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This paper presents the proposal for the design of a measurement of cognitive process of nurses at acute care setting when they make cognitive error. nurses especially at acute care setting perform their numerous nursing tasks simultaneously in time-stressed, information-rich situation. To cope with these severe cognitive demands expertise nurses develop simplification strategies not to consume their mental resources so much. However medical errors happen, regardless of nurses' experience. The resource allocation theory of Norman and Bobrow suggests that inappropriate selection of simplification strategy when the task is needed more attention induce the cognitive error. In this paper too much mental workload is presumed one of the reasons to make inappropriate selection. And the study design to measure cognitive process under the different mental workload situation by talk aloud protocol and psycho-physiological response is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their substrains are a useful model for studying essential hypertension which is a complex, polygenic, and multifactorial disorder. Their genetic and metabolic features are of great interest because they may provide insights into the mechanism of blood pressure regulation. We have compared urinary metabolic profiles of young SHR with those of their age-matched normotensive controls, Wistar Kyoto rats, using 1H NMR-based metabonomics. Principal components analysis was applied to the NMR spectral data after data-reduced and normalized by the total integral or the creatinine integral. Consequently, a clear separation of urine samples between the two strains was observed in the principal components scores plot. The loadings plot from the data normalized by the creatinine integral showed that many metabolites such as citrate, α-ketoglutarate, and hippurate contributed to the separation, and the urinary levels of most metabolites used in this study, including these three, were lower in SHR than in Wistar Kyoto rats. These metabolic changes may be concerned with blood pressure regulation in SHR, although a relation to other strain differences cannot be ruled out. The present study suggests the usefulness of a 1H NMR-based metabonomic approach using SHR in the field of hypertension research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with various important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for ghrelin activity. The major form of ghrelin is modified with n-octanoic acid (C8:0) by ghrelin O-acyltransferase. Various acyl modifications have been reported in different species. However, the underlying mechanism by which ghrelin is modified with various fatty acids remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report the purification of bovine, porcine, and equine ghrelins. The major active form of bovine ghrelin was a 27-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoyl (C8:0) modification at Ser3. The major active form of porcine and equine ghrelin was a 28-amino acid peptide. However, porcine ghrelin was modified with n-octanol (C8:0), whereas equine ghrelin was modified with n-butanol (C4:0) at Ser3. This study indicates the existence of structural divergence in ghrelin and suggests that it is necessary to measure the minor and major forms of ghrelin to fully understand its physiology., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ida, Tominaga, Iwamoto, Kurogi, Okura, Shimada, Kato, Kuwano, Ode, Nagata, Kitamura, Yazawa, Sato-Hashimoto, Yasuda, Miyazato, Shiimura, Sato and Kojima.)

A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain damage. However, the functional role of CD11c + microglia, as well as the mechanism of its induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a membrane protein, induced the emergence of CD11c + microglia in the brain white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPα, and microglia-specific SIRPα-knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting that an interaction between microglial SIRPα and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c + microglia. A lack of SIRPα did not cause detectable damage to the white matter, but resulted in the increased expression of genes whose expression is characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of SIRPα. Thus, microglial SIRPα suppresses the induction of CD11c + microglia that have the potential to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter., Competing Interests: MS, TN, RT, AH, MA, KK, AH, YH, HN, WS, AS, TI, RE, TK, YM, YS, MN, KS, PO, SJ, TM, YF, HO No competing interests declared, (© 2019, Sato-Hashimoto et al.)

This paper presents the proposal for the design of a measurement of cognitive process of nurses at acute care setting when they make cognitive error. nurses especially at acute care setting perform their numerous nursing tasks simultaneously in time-stressed, information-rich situation. To cope with these severe cognitive demands expertise nurses develop simplification strategies not to consume their mental resources so much. However medical errors happen, regardless of nurses' experience. The resource allocation theory of Norman and Bobrow suggests that inappropriate selection of simplification strategy when the task is needed more attention induce the cognitive error. In this paper too much mental workload is presumed one of the reasons to make inappropriate selection. And the study design to measure cognitive process under the different mental workload situation by talk aloud protocol and psycho-physiological response is proposed.