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5. A complex structural variant at the KIT locus in cattle with the Pinzgauer spotting pattern

Author

Küttel, Luzia Marlis, Letko, Anna, Häfliger, Irene Monika, Signer-Hasler, H, Joller, Sara, Hirsbrunner, Gabriela, Mészáros, G, Sölkner, J, Flury, C, Leeb, Tosso, and Drögemüller, C.

Subjects
630 Agriculture, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), 610 Medicine & health
Abstract

A specific white spotting phenotype, termed finching or line-backed spotting, is known for all Pinzgauer cattle and occurs occasionally in Tux-Zillertaler cattle, two Austrian breeds. The so-called Pinzgauer spotting is inherited as an autosomal incompletely dominant trait. A genome-wide association study using 27 white spotted and 16 solid-coloured Tux-Zillertaler cattle, based on 777k SNP data, revealed a strong signal on chromosome 6 at the KIT locus. Haplotype analyses defined a critical interval of 122 kb downstream of the KIT coding region. Whole-genome sequencing of a Pinzgauer cattle and comparison to 338 control genomes revealed a complex structural variant consisting of a 9.4-kb deletion and an inversely inserted duplication of 1.5 kb fused to a 310-kb duplicated segment from chromosome 4. A diagnostic PCR was developed for straightforward genotyping of carriers for this structural variant (KIT ) and confirmed that the variant allele was present in all Pinzgauer and most of the white spotted Tux-Zillertaler cattle. In addition, we detected the variant in all Slovenian Cika, British Gloucester and Spanish Berrenda en negro cattle with similar spotting patterns. Interestingly, the KIT variant occurs in some white spotted animals of the Swiss breeds Evolèner and Eringer. The introgression of the KIT variant confirms admixture and the reported historical relationship of these short-headed breeds with Austrian Tux-Zillertaler and suggests a mutation event, occurring before breed formation.

Published
2019
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8. Short communication: Genomic prediction using imputed whole-genome sequence variants in Brown Swiss Cattle

Author

Frischknecht, M., Meuwissen, T.H.E., Bapst, B., Seefried, F.R., Flury, C., Garrick, D., Signer-Hasler, H., Stricker, C., Consortium, Intergenomics, Bieber, Anna, Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., Bagnato, A., Gredler-Grandl, B., Frischknecht, M., Meuwissen, T.H.E., Bapst, B., Seefried, F.R., Flury, C., Garrick, D., Signer-Hasler, H., Stricker, C., Consortium, Intergenomics, Bieber, Anna, Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., Bagnato, A., and Gredler-Grandl, B.

Abstract

The accuracy of genomic prediction determines response to selection. It has been hypothesized that accuracy of genomic breeding values can be increased by a higher density of variants. We used imputed whole-genome sequence data and various single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selection criteria to estimate genomic breeding values in Brown Swiss cattle. The extreme scenarios were 50K SNP chip data and whole-genome sequence data with intermediate scenarios using linkage disequilibrium-pruned whole-genome sequence variants, only variants predicted to be missense, or the top 50K variants from genome-wide association studies. We estimated genomic breeding values for 3 traits (somatic cell score, nonreturn rate in heifers, and stature) and found differences in accuracy levels between traits. However, among different SNP sets, accuracy was very similar. In our analyses, sequence data led to a marginal increase in accuracy for 1 trait and was lower than 50K for the other traits. We concluded that the inclusion of imputed whole-genome sequence data does not lead to increased accuracy of genomic prediction with the methods.

Published
2018
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9. Identification of key contributors in complex population structures

Author

Chaubey, G, Neuditschko, M, Raadsma, HW, Khatkar, MS, Jonas, E, Steinig, EJ, Flury, C, Signer-Hasler, H, Frischknecht, M, von Niederhausem, R, Leeb, T, Rieder, S, Chaubey, G, Neuditschko, M, Raadsma, HW, Khatkar, MS, Jonas, E, Steinig, EJ, Flury, C, Signer-Hasler, H, Frischknecht, M, von Niederhausem, R, Leeb, T, and Rieder, S

