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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is distinguished by epigenetic elements like DNA methylation, histone modification, histone acetylation and RNA remodeling which is related with genomic instability and tumor initiation. Correspondingly, as a main epigenetic regulation, DNA methylation has an impressive ability in order to be used in CRC targeted therapy. Meaningly, DNA methylation is identified as one of most important epigenetic regulators in gene expression and is considered as a notable potential driver in tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis through gene-silencing of tumor suppressors genes. Abnormal methylation situation, even in the level of promoter regions, does not essentially change the gene expression levels, particularly if the gene was become silenced, leaving the mechanisms of methylation without any response. According to the methylation situation which has a strong eagerness to be highly altered on CpG islands in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis, considering its epigenetic fluctuations in finding new biomarkers is of great importance. Modifications in DNA methylation pattern and also enrichment of methylated histone signs in the promoter regions of some certain genes like MUTYH, KLF4/6 and WNT1 in different signaling pathways could be a notable key contributors to the upregulation of tumor initiation in CRC. These epigenetic alterations could be employed as a practical diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. In this review, we will be discuss these fluctuations of MUTYH, KLF4/6 and WNT1 genes in CRC.

To determine the rate of different types of arthritis in children. We prepared a retrospective descriptive study and included the whole 100 cases of arthritis referred to 17-Shahrivar Hospital, Rasht, Guilan during a 3 years period. Using their medical files, data including age, sex, season of admission, history of trauma, signs and symptoms, lab findings and duration of hospitalization were collected. SPSS 13.0 (statistical software) applied for statistical analysis. The most common age of involvement ranged 6-9 years. Septic arthritis, brucellosis, and rheumatoid fever were the most frequent causes of arthritis in our study. Fever and restricted range of motion had the highest rate among different signs and symptoms. Lab data demonstrated leukocytosis, positive CRP, and increased ESR among 74, 79.5, and 73 percent of our patients, respectively. According to the high prevalence of septic arthritis and the arthritis due to brucellosis and rheumatoid fever, it seems that mentioned diseases are still major problems in the issue of hygiene management.