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The energy supply sector, encompassing vital components such as generation, transmission, and distribution, holds a pivotal role in satisfying the energy demands of modern society. Its intricate web of technologies and infrastructure ensures the reliable provision of electricity from diverse fuel sources, bolstering economic advancement and enhancing overall living standards worldwide. In the context of ongoing global energy transitions, the energy sector assumes a critical role in addressing the escalating demand for alternative energy sources and adapting resource allocation strategies to align with evolving societal energy requirements. Nonetheless, the energy supply sector confronts formidable challenges, including infrastructure degradation and grid instability. Not only that, but the demand of energy supply is also expected to rise by 50% by 2050. To counter these issues and enable predictive maintenance and grid optimization, digital twin solutions have emerged as a necessity. This is particularly significant as industry integrates renewable and non-renewable energy sources while managing risks in a dynamic energy landscape that undergoes constant transformation. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the myriad applications, benefits, and impediments associated with digital twin technology within the energy supply sector. Employing a methodological framework grounded in systematic reviews, detailed case studies, and extensive data analysis, this review article utilizes illustrative diagrams and visual aids to enhance clarity and comprehension. These pedagogical tools elucidate essential concepts for the deployment of digital twin technology in the energy supply industry. The analysis reveals that 4.81% (35 out of 727) of the reviewed papers explored the application of digital twins in various energy sectors. The review paper yields several significant findings, including a meticulous synthesis of existing literature, an in-depth examination of case

Evaluating Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) performance is a complex process involving the determination of the turbine cycle Heat Rate (TCHR). This study focuses on determining the TCHR by developing a mathematical model. The model, which incorporates economic analysis of the plant, is developed using energy and mass balance relationships of the turbine cycle, validated using plant commissioning data from a 700MWn CFPP located in Perak, Malaysia. Actual plant data from a 700MWn CFPP is utilized to improve the accuracy and increase the confidence of the results of this study. It was found that at the nominal operating load of 729MWg, there is a Heat Rate (HR) deviation of -1,135 kJ/kWh, leading to daily losses of RM240,447 or USD 60,112. Furthermore, it is possible to utilize the developed model at lower loads as the plant is now being used to operate on “cyclic” loads. The daily losses at a lower load of 431MWg are RM125,767 or USD31,442. Thus, the model is able to compare the plant HR at various loads against commissioning data, and economic analysis is able to be carried out effectively. Valuable information for plant operations and performance engineers could be obtained using this model to determine plant HR.

Evaluating Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) performance is a complex process involving the determination of the turbine cycle Heat Rate (TCHR). This study focuses on determining the TCHR by developing a mathematical model. The model, which incorporates economic analysis of the plant, is developed using energy and mass balance relationships of the turbine cycle, validated using plant commissioning data from a 700MWn CFPP located in Perak, Malaysia. Actual plant data from a 700MWn CFPP is utilized to improve the accuracy and increase the confidence of the results of this study. It was found that at the nominal operating load of 729MWg, there is a Heat Rate (HR) deviation of -1,135 kJ/kWh, leading to daily losses of RM240,447 or USD 60,112. Furthermore, it is possible to utilize the developed model at lower loads as the plant is now being used to operate on “cyclic” loads. The daily losses at a lower load of 431MWg are RM125,767 or USD31,442. Thus, the model is able to compare the plant HR at various loads against commissioning data, and economic analysis is able to be carried out effectively. Valuable information for plant operations and performance engineers could be obtained using this model to determine plant HR.

Transformer failures have a significant cost impact on the operation of an electrical network. In many utilities, transformers have been operating for many years past their expected usable life. As power demand has surged, transformers in some areas are being loaded beyond their rated capacity to meet the demand. One of the vital components in a transformer is the on-load tap changer (OLTC), which regulates the voltage in the distribution network. This study aims to review several condition-monitoring techniques (online and offline) that can monitor the health of the OLTC and assure the safety of the transformer’s OLTC from irreparable damage by detecting the defect at an earlier stage, which is preceded by the specification of typical faults. This paper also discussed the common faults of the OLTC and the root causes of these faults. The OLTC is prone to mechanical faults due to its frequently changing mechanism in the tap operation. The OLTC are also prone to oil as well as thermal faults. As a result, it is critical to monitor OLTC conditions while they are in use. Proper management of condition monitoring (CM) for the OLTC is useful and necessary to increase availability and achieve optimised operating. Condition monitoring (CM) and diagnostics methods (DM) have been developing since the 1950s. CM and DM have been implemented to diagnose and detect an incipient fault, especially for the OLTC. Many techniques, online and offline, are being used to monitor the condition of the OLTC to prevent failure and minimize outages. These DM and CM will prolong the operational cycle and avoid a major disaster for the OLTC, which is an unfavorable scenario.

The need for an emergency disaster management related to dam has risen up in recent years. This is due to uncertainties in global weather predictions which also affect local Malaysian area. With unpredictable prolonged rainy weather, concerns on events that could lead to flooding has triggered the authority to review the evacuation strategies in critical locations. This paper describes an investigation on the effect of early warning system and people response delay to the rate of fatality in the event of flooding due to dam breach. The Life Safety Model is utilized as a tool for the simulation of people vehicle and building response to 2D hydraulic flow of the river originated from the dam. The study area is based on Kenyir Dam and its surrounding vicinity. A number of scenarios are simulated namely cases with and without early warning system. For the case with early warning system, different triggering time is also investigated. On top of that, the effect of people response delay to the warning system is simulated. It was found that early warning system plays a critical role in reducing the number of fatalities due to flooding. Equally important is the time taken for the community to start evacuating when triggered by the early warning system. From the result LSM, optimum evacuation parameters could be identified and used for the purpose of design, planning and implementation of local emergency evacuation plan in the event of dam-related flooding.

In this study, heat transfer rates and flow behavior of water inside corrugated channel with a new configuration of winglet longitudinal vortex-generators have been numerically carried out. In general, the main objective of using the winglet longitudinal vortex-generators with the corrugated surfaces is to obtain an increase in the rate of heat exchange by generating vortex and reverse flow which in turn increases the efficiency of the thermal process, leading to save operating costs. To achieve this purpose, four amplitude heights are introduced: a = 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm. Furthermore, the arrangement of winglet longitudinal vortex-generator is placed at the entrance of each wave existing with the same as the slant angle of the waves in the trapezoidal channel. A constant heat flux is adopted to be the thermal condition for the lower and upper corrugated walls while the Reynolds numbers (Re) rate is in the range of 5,000 to 17,500. The effects of the trapezoidal amplitude heights with winglets longitudinal vortex-generator are studied and compared using the non-dimensional parameter performance evaluation criteria (PEC). Thermal and flow characteristics are explored with the help of the stream wise velocity and isotherms contours for trapezoidal-corrugated channels with winglet inserts and different amplitudes. Nusselt number (Nu), skin friction coefficient and PEC are substantial factors that studied at turbulent flow. According to the results obtained, the winglet longitudinal in corrugated duct has showed a significant improvement of the Nu but accompanied by increased of skin friction coefficient over those of a plane duct. Consequently, winglet longitudinal vortex-generator with corrugated channel might be favorable in several heat transfer applications.