Abstract

Evaluating the genetic contribution of individuals to population structure is essential to select informative individuals for genome sequencing, genotype imputation and to ascertain complex population structures. Existing methods for the selection of informative individuals for genomic imputation solely focus on the identification of key ancestors, which can lead to a loss of phasing accuracy of the reference population. Currently many methods are independently applied to investigate complex population structures. Based on the Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD) of a genomic relationship matrix we describe a novel approach to evaluate the genetic contribution of individuals to population structure. We combined the identification of key contributors with model-based clustering and population network visualization into an integrated three-step approach, which allows identification of high-resolution population structures and substructures around such key contributors. The approach was applied and validated in four disparate datasets including a simulated population (5,100 individuals and 10,000 SNPs), a highly structured experimental sheep population (1,421 individuals and 44,693 SNPs) and two large complex pedigree populations namely horse (1,077 individuals and 38,124 SNPs) and cattle (2,457 individuals and 45,765 SNPs). In the simulated and experimental sheep dataset, our method, which is unsupervised, successfully identified all known key contributors. Applying our three-step approach to the horse and cattle populations, we observed high-resolution population substructures including the absence of obvious important key contributors. Furthermore, we show that compared to commonly applied strategies to select informative individuals for genotype imputation including the computation of marginal gene contributions (Pedig) and the optimization of genetic relatedness (Rel), the selection of key contributors provided the highest phasing accuracies within the selected referenc

Published
2017

10. Fine-scale population structure analysis of seven local Swiss sheep breeds using genome-wide SNP data

Author

Burren, A., Signer-Hasler, H., Neuditschko, M., Tetens, J., Kijas, J., Drögemüller, C., Flury, C., Burren, A., Signer-Hasler, H., Neuditschko, M., Tetens, J., Kijas, J., Drögemüller, C., and Flury, C.

Abstract

As part of the global sheep Hapmap project, 24 individuals from each of seven indigenous Swiss sheep breeds (Bundner Oberländer sheep (BOS), Engadine Red sheep (ERS), Swiss Black-Brown Mountain sheep (SBS), Swiss Mirror sheep (SMS), Swiss White Alpine (SWA) sheep, Valais Blacknose sheep (VBS) and Valais Red sheep (VRS)), were genotyped using Illumina's Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. In total, 167 animals were subjected to a detailed analysis for genetic diversity using 45193 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms. The results of the phylogenetic analyses supported the known proximity between populations such as VBS and VRS or SMS and SWA. Average genomic relatedness within a breed was found to be 12 percent (BOS), 5 percent (ERS), 9 percent (SBS), 10 percent (SMS), 9 percent (SWA), 12 percent (VBS) and 20 percent (VRS). Furthermore, genomic relationships between breeds were found for single individuals from SWA and SMS, VRS and VBS as well as VRS and BOS. In addition, seven out of 40 indicated parent-offspring pairs could not be confirmed. These results were further supported by results from the genome-wide population cluster analysis. This study provides a better understanding of fine-scale population structures within and between Swiss sheep breeds. This relevant information will help to increase the conservation activities of the local Swiss sheep breeds

Published
2017

11. Genome-wide association studies based on sequence-derived genotypes reveal new QTL associated with conformation and performance traits in the Franches-Montagnes horse breed

Author

Signer-Hasler, H, Frischknecht, Mirjam, Rieder, S, Neuditschko, M, and Leeb, Tosso

Subjects
630 Agriculture, 590 Animals (Zoology), 570 Life sciences, biology
Abstract

To identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) within horses, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on sequence-level genotypes for conformation and performance traits in the Franches-Montagnes (FM) horse breed. Sequence-level genotypes of FM horses were derived by re-sequencing 30 key founders and imputing 50K data of genotyped horses. In total, we included 1077 FM horses genotyped for ~4 million SNPs and their respective de-regressed breeding values of the traits in the analysis. Based on this dataset, we identified a total of 14 QTL associated with 18 conformation traits and one performance trait. Therefore, our results suggest that the application of sequence-derived genotypes increases the power to identify novel QTL which were not identified previously based on 50K SNP chip data.

Published
2016
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12. Genome-wide association study in Brown Swiss for fertility traits based on sequence data

Author

Frischknecht, M., Bapst, B., Flury, C., Seefried, F.R., Signer-Hasler, H., Garrick, D., Stricker, C., Intergenomics, Consortium, Bagnato, A., Bieber, A., Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., and Gredler, B.

