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According to some estimates, haemorrhoids afflict up to one-quarter of all individuals. There are numerous methods available to manage them, ranging from topical and medicinal medicines to outpatient treatments and surgical techniques to repair or excise. Given the disease's polysymptomaticism, determining which therapy choice is optimal is tough. Hemorrhoid disease treatment is one of the most difficult fields in general surgery, with various approaches utilised to cure this illness. In this research, we contrasted Hemorrhoidectomy verses Rubber Band Ligation results of treatment methods for hemorrhoids. Review the effectiveness and safety of the two most often used conventional treatments for haemorrhoids, rubber band ligation and excisional haemorrhoidectomy, and compare between the clinical results for both procedures. The PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services were utilized to choose the articles. In this review, all pertinent articles related to both our topic and other articles were used. Other articles that have nothing to do with this subject were not included. The group members looked through a certain format in which the data had been extracted. Internal hemorrhoid is a common pathological anorectal appearance, although it is a difficult condition to treat. Internal haemorrhoids symptoms and indicators should be thoroughly explored, as should clinical grading. Individual thinking and clinical considerations should influence the various possibilities for managing internal haemorrhoids and specific therapeutic approaches. At first, lifestyle changes should be made, such as consuming a high-fiber diet, developing sane bathroom routines, and administering phlebotropic drugs. When alternative treatments don't work, surgical methods and outpatient procedures should be used. Therapy management such as Hemorrhoidectomy or Rubber Band Ligation is critical to preventing future consequences from internal haemorrhoids.

The small colon, big bowel, liver, and intra-abdominal vasculature are the most often injured organs in penetrating abdomen wounds. The treatment of individuals with penetrating abdominal has evolved during the past few years. The best way to treat abdominal stab wounds is still debatable. The objective is to locate injuries and treat them in a way that is both safe and economical. Local wound exploration (LWE), diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), laparotomy, and computed tomography (CT) imaging are all common evaluation procedures. It has been demonstrated that clinical practice guidelines enhance healthcare delivery. Although they are rare, anterior abdominal stab wounds provide a problem for trauma management in both rural and urban areas. These clinical practice recommendations place a lot of emphasis on choosing the diagnostic and therapeutic methods that are the most trustworthy, safe, effective, and affordable. The guidelines will include evidence-based suggestions for treating patients who present to both rural and urban hospitals with anterior abdominal stab wounds. In this article we explain the types of the abdominal stab wounds and state the approaches which can be used to manage the abdominal stab wounds and the followed guidelines for ideal management.

Background: Bone marrow and stem cell transplantation have become conventional therapy, with the potential to cure a variety of hematologic malignancies and immunologic diseases. Severe infection is still a potentially fatal complication following transplantation, contributes significantly to morbidity, and may demand ICU admission. Objectives: The study aims to summarize current evidence on the prevalence, risk factors, and management approaches of irritable bowel syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: For article selection, the PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services were used. All relevant articles relevant to our topic and other articles were used in our review. Other articles that were not related to this field were excluded. The data was extracted in a specific format that was reviewed by the group members. Conclusion: the result of the 12 studies included, proves the high risk of infections after bone marrow transplantation and its high mortality effect. Post transplantation patient's immune system is vulnerable, opportunistic infections occur such as viruses and fungi. The highest prevalence recorded in Adenovirus infections reaching 29% of patients throat swaps, urine, and stool samples come positive affirming the diagnosis.

Small intestinal benign tumours are uncommon clinical conditions that frequently go asymptomatic for the entirety of a patient's life. The small bowel contains only a tiny number of primary neoplasms, while making up most of the surface area and most of the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are the following subtypes: Hyperplastic polyps, hamartomas, adenoma, stromal tumours, lipomas, hemangiomas, and patients who have Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Clinically, speaking, benign small-bowel lesions are distinguished by the absence of distinguishing symptoms. Up to the proximal duodenum lesions can be diagnosed with enteroscopy. Push or double-balloon enteroscopy methods can be used to reach the GI tract beyond the ligament of Treitz. The sole method of treatment for those who have small bowel adenocarcinoma is surgery. The majority of research state that between 40 and 65 percent of patients lend themselves to curative resection. The utilisation of laparoscopic surgery (LS) for small intestine gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) has expanded with the introduction of LS. There is currently no evidence to suggest a statistically significant difference between LS and open surgery in terms of prognosis. This review aims to summarize evaluation and management of benign neoplasms of the small intestine.

Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is a common disease. When doing activities that include wrist flexion and forearm pronation, repetitive forced wrist extension and forearm supination can lead to flexor-pronator tendon degeneration. An ongoing pathologic process in the tendon can lead to structural failure, irreversible fibrosis, or calcification. The most common complaint from patients is chronic, medial-sided elbow pain that gets worse with everyday activity. During the late cocking or early acceleration stages of the throwing action, athletes may have symptoms that are particularly severe. Injections of corticosteroids, activity modification, and NSAIDs are all examples of nonsurgical supportive therapy. After the acute symptoms have subsided, attention is directed toward injury prevention and flexor-pronator mass rehabilitation. Patients with severe symptoms are often the only ones who receive open surgical procedures. Hence the study aimed to summarize and explain the evidences regarding surgical management of medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow).

Vascular injuries provide a significant challenge to emergency room staff because they call for quick action to avert loss of life or limb. Sometimes only modest or latent indications or symptoms of significant vascular damage are present. The patient may show signs of vascular insufficiency, embolization, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, etc., weeks or months after the initial damage. Although gunshot wounds, stabbings, and blast injuries account for the majority of vascular injuries, patients who have displaced long bone fractures, crush injuries, prolonged immobilization in a fixed position due to tight casts or bandages, and various invasive procedures should be evaluated for the possibility of vascular injury. Further investigations are required to help identify risk variables that might put a patient at more risk of suffering harm than benefiting from an intervention.

Rectal prolapse procidentia is an intussusception of the whole rectal wall through the anal canal, resulting in a portion of the rectum staying periodically or occasionally permanently distal to the anus. Full-thickness prolapse and partial-thickness prolapse are the two kinds of rectal prolapse. Rectal prolapse procidentia is an intussusception of the whole rectal wall through the anal canal, resulting in a portion of the rectum staying periodically or occasionally permanently distal to the anus. It is more frequent in older females. Rectal prolapse was first recorded on papyrus circa 1500 BC. Hippocrates described rectal prolapse therapy as hanging patient’s upside down from a tree, putting sodium hydroxide to the mucosa, and fixing for three days. Today, is mostly treated surgically. Perineal surgical repairs are typically well tolerated; however, they are linked with a greater incidence of recurrence. Abdominal repairs, however, have the lowest recurrence rates. The goal of therapy is to remove the prolapse, cure any related incontinence or constipation issues, and avoid de novo bowel dysfunction. When compared to laparotomy, laparoscopic rectopexy offers fewer side effects, a shorter hospital stays, faster healing, and quicker return to work. This review aims to assess recent updates on different surgical approaches for management of rectal prolapse.

Esophageal rupture presents a significant interprofessional challenge to the entire therapeutic team. The majority of symptoms are non-specific, which can significantly delay the time between perforation and final diagnosis. An esophageal rupture can be caused by a variety of pathophysiological factors. Instruments such as endoscope causes an elevation in the wall tension, particularly iatrogenic interventions, or a massive rise in intraluminal