principles of the circular economy through the utilization of toxic e-waste in value-added applications. Additionally, magnetic separation of surface-modified WTP post-treatment can curtail filtration and centrifugation expenses and adsorbent loss during wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, novel nanohybrids of biosynthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnetite-nanocarbon (Fe 3 O 4 -NC) obtained from the carbonization of toner powder waste were fabricated and investigated for persulfate (PS) activation for the efficient degradation of tetracycline (TCN). The chemical and physical properties of the synthesized catalysts were analyzed using advanced techniques. ZnO/Fe 3 O 4 -NC nanohybrid with mass ratio 1:2, respectively in the presence of PS showed the highest TCN removal efficiency compared to the individual components (ZnO and Fe 3 O 4 -NC) and other nanohybrids with mass ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. The results indicated that efficient degradation of TCN could be attained at pH 3-7. The optimum operating parameters were TCN concentration of 12.8 mg/L, PS concentration of 7 Mm, and catalyst dose of 0.55 g/L. The high stability of ZnO/Fe 3 O 4 -NC (1:2) nanocomposite was assured by the slight drop in TCN degradation percentage from 97.27% to 85.45% after five successive runs under the optimum conditions and the concentrations of leached iron and zinc into the solution were monitored. The quenching experiments explored that the prevailing reactive entities were sulfate radicals. Additionally, the degradation of TCN in various water matrices was investigated, and a degradation pathway was suggested. Further, degradation of real pharmaceutical waste was conducted showing that the removal efficiencies of TCN, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 89.79, 80.65, and 78.64% after 2 h under the optimum conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed system (ZnO/Fe 3 O 4 -NC (1:2) @ PS) for the degradation of real samples compiled from industrial effluents as well as its inexpensiveness and green nature qualify this system for the full-scale application., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we reported sustainable and economical upcycling methods for utilizing plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) compiled from the garbage of a residential area as cheap precursors for the production of high-value carbon materials such as graphene (G), carbon spheres (CS), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using different thermal treatment techniques. Graphene, carbon spheres, and carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized from PET, PP, and PET, respectively via catalytic pyrolysis. XRD and FTIR analyses were conducted on the three materials, confirming the formation of carbon and their graphitic structure. TEM images displayed uniform and consistent morphological structures of the fabricated materials. EDX data confirmed that the prepared carbon-based materials only contained carbon and oxygen without any significant contaminations. XPS results revealed significant peaks in the C 1s spectra associated with sp 2 and sp 3 hybridized carbon for the three materials. BET spectra showed that the prepared CNTs (54.872 m 2 g -1 ) have the highest surface area followed by carbon spheres (54.807 m 2 g -1 ). The thermal stability of graphene surpassed both carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes which is mainly attributed to the stronger inter-molecular bonds of graphene. Based on the characterization of the prepared materials, these materials are promising to be utilized in environmental remediation applications due to their high carbon content, low cost, and high surface area., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Pure zero-valent iron (ZVI) was supported on silica and starch to enhance the activation of persulfate (PS) for tetracycline degradation. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic methods to assess their physical and chemical properties. High tetracycline removal (67.55%) occurred using silica modified ZVI (ZVI-Si)/PS system due to the improved hydrophilicity and colloidal stability of ZVI-Si. Incorporating light into the ZVI-Si/PS system improved the degradation performance by 9.45%. Efficient degradation efficiencies were recorded at pH 3-7. The optimum operating parameters determined by the response surface methodology were PS concentration of 0.22 mM, initial tetracycline concentration of 10 mg/L, and ZVI-Si dose of 0.46 g/L, respectively. The rate of tetracycline degradation declined with increasing tetracycline concentration. The degradation efficiencies of tetracycline were 77%, 76.4%, 75.7%, 74.5%, and 73.75% in five repetitive runs at pH 7, 20 mg/L tetracycline concentration, 0.5 g/L ZVI-Si dose, and 0.1 mM PS concentration. The degradation mechanism was explained, and sulfate radicals were the principal reactive oxygen species. The degradation pathway was proposed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Tetracycline degradation was favorable in distilled and tap water. The ubiquitous presence of inorganic ions and dissolved organic matter in the lake, drain, and seawater