Subjects
Breeding and genetics, Dairy cattle, Health and welfare
Abstract

Fertility in dairy cattle has declined continuously during the last years. In Switzerland low fertility is one of the most important culling reason. Therefore this trait complex is of great economic importance. But fertility traits are functional traits with low heritabilities. We performed GWAS in Brown Swiss and Holstein cattle for the fertility traits: non-return rate after 56 days in heifers (NRH) and cows (NRC); days between first and last insemination in heifers (FLIH) and cows (FLIC); and days to first service (DFS). We used deregressed breeding values as input phenotypes and imputed whole-genome sequence dosages as genotypes. In Holstein (2,336 to 3,257 individuals) we could not identify any significant region for any of the investigated traits. For Brown Swiss cattle (1,392 to 3,278 individuals) however we could identify a QTL on BTA 17 for NRH and FLIH. This locus also showed a suggestive association with NRC and FLIC. The region significantly associated to NRH and FLIH comprises 27 genes. Among the associated variants two non-synonymous variants in the genes GAS2L and ASCC2 could be identified. These two variants could be potentially causative ariants.

Published
2016

13. Genomic prediction in cattle based on sequence data

Author

Frischknecht, M., Meuwissen, T.H.E., Bapst, B., Seefried, F.R., Flury, C., Garrick, D., Signer-Hasler, H., Stricker, C., Intergenomics, Consortium, Bieber, A., Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., Bagnato, A., and Gredler, B.

Subjects
Breeding and genetics, Beef cattle, Health and welfare
Abstract

One of the factors influencing the accuracy of genomic prediction is the density of SNP data used for prediction. We used sequence genotypes from the 1000 Bull Genomes Project (Run 5) as reference data to impute the whole-genome sequences of around 22,000 Brown Swiss and 15,000 Holstein, Simmental and Swiss Fleckvieh cattle to whole-genome sequences. We used FImpute to obtain HD genotypes and imputed with Minimac from HD to sequence data (16,184,800 variants). We report here the results for non return-rate 56 in heifers which are available already for Brown Swiss. For effect estimation deregressed breeding values of 2,018 Brown Swiss bulls with reliabilities above 0.65 were used. We used the BayesC approach implemented in gbcpp. Accuracy of genomic prediction was calculated as the correlation between the deregressed breeding values and the predicted direct genomic breeding value in a set of 240 of young bulls with accurate breeding values. LD pruned sequence data (5,812,425 SNPs; r=0.412) and sequence data (12,973,772 SNPs; r=0.407) yielded a higher accuracy than 50k data (38,009 SNPs; r=0.400) and missense data (34,184 SNPs; r=0,372). The results will be further evaluated by investigating more traits and breeds.

Published
2016

14. Genome-wide association study in Brown Swiss for udder traits based on sequence data

Author

Frischknecht, M., Flury, C., Bapst, B., Seefried, F.R., Signer-Hasler, H., Garrick, D., Stricker, C., Intergenomics, Consortium, Bagnato, A., Bieber, A., Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., and Gredler, B.

Subjects
Breeding and genetics, Beef cattle, Health and welfare
Abstract

Identification of QTL, especially of causative variants within QTL is still challenging. Higher SNP densities aid the identification and fine-mapping of QTL. Based on imputed sequence data we performed GWAS for udder traits in Brown Swiss cattle. The GWAS was performed using a mixed-model approach with deregressed breeding values as phenotypes. The traits investigated included: udder depth (UD), fore udder attachment (FUA), rear udder width (RUW), rear udder height (RUH), fore udder length (FUL), and central ligament (CL). We found significant associations on BTA 3 (UD, FUA), BTA 5 (UD), BTA 17 (FUL, RUW, CL) and BTA 20 (FUA). A single gene was located in the significantly associated regions on BTA 5 (ABCC9) and BTA 20 (HCN1). The region on BTA 17 spans almost 3 Mb and includes 74 genes (maximal region for all the traits combined) and the region on BTA 3 includes 91 genes across 3 Mb. We also looked for associated missense variants in these intervals. Neither for ABCC9 nor for HCN1 we could identify such a variant. On BTA 17 we identified 2 missense variants that were significantly associated with CL. On BTA 3, 11 missense variants were significantly associated with UD and/or FUA. The advantages of using imputed sequence data compared to SNP chip genotypes are mainly through the inclusion of potential causative variants.

