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The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the development of gel casting methods on synthesis techniques and the characteristics of gel casting porous ceramics and its applications. The gel casting method is a colloidal ceramic synthesis method that requires a short period for the ceramic body to develop. This review provides the latest developments in the gel casting process of synthesizing porous ceramics. At the beginning of the gel casting method development, the acrylamide (AM) system was the most commonly utilized system. Over time, the use of the AM system began to be minimized because of its toxicity. Researchers began to develop natural polymers as pore templates and natural minerals as raw materials in the gel casting method. In addition to polymers and raw materials, the gel casting process also requires additives such as gelling agents and dispersants. At the end of this review, a mapping of how to select the additives in the gel casting process, for AM systems and non-AM systems for the fabrication of porous ceramics is presented. The characteristic of porous ceramics produced by AM and non-AM systems are almost similar. Porous ceramic applications have been used as bone tissue supports, energy storage, filters, and catalyst support. This review will be a reference for future research related to the process of fabrication of advanced porous ceramics using the environmentally friendly gel casting method.

Diabetes Melitus merupakan kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia akibat kelainan sekresi insulin. Tingginya kadar glukosa pada kulit dapat berkontribusi terhadap manifestasi kulit sehingga rentan terinfeksi jamur, di antaranya jamur dermatofita. Dermatofita ini merupakan golongan jamur yang melekat dan tumbuh pada jaringan keratin seperti kulit dan kuku, sebagai sumber nutrisi untuk membentuk kolonisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi jamur dermatofita serta mengetahui morfologi dermatofita pada kuku dan kulit sela jari kaki penderita diabetes melitus di Kecamatan Mamajang, Kota Makassar. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah 15 orang penderita diabetes melitus, dengan sampel berupa kerok kuku dan kulit sela jari kaki. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan pemeriksaan makroskopik dan mikroskopik, ditemukan dua sampel yang jamur dermatofita yaitu Trichophyton rubrum dan Microsporum gypseum, sedangkan sampel lainnya ditemukan jamur non dermatofita, antara lain Candida albicans, Mucor michelli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, dan Aspergillus niger. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ditemukan dua jamur dermatofita spesies Trichophyton rubrum dan Microsporum gypseum pada kuku dan kulit sela jari kaki penderita diabetes melitus di Kecamatan Mamajang, Kota Makassar.

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. seed is known as gorek seed contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics, due to the content of these secondary metabolites so that this plant has antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol extract of gorek C. bonduc seeds as well as antioxidant activity. Extraction of gorek C. bonduc seeds was carried out with methanol, then quantitative determination of total phenolic by the Folin-Ciocalteu method as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/gram of extract, flavonoid content by AlCl3 method as Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/gram of extract, and in vitro antioxidant activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was in IC50 (inhibition concentration). Based on the results of research, the phytochemical screening of methanol extract of gorek C. bonduc seeds showed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. The determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid content were obtained 0.55 ± 0.02 mgGAE/g and 0.50 ± 0.02 mgQE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts and ascorbic acid showed IC50 values were 3770.77 ppm and 3.36 ppm respectively.

This study aims to determine the absorption and ability of hydrogels to hold water. The hydrogel was synthesized using the freeze-thaw method, then the absorption ability and water retention time in the hydrogel were tested and characterized by FTIR and trinocular stereo microscope. The FTIR results showed that the resulting hydrogel had N–H, O–H, aliphatic C–H, bend N–H, C–O, and C–N functional groups. The highest absorption of the hydrogel with a ratio of cellulose:chitosan:EDTA variations of 2:2.25:0.25 (g) respectively, which was 287.46% and the appearance of the hydrogel under a microscope showed that the structure of the hydrogel was rather hollow, so that it affected its absorption.

There are several sources of collagen, one of which is the yellowfin tuna bones. Collagen is a bioactive peptide with specific biological characteristics so that it can be used widely. However, hydrolysis is carried out to produce collagen hydrolysate to increase the biological effectiveness of collagen and its application. This study aimed to produce collagen hydrolysate from yellowfin tuna bones using collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 and evaluate its ability as an antibacterial agent. The Hydrolysis process was optimized by varying the concentration of substrate, enzyme and hydrolysis time. To determine the effectiveness of the hydrolysis process in inhibiting bacterial growth, the hydrolysis degree and antibacterial activity of collagen hydrolyzate have been investigated. Results showed that hydrolysis at a substrate concentration of 10 %, enzyme of 10 % and hydrolysis time of 4 h was the optimum conditions to obtain the highest degree of hydrolysis (22.48 %). All collagen hydrolysates obtained have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the highest inhibition zones of 11.50 mm and 12.60 mm respectively. Collagen hydrolysate from yellowfin tuna bones is bactericidal so it is a very good candidate to be developed as an antibacterial agent.