matrices interfered with the tetracycline degradation. The high reactivity, degradation performance, stability, and reusability of ZVI-Si substantiate the potential practical application of this material for the degradation of real industrial effluents., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Herein, biochar derived from spinach remnants was prepared for the first-time for the utilization in persulfate (PS) activation to effectively degrade atrazine. Characteristics of the prepared biochar were explored using advanced analyses. Control experiments implied the efficient activation of PS in the presence of the synthesized biochar. The highest degradation of atrazine (99.8%) could be attained at atrazine concentration of 7.2 mg/L, PS concentration of 7.7 mM, biochar dose of 1.88 g/L and reaction time of 120 min. The prepared biochar displayed a high recyclability performance attaining degradation ratios of 98.2, 96.53, 96.4, 92.8 and 88% in five sequential cycles under the optimum conditions. The degradation mechanism was explored showing that sulfate radicals were the prime reactive species in the degradation system. The degradation intermediates were specified, and the degradation pathways were propositioned. The highest REs in agrochemical industrial wastewater reached 80.21 and 83.43% of atrazine and TOC after 2 h. NH 3 (348.4 mg/L) was reduced to 168.3 mg/L (RE: 51.7%) while level of NO 3 (94.7 mg/L) was increased by 98.8% (188.3 mg/L) in the treated effluent due to oxidation of NH 3 to nitrite and then nitrate. Extension of reaction time could contribute to achieving full mineralization of the real wastewater due to the residual PS after 120 min. The effectiveness and low-cost of biochar@PS system as well as its high performance in degrading real wastewater support the efficiency of the prepared biochar to be applied on an industrial scale., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The sustainable management of toner waste (T-raw) was performed via carbonization at 500 °C (T-500) and 600 °C (T-600) to produce iron oxide-nanographene nanohybrid (FeO-NG) for activating persulfate (PS) to efficiently degrade dyes (methylene blue, MB), antibiotics (sulfamethazine, SMZ), and pesticides (diazinon, DZN). Morphology, crystallinity, chemical structure, chemical composition, surface area, and pore size distribution of the synthesized materials were investigated using various analyses. High degradation ratios of MB were attained over a wide pH range (2-7), and the optimum operating conditions were determined. The FeO-NG/PS system was tested in different water matrices. MB degradation efficiency dropped from 80.13% to 78.56% after five succeeding experiments, proving the high stability of T-500. Trapping experiments proved the major role of sulfate radicals and the minor contribution of singlet oxygen. The toxicity evaluation of the treated and untreated MB solutions was conducted via measuring the cell viability, showing an increase in cell viability ratio after the degradation of MB. The degradation efficiencies of DZN and SMZ were 97.54% and 83.7%, respectively and the mineralization ratios were 74.08% and 60.37% at initial concentrations of sulfamethazine and diazinon of 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively. The high degradation efficiency of emerging micropollutants as well as the inexpensiveness, and facile synthesis of the catalyst boost the prospect of applying the proposed system on an industrial scale., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The conversion of agricultural waste into high-value carbon products has been an attractive area in waste management strategy. This study highlighted the synthesis and effectiveness of green pea peels (GPP), green pea biochar (GPBC), and nano-ferromagnetic green pea biochar (NFGPBC) by the ferrous/ferric co-precipitation synthesis method for eliminating cationic dyes molecules from solutions. The morphological, physicochemical, and structural properties of GPP, GPBC, and NFGPBC were approved by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Emission Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Bruneau Emmett Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) analysis confirmed the NFGPBC magnetization performance. The capacity of each adsorbent for methylene blue removal was evaluated at various parameters of material dosage (50-250 mg/150 mL), pH (2-12), initial concentration (50-250 mg/L), contact time (0-90 min) and temperature (20-60 °C). The three developed adsorbent materials GPP, GPBC, and NFGPBC, possessed reasonable BET surface areas of 0.6836, 372.54, and 147.88 m 2 g -1, and the corresponding monolayer adsorption capacities of 163.93, 217.40, and 175.44 mg/g, respectively. The superior performances of GPBC and NFGPBC were due to their increased surface area compared with the parent green pea peels (GPP). The results from adsorption kinetics studies of all prepared materials were pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetics models. The thermodynamic parameters exhibited MB sorption's favorability, spontaneity, and endothermic nature. The NFGPBC material experienced Vander Waal forces, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions as predominant modes of the solid-liquid interaction. The regeneration, recycling, and reusability of the synthesized GPP, GPBC, and NFGPBC performed at five adsorption cycles revealed that NFGPBC demonstrated excellent cyclical performances attaining a minimum 8.9% loss in capacity due to paramagnetic properties. Thus, NFGPBC is a green, efficient, and eco-friendly material recommended for large-scale production and application in wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pure nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) was fabricated under optimum conditions based on material production yield and its efficiency toward acid blue dye-25 decolorization. The optimum prepared bare NZVI was immobilized with two different supports of silica and starch to fabricate their composites nanomaterials. The three different prepared zero-valent iron-based nanomaterials were evaluated for removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The silica-modified NZVI recorded the most outstanding removal efficiency for Cr(VI) compared to pristine NZVI and starch-modified NZVI. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was improved under acidic conditions and decreased with raising the initial concentration of Cr(VI). The co-existence of cations, anions, and humic acid reduced Cr(VI) removal efficiency. The removal efficiency was ameliorated from 96.8% to 100% after adding 0.75 mM of H 2 O 2 . The reusability of silica-modified NZVI for six cycles of Cr(VI) removal was investigated and the removal mechanism was suggested as the physicochemical process. Based on Langmuir isotherm, the maximal Cr(VI) removal capacity attained 149.25 mg/g. Kinetic and equilibrium data were efficiently fitted using the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively confirming the proposed mechanism. Diffusion models affirmed that the adsorption rate was governed by intraparticle diffusion. Adsorption thermodynamic study suggested the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. This study sheds light on the technology that has potential for magnetic separation and long-term use for effective removal of emerging water pollutants., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The performance of three solid iron wastes (SIW-1, SIW-2 and SIW-3) was evaluated as an activator of persulfate (PS) for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). SIW-3 showed the highest performance among the three catalysts. The morphology, chemical composition and chemical structure of the three SIW were investigated using various analyses. Complete degradation of methylene blue (MB) in neutral pH was achieved after 60 min at PS concentration of 4 mM, initial MB concentration of 10 mg/L and catalyst dose of 1.0 g/100 mL using light. The degradation efficiency of MB decreased from 100% to 34.6% by increasing the initial MB concentration from 10 mg/L to 100 mg/L. The degradation of MB followed the second-order model. Scavenging experiments showed the major role of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals in the MB degradation. The performance of iron waste in the retained form was investigated and the degradation efficiencies were 96%, 91.2%, 91%, 89% and 86% in five succeeding cycles at pH 7, catalyst dose of 1 g/100 mL, initial MB concentration of 10 mg/L and PS concentration of 4 mM. Moreover, the reusability of suspended iron waste was investigated. The degradation efficiencies of methylene blue, methyl red, Congo red and acid blue-25 were 100%, 97%, 96% and 97.3%, respectively after 60 min. The degradation pathways of MB were proposed after the identification of intermediates using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. This study revealed that the iron waste can be efficiently employed for PS activation in the suspended and immobilized modes which reduces the total cost of the Fenton process paving the way for the large-scale application of this technique., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The synthesis of Bio-MOF using aspartic acid as an organic linker and water as a solvent was performed to create an environmentally friendly material. The chemical composition, structure, and morphology of the synthesized zirconium Bio-MOF (MIP-202) was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesized Bio-MOF was used as an adsorbent for trimethoprim antibiotic as pollutants from an aqueous solution under various operating parameters. The increase in the initial trimethoprim concentration from 2.5 mg/L to 20 mg/L decreased the decontamination efficiency from 77.6% to 35.9% at a solution pH of 7 with 0.5 g/L adsorbent dose after 60 min reaction time. The rise of adsorbent dose from 0.1 g/L to 1.5 g/L increased the removal efficiency from 47.7% to 87.6%. The maximum trimethoprim removal efficiency of 95% was attained at a solution pH of 11. Langmuir and pseudo-second order models described the adsorption process of trimethoprim antibiotic onto zirconium Bio-MOF and the chemo-physical nature of trimethoprim adsorption onto the synthesized zirconium Bio-MOF. Accordingly, it was evident that the prepared zirconium Bio-MOF (MIP-202) is an ecofriendly and efficient adsorbent for antibiotic decontamination from polluted water.