Published
2016

15. A complex structural variant at the KIT locus in cattle with the Pinzgauer spotting pattern.

Author

Küttel, L., Letko, A., Häfliger, I. M., Signer‐Hasler, H., Joller, S., Hirsbrunner, G., Mészáros, G., Sölkner, J., Flury, C., Leeb, T., and Drögemüller, C.

Subjects
CATTLE genetics, CATTLE, DIAGNOSTIC use of polymerase chain reaction, ANIMAL breeding, DNA copy number variations
Abstract

Summary: A specific white spotting phenotype, termed finching or line‐backed spotting, is known for all Pinzgauer cattle and occurs occasionally in Tux‐Zillertaler cattle, two Austrian breeds. The so‐called Pinzgauer spotting is inherited as an autosomal incompletely dominant trait. A genome‐wide association study using 27 white spotted and 16 solid‐coloured Tux‐Zillertaler cattle, based on 777k SNP data, revealed a strong signal on chromosome 6 at the KIT locus. Haplotype analyses defined a critical interval of 122 kb downstream of the KIT coding region. Whole‐genome sequencing of a Pinzgauer cattle and comparison to 338 control genomes revealed a complex structural variant consisting of a 9.4‐kb deletion and an inversely inserted duplication of 1.5 kb fused to a 310‐kb duplicated segment from chromosome 4. A diagnostic PCR was developed for straightforward genotyping of carriers for this structural variant (KITPINZ) and confirmed that the variant allele was present in all Pinzgauer and most of the white spotted Tux‐Zillertaler cattle. In addition, we detected the variant in all Slovenian Cika, British Gloucester and Spanish Berrenda en negro cattle with similar spotting patterns. Interestingly, the KITPINZ variant occurs in some white spotted animals of the Swiss breeds Evolèner and Eringer. The introgression of the KITPINZ variant confirms admixture and the reported historical relationship of these short‐headed breeds with Austrian Tux‐Zillertaler and suggests a mutation event, occurring before breed formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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16. Genomic Prediction using Haplotypes in Brown Swiss

Author

Frischknecht, M., Seefried, F.R., Bapst, B., Flury, C., Signer-Hasler, H., Garrick, D., Stricker, C., Intergenomics, Consortium, Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., Bieber, A., Bagnato, A., Gredler-Grandl, B., Frischknecht, M., Seefried, F.R., Bapst, B., Flury, C., Signer-Hasler, H., Garrick, D., Stricker, C., Intergenomics, Consortium, Fries, R., Russ, I., Sölkner, J., Bieber, A., Bagnato, A., and Gredler-Grandl, B.

Abstract

In order to improve accuracy of genomic selection different approaches have been suggested. One possibility is to use haplotypes instead of SNPs. It is thought that by the usage of haplotypes the number of effects to estimate should be decreased and the accuracy should be increased because the haplotype should catch the causal variants better than from LD with SNPs. Different definitions of the length of haplotypes are possible. The haplotypes can either be determined by the number of SNPs in a haplotype, by the length in base pairs or by linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures. For this study we used four different definitions of haplotype lengths either based on physical length in bp or on LD measures. We used haplotypes with a length of 250kb or 1Mb, we defined the LD based groups in PLINK and either included or excluded SNPs that were not included in any LD block. We estimated genomic breeding values with each of these haplotype definitions and compared prediction accuracy to that achieved with 50K SNPs for four traits in Brown Swiss. The traits were protein yield, non-return rate 56 in heifers, somatic cell score and stature. Estimation of genomic breeding values was carried out applying a BayesC model. We found trait-specific differences in the ranking of the scenarios. However, differences in accuracies between scenarios within trait were relatively low and using haplotypes only marginally increased the accuracy of genomic breeding values. The number of variables to be fitted increased relative to the SNP model especially for scenarios where the haplotypes were defined by physical length.