This study aims to identify fragment peptides isolation from symbiotic bacteria associated with macroalgae Sargassum sp and predict antibacterial properties from peptides by bioinformatics analysis. Identification fragment peptide using LC-MS/MS with de novo sequencing method. AMP Scanner Vr.2, iAMP-2L, DBAASP used for prediction antibacterial activities. The peptides' potency as antibacterial was evaluated by looking at the peptides' physicochemical properties used APD3 and ProtParam software. The result showed ten peptides sequences, and these peptides were the first reported; five peptides have antibacterial activities according to data from the software. Physicochemical properties from five peptides show the exciting activity to be used as antibacterial agents. The F4h1k peptide sequence has a higher potential according to data physicochemical. However, it is not yet certain which peptides provide the most optimal activity. It needs to be analyzed further.

The research on the hydrolysis of protein from red algae has been carried out by microsymbionts E. cottonii as an antibacterial. This study aims to determine the effect of hydrolysis time on the degree of hydrolysis and antibacterial activity. The stages of this study include protein isolation, protein purification and protein hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysis using pepsin enzyme with 0.30,60,90 and 120-minute time variations.The final stage of this research is to test the antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method with bioindicator bacteria S. aureus and E. coli. The results of this study indicate that the highest DH is 83.49% with a hydrolysis time of 90 minutes. Like wise, the largest inhibition zone for bioindicator bacteria was shown by the Ha4 hydrolyzate. The zone of inhibition against S. aureus is 21.1 mm, and E. coli is 14.8 mm.

Starch extraction and modified starch from starch in avocado seeds using the Autoclaving-Cooling method have been performed. This research aimed to analyze the content of starch in avocado seeds (Persea Americana Mill) and to determine the retrogradation temperature appropriates to produce the highest resistant starch from this research. The methods of this research were precipitation, decantation, and Autoclaving-Cooling. The research stages were starch extraction process from avocado seeds (Persea Americana Mill) using decantation and drying methods, then resistant starch production using Autoclaving-Cooling method. The high-temperature heating process used autoclave at temperature of 121°C, then the retrogradation process with temperatures of 4°C and -18°C. The analysis included analysis of starch content, water content, amylose content, and resistant starch content. The results showed that the starch content after the extraction process was 90% with 11% water content, 21% amylose content and 8% resistant starch. After the modification process was performed, the moisture content for cooling at temperature of 4°C was 6%, the amylose content was 29% and the resistant starch content was 27%. While the characteristics for the cooling temperature −18°C, namely 6% water content, 28% amylose content, and 17% resistant starch content. Conclusion: Retrogradation temperature of 4°C was the best cooling temperature by using autoclaving-cooling method to increase resistant starch content and other supporting characteristics.

The research was aimed to produce starch from kepok banana’s hump (Musa balbisina L) and determine appropriate retrograded temperature. Resistant starch was food nutrition that has healthy functional for human digestion. Processes of production were two parts which are the production of starch from kepok banana’s hump and modification of starch (production of resistant starch) that used two cooling temperatures which are 4 °C and −18 °C. The methods of research were precipitation, decantation, autoclaving-cooling and drying processes. The best characteristic was shown in starch modification of 4 °C temperature that produces 25% of resistant starch content, 28% of amylose content and 5% of water content. Based on these data, the best modified has a high potential to be applied as the main ingredient of edible film that it was a functional packaging.

Xylanases is an extracellular enzyme that has prospects as enzymes that hydrolyze hemicellulose (xylan). In this study, carried out isolatied of bacteria from the hot springs Makula', Tana Toraja and determine the optimum conditions in producing the xylanase enzyme. The steps being taken are the rejuvenation of bacteria, the manufacture medium inoculum and the production medium, the measurement OD (Optical Density) measurements of protein and testing activities xylanase. The results obtained showed that the production time for B. stearothermophilus SL3A is in the 48 hours with a value of 0.1237 activity mU/mL and B. stearothermophilus SL3S at the 60 hours with a value of 0.1593 activity mU/mL. B. stearothermophilus SL3A have a protein content of 9.828 mg/mL and for B. stearothermophilus SL3S have a protein content of 10.07 mg/mL. Characteristics bacterial xylanase from B. stearothermophilus SL3A and B. stearothermophilus SL3S work optimally at pH 7 a temperature of 45 ºC. Crude extract of the isolated xylanase enzyme can hydrolyze substrate is xylan corn cobs. The addition of metal CaCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2 can increase the activities of the enzyme xylanase and CoCl2 decreases the activities of enzymes that are inhibitors.

Rayap merupakan salah satu kelompok serangga yang hidupnya bergantung pada selulosa sebagai sumber makanannya. Kemampuan rayap dalam memanfaatkan selulosa sebagai sumber makanannya karena rayap memiliki mikroorganisme simbion dalam saluran pencernaaannya yaitu bakteri selulolitik. Bakteri selulolitik mampu mengubah selulosa menjadi gula sederhana untuk digunakan sebagai sumber karbon dan energi bagi metabolisme dan pertumbuhannya. Kemmpuan ini disebabkan karena bakteri dapat memproduksi enzim selulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri selulolitik yang diisolasi dari slauran pencernaan rayap Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren dan mengetahui aktivitas enzim selulasenya. Uji aktivitas enzim selulase pada isolat bakteri selulolitik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode uji DNS (Dinitrosalicylisc Acid). Hasil isolasi diperoleh 5 isolat selulolitik yang diberi kode isolat BS1, BS2, BS3, BS4 dan BS5. Uji aktivitas enzim pada kelima isolat diperoleh bahwa isolat yang memiliki aktivitas tertinggi adalah isolat BS4 yaitu sebesar 0.057 U/ml.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Celery (Apium graveolens L) are vegetables and medicinal plants that have excellent benefits for health. The content of secondary metabolites that are very diverse in these two plants has the potential to be developed in other fields. This study aimed to determine the content of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of moringa and celery leaves. The phytochemical analysis using the qualitative parameters of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and steroids, and antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. The results showed that moringa leaves contained considerable flavanoid, saponin, tannin, and alkaloid compounds while celery leaves contained fewer flavonoid, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. Results of the antioxidant activity assay showed that moringa leaf extract had the highest activity with an IC50 value of 248.85 μg/mL while the formulation of moringa-celery (1: 1) had the lowest activity with an IC50 value of 1451.86 μg/mL. These results showed that the antioxidant activity of moringa leaf extract had better antioxidant activity than the moringa-celery extract formulation.

Lingula sp is one of the bivalves, where it is very popular for people as food consumption. However, the high consumption of society is not accompanied by the utilization of residual waste from Lingula sp. In the composition of the structure of the compound, the shell of Lingula sp contains chitin compounds which are very potential to be applied in the field of biotechnology and have an economical value. The aims of this study to isolated chitin from Lingula sp shell used steam flush pressure method. Chitin isolation was carried out with three stages of the process, namely deproteination, decolorization and demineralization at 121 °C, a pressure of 15-20 psi with variations of time 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Chitin characterization showed that 60 minutes was the optimum treatment time with characteristics of 9.5% water content, 1.01% ash content, total N-content of 6.87% and deacetylation degree 33.19% with a yield of 5.06%. These results showed that the exploration of chitin potential contained in Lingula sp is very potential to be used as a new source. In addition, the steam flush pressure method is a breakthrough to isolation chitin.

Soursop (Annona muricata Linn) is one of herbal plants that are widely used as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimalarial, anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant. Soursop leaf has many benefits because it contains phytochemical compounds. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of soursop leaf. This research were carried out in a few steps which are extraction, evaporation, phytochemical tests and measurement of antioxidant activity. The result showed that the ethanol extract of soursop leaf was contained steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic and saponin. The ethanol extract of soursop leaf has antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 of 141,127 μg / mL.

Moringa leaf (Moringaoleifera) is a plant that grows in Indonesia with high nutritional content. This plant has biological activity as antidiabetic, blood pressure-lowering, and antioxidant. This study analyzes the nutritional content of Moringa leaf extract, especially amino acids, minerals and determines its antioxidant. Analysis of total amino acid content has been carried out by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) method, minerals with ICP-OES (Inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) and antioxidant activity by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The analysis of Moringa leaf extract has obtained 15 kinds of amino acids, namely: threonine (9403.09), lysine (11694.16), leucine (18087.41), isoleucine (9321.59), phenylalanine (17236.01), valine (11183.48), methionine (5684.68), tryptophan (2577.82) while non-essential amino acids include histidine (9965.39), proline (10068.07), tyrosine (8641.63), aspartate acid (16585.76), glycine (13027.13), arginine (13123.94), alanine (14474.52), glutamate acid (30106.87), serine (10055.98), cysteine (470.37) in ppm. The analysis of minerals has obtained 13 essential minerals included Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Se, Zn. The highest mineral is shown for selenium (1097.84 ppm) and chrome (919.99 ppm) at the second highest order. Sodium (68.83 ppm) and magnesium (60.84 ppm) is found as minerals with low concentrations. The antioxidant test has shown weakness activity with an average IC50 value of 9.901 μg/mL, using ascorbic acid as a positive control with IC50 values of 196.892 μg/mL. The analysis results of amino acids, minerals, and antioxidant activity show that Moringa leaves are very potential for human nutrients.

The study aims to explore and identify cellulolytic bacteria of termites that have the potential to cellulose hydrolysis on newsprint into glucose. The cellulolytic bacteria are characterized by the formation of clear zones in the medium agar containing newsprint paper after 0.1% Congo red testing. The isolates that produce large clear zones are identified by the type of bacteria. Identification of bacteria morphologically in colonies, gram staining and biochemical tests. The activity of cellulose enzyme based on concentration of reducing sugar (glucose) produced from the cellulose hydrolysis on newsprint was tested by 3.5-dinitrosylicyl reagent using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that 6 cellulolytic bacterial isolates through the Congo red test, 2 isolates that have a large diameter of the clear zone are: Isolates C1 and D1 4.27 cm and 2.05 cm, respectively. Cellulase enzyme crudes of isolates C1 and D1 have an enzyme activity of 15.7 mU/mL and 2.33 mU/mL, protein concentration of 0.35 mg/mL and 1.18 mg/mL with specific activity of 45.17 mU/mg protein and 1.98 mU/mg protein. Based on the observation of the colony’s morphology in macroscopy, microscopy and biochemical test results, an isolate of C1 is the Provedencia sp and D1 isolate is the Bacillus sp.

Controlling of postprandial hyperglycemia using α-glucosidase inhibitors is one of the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Collagen hydrolysate, as an α-glucosidase inhibitor has not been reported. Therefore, This study intends to evaluate the activity and kinetics of inhibition of collagen hydrolysate against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Collagen hydrolysate was prepared from Thunnus albacares bone enzymatically using bacterial collagenase at hydrolysis times (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 h). The type of inhibition was determined by enzyme kinetics analysis. Collagen hydrolysate obtained at hydrolysis time of 1 h has the highest inhibitory activity of 24.47 %. Based on enzyme kinetics analysis, collagen hydrolysate showed a show a type of competitive inhibition. These results revealed that collagen hydrolysate has the potential as a natural antidiabetic in controlling blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

Bioenergy, such as bioethanol, is one of the alternative options in order to fulfil the energy demands in the future. Bioethanol is ethanol which resulted from the fermentation process of glucose from natural sources that contains starch and cellulose. This research are aimed to utilize soft stem of kapok banana (Musa paradisiaca formatypica), which known to have cellulose content approximately 64%, in order to produce bioethanol undergoes acid hydrolysis and bacterial fermentation using Clostridium acetobutylicum. There are two main variables that being investigate in this research such as, acid (HCl) volume of adding (varied from 15 mL, 20 mL, 25 mL, 30 mL, and 30 mL) and length of fermentation time ( 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days respectively). Results shown that the maximum concentration of cellulose in soft stem of kepok banana is 46.38% and the bioethanol concentration/volume were achieved on the addition of 15 mL acid chloride and optimum fermentation time of 6 days.

Indonesia is a maritime country with the potential fisheries resources. However, utilization only revolves around the meat, while other parts have not been used optimally, especially fish bones which have the potential to produce collagen, so it needs to be developed. The aims of this study ware extracted collagen from bone of Lutjanus sp. and determine its the Anticancer activity. The collagen was extracted by using hydroextraction method and identification by FTIR. The initial screening anticancer activity was done by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method for toxicity assay. The results showed that the yield of collagen was 4.535% with protein concentration was 8,815 mg/mL. Identified collagen from spectrum of amide A, B, I, II, and III at 3421.72; 2926.01; 1651.07; 1541.12; 1240.23 cm-1. The toxicity test was shown in LC50 values of 8,760 μg/mL. The collagen from Lutjanus sp. bone can be used as natural anticancer agent.

Collagenases are enzyme that are able to hydrolyze native collagen into fragment collagen peptides. Collagenases and its hydrolysis products have received tremendous attention in medical and industrial applications. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify new collagenase producing bacteria from fish liquid waste, then produce and characterize collagenase. A total of 7 isolate from fish liquid waste were screened on selective medium containg 2 % collagen and its activity was confirmed by the formation of clear zone. Isolat 6-2 was positif as collagenase producer and identified as Bacillus sp. 6-2 by morphological and biochemical characteristics. The optimum fermentation time of enzyme was investigated. Collagenase crude extract was characterized by the effect of pH, temperature, and metal ions. Isolat 62 optimally produced collagenase enzyme after 30 h of incubation with activity of 0.072 U/mL and protein content of 3.768 mg/mL. The optimum pH and temperature were 7.0 and 40 oC, respectively. The enzyme was activated by 1 mM Ca2+and Mg2+, and inhibited by 1 mM Zn2+ and Co2+. Collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 may have potentials for medical and industrial applications.