Published
2016

17. Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis in the Franches-Montagnes Horse Is Associated with the Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1 (PKHD1) Gene

Author

Drögemüller, Michaela, Jagannathan, Vidhya, Welle, Monika Maria, Graubner, Claudia, Straub, Reto, Gerber, Vinzenz, Burger, Dominik, Signer-Hasler, H., Poncet, PA, Klopfenstein, S., Von Niederhäusern, R., Tetens, J., Rieder, S., Drögemüller, Cord, and Leeb, Tosso

Subjects
630 Agriculture, 590 Animals (Zoology), 610 Medicine & health
Abstract

Congenital hepatic fibrosis has been described as a lethal disease with monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance in the Swiss Franches-Montagnes horse breed. We performed a genome-wide association study with 5 cases and 12 controls and detected an association on chromosome 20. Subsequent homozygosity mapping defined a critical interval of 952 kb harboring 10 annotated genes and loci including the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (autosomal recessive) gene (PKHD1). PKHD1 represents an excellent functional candidate as variants in this gene were identified in human patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney and hepatic disease (ARPKD) as well as several mouse and rat mutants. Whereas most pathogenic PKHD1 variants lead to polycystic defects in kidney and liver, a small subset of the human ARPKD patients have only liver symptoms, similar to our horses with congenital hepatic fibrosis. The PKHD1 gene is one of the largest genes in the genome with multiple alternative transcripts that have not yet been fully characterized. We sequenced the genomes of an affected foal and 46 control horses to establish a comprehensive list of variants in the critical interval. We identified two missense variants in the PKHD1 gene which were strongly, but not perfectly associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis. We speculate that reduced penetrance and/or potential epistatic interactions with hypothetical modifier genes may explain the imperfect association of the detected PKHD1 variants. Our data thus indicate that horses with congenital hepatic fibrosis represent an interesting large animal model for the liver-restricted subtype of human ARPKD.

Published
2014
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21. Quote by Hasler, H. G. on Compensation

Author

Hasler, H. G.

Subjects
Literature/writing
Abstract

QUOTE: 'You cannot have the success without the failures.' --Hasler, H. G. SUBJECT: [...]

Published
2010

22. APPENDICES.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
MASTS & rigging, JUNKS
Abstract

Various units of measurements and junk rig sail plans that relate to chapters in the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" are presented.

Published
2004

23. Chapter 16: Some Specimen Chinese-Rigged Vessels.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
MASTS & rigging, DESIGN, JUNKS
Abstract

Chapter 16 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses several examples that illustrate the design and development of rigs including the Jester in 1960, the Galway Blazer II in 1968, the Yeong in 1972 and the Batwing in 1974. It highlights the original owners and the ocean passages of the vessels.

Published
2004

24. Chapter 15: Handling the Rig.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
MASTS & rigging, SAILS -- Maintenance & repair, SAILORS, JUNKS
Abstract

Chapter 15 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the handling of the Chinese rig, which includes making a full and a reefed sail, adjustment of sail sheets, avoiding the risk of fan-ups and the usefulness of heaving-to in gale and normal breeze conditions. It highlights the maintenance of sails, the repair of a broken batten and the need for a way to allow a sailor to climb quickly to the masthead without any sail set in case of trouble.

Published
2004

25. Chapter 14: Setting Up the Rig.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
MASTS & rigging, JUNKS, SAILS
Abstract

Chapter 14 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It highlights the need to provide a rigging diagram with rigging details and a rigging warrant to enable advanced preparation, to the boat rigger unfamiliar with Chinese rig. It discusses the dressing, stepping and unstepping of the mast and the procedure in rigging the sail.

Published
2004

26. Chapter 13: Cockpit and Deck Layout.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
DECKS (Naval architecture), JUNKS, DRAWING
Abstract

Chapter 13 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses a plan for a deck, which includes the cockpit, and detailed drawings of gallows, a tailored control position, circular hatches, rope stowage reels and others components if needed. It highlights the need to consider the purpose of the boat in assembling its deck features which include the option of a rotatable pram hood system.

Published
2004

27. Chapter 12: The Rigging.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
MASTS & rigging, JUNKS, ROPE
Abstract

Chapter 12 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses rigging the sail form recommended in detail, the standing rigging of which include the mast lift, upper topping lifts and sheet spans, while its running rigging include the halyard, sheet and yard hauling parrel. It recommends the sizes of ropes for various applications and sail areas.

Published
2004

28. Chapter 11: The Sail.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, SAILS, DRAWING
Abstract

Chapter 11 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the information for each sail that a sailmaker would need: a scaled drawing of the outline of the sail with the batten pockets, a larger-scaled and detailed drawing of the sails and a specifications sheet. It recommends sailcloth weights for sails of different areas.

Published
2004

29. Chapter 10: Yard, Battens, and Boom.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, MASTS & rigging, BOOMS (Hydraulic engineering), SAILS, DESIGN
Abstract

Chapter 10 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the need for reducing the weight of the yard and battens in a junk rig, securing the sail's head to the yard and the extension of the batten's length to allow the taut stretching of the sail. It highlights the use of various timber, bamboo and light alloy tube for battens and the standard design of the boom.

Published
2004

30. Chapter 9: Partners and Mast Step.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, MASTS & rigging, WEDGES
Abstract

Chapter 9 of the book "Practical Junk Rigs: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the support provided by partners of the mast such as mast wedges, deck ring and mast coat, at or above the level of the deck and the alternative constructions for these. It highlights the construction of a mast step and the use of a tabernacle to allow the lowering of a mast without bodily hoisting.

Published
2004

31. Chapter 8: Masts.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, MASTS & rigging, MATERIALS
Abstract

Chapter 8 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the design, construction, strength and stiffness of the wooden cantilever mast, the qualities of the solid or hollow timber and built masts and the mast fittings above the yard or below the boom when under full sail. It highlights the use of extruded light-alloy, composite materials, steel and reinforced-plastic as alternative materials for masts.

Published
2004

32. Chapter 7: Designing the Sailplan (2).

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, MASTS & rigging, DESIGN, SAILS
Abstract

Chapter 7 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the laying of the sail plan drawn on tracing papers on the master profile trace with the marked waterline and the Chines rig's centre of effort (CE) and the positioning of and the allowing for adequate boom and other clearances in a single- and multi-sailed rig. It highlights the determination of mast position and offers solutions when the position is unacceptable.

Published
2004

33. Chapter 6: Designing the Sailplan (1).

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, DRAWING, DESIGN, MASTS & rigging
Abstract

Chapter 6 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the construction of a scaled drawing of a boat's hull, keel and rudder, the correct placement of the rig in its fore-and-aft position for the boat's balance under sail and the drawing of the sail plan to work out its centre of effort (CE). It highlights the determination of a suitable sail area for the hull and the form of the rig.

Published
2004

34. Chapter 5: Ghosters and Lightning Conductors.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, MASTS & rigging, LIGHTNING conductors
Abstract

Chapter 5 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the purposes and the outcome of using soft featherweight sails or ghosters in a junk rig and the forms ghosting genoa, ghosting dipping-lug and 'extra-foremast ghoster.' It highlights the need for boats with wooden masts to have copper lightning conductors from the masthead to the sea for protection.

Published
2004

35. Chapter 4: The Sheets.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, SAILS, MASTS & rigging
Abstract

Chapter 4 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the function of sheets in a Chinese sail which includes controlling sail incidence to the centreline of the boat, the sail's twist and the whole leech, and the use of sheet spans to reduce the number of hauling parts. It highlights three types of possible sheet foul-ups of the leech and other parts of the rig.

Published
2004

36. Chapter 3: The Rigging of the Sail.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, MASTS & rigging, ROPE, GRAVITY
Abstract

Chapter 3 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses the mechanics of the Chinese sail including the running of individual ropes like the halyard and the influences of gravity and the soft sailcloth in the behavior of each panel of the sail on the mast. It highlights the use of the luff hauling parrel in controlling the set of the sail in China and the function of the running or standing topping-lifts ropes.

Published
2004

37. Chapter 2: The Geometry of the Sail.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
SAILS, JUNKS
Abstract

Chapter 2 of the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling" is presented. It discusses a Chinese sail's reefing and furling as restricted by the battens and the sailcloth's diagonal tension and the basic shapes of sails which include those based on a regular fan with ribs radiating from a common center and those based on an irregular fan with no common center for its ribs. It recommends a design for a sail form.

Published
2004

38. Introduction.

Author

Hasler, H. G. and McLeod, J. K.

Subjects
JUNKS, SAILORS
Abstract

The article discusses various topics covered in the book "Practical Junk Rig: Design, Aerodynamics & Handling," including the sail panels of Chinese junks, the common features of native Chinese rigs and the difference between Western and Chinese seamen requirements.

Published
2004

44. Optimización Técnico-Ecónomica de sistemas discontinuos de tintura

Author

Carbonell, José, Walliser, R., Hasler, H., and Gilbert, J.

Subjects
Tints i tenyit, Dyes and dyeing, Enginyeria tèxtil ::Fabricació tèxtil::Tintura [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC]
Abstract

En la actualidad, no es posible hablar sólo de métodos rápidos de tintura o de optimización de sistemas de tintura, sino que debemos introducir también el concepto de balance técnico-económico para que cada decisión que tomemos signifique una aportación positiva a la solución de los problemas.

Published
1977

47. Fine-scale population structure analysis of seven local Swiss sheep breeds using genome-wide SNP data

Author

Burren, A., Signer-Hasler, H., Neuditschko, M., Tetens, J., Kijas, J., Drögemüller, C., Flury, C., Burren, A., Signer-Hasler, H., Neuditschko, M., Tetens, J., Kijas, J., Drögemüller, C., and Flury, C.

Abstract

As part of the global sheep Hapmap project, 24 individuals from each of seven indigenous Swiss sheep breeds (Bundner Oberländer sheep (BOS), Engadine Red sheep (ERS), Swiss Black-Brown Mountain sheep (SBS), Swiss Mirror sheep (SMS), Swiss White Alpine (SWA) sheep, Valais Blacknose sheep (VBS) and Valais Red sheep (VRS)), were genotyped using Illumina's Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. In total, 167 animals were subjected to a detailed analysis for genetic diversity using 45193 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms. The results of the phylogenetic analyses supported the known proximity between populations such as VBS and VRS or SMS and SWA. Average genomic relatedness within a breed was found to be 12 percent (BOS), 5 percent (ERS), 9 percent (SBS), 10 percent (SMS), 9 percent (SWA), 12 percent (VBS) and 20 percent (VRS). Furthermore, genomic relationships between breeds were found for single individuals from SWA and SMS, VRS and VBS as well as VRS and BOS. In addition, seven out of 40 indicated parent-offspring pairs could not be confirmed. These results were further supported by results from the genome-wide population cluster analysis. This study provides a better understanding of fine-scale population structures within and between Swiss sheep breeds. This relevant information will help to increase the conservation activities of the local Swiss sheep breeds

48. Fine-scale population structure analysis of seven local Swiss sheep breeds using genome-wide SNP data

Author

Burren, A., Signer-Hasler, H., Neuditschko, M., Tetens, J., Kijas, J., Drögemüller, C., Flury, C., Burren, A., Signer-Hasler, H., Neuditschko, M., Tetens, J., Kijas, J., Drögemüller, C., and Flury, C.

Abstract

As part of the global sheep Hapmap project, 24 individuals from each of seven indigenous Swiss sheep breeds (Bundner Oberländer sheep (BOS), Engadine Red sheep (ERS), Swiss Black-Brown Mountain sheep (SBS), Swiss Mirror sheep (SMS), Swiss White Alpine (SWA) sheep, Valais Blacknose sheep (VBS) and Valais Red sheep (VRS)), were genotyped using Illumina's Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. In total, 167 animals were subjected to a detailed analysis for genetic diversity using 45193 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms. The results of the phylogenetic analyses supported the known proximity between populations such as VBS and VRS or SMS and SWA. Average genomic relatedness within a breed was found to be 12 percent (BOS), 5 percent (ERS), 9 percent (SBS), 10 percent (SMS), 9 percent (SWA), 12 percent (VBS) and 20 percent (VRS). Furthermore, genomic relationships between breeds were found for single individuals from SWA and SMS, VRS and VBS as well as VRS and BOS. In addition, seven out of 40 indicated parent-offspring pairs could not be confirmed. These results were further supported by results from the genome-wide population cluster analysis. This study provides a better understanding of fine-scale population structures within and between Swiss sheep breeds. This relevant information will help to increase the conservation activities of the local Swiss sheep breeds

49. NOTES

Author

BASCH, LUCIEN, primary, CHANNON, RICHARD, additional, DOLLEY, CECILIA M., additional, BARLOW, A. H., additional, HATTERSLEY-SMITH, G., additional, GOLDRICK, PETER, additional, MAY, W. E., additional, SYMS, MALCOLM H., additional, HASLER, H. G., additional, MCKEE, ALEXANDER, additional, STEWART, RODERICK, additional, SLEESWYK, ANDRE W., additional, TIMEWELL, H. C., additional, DE COURCY, JOHN, additional, RODGER, N. A. M., additional, GOLDSTEIN, ERIK, additional, and BELL, W. G. M., additional

Published
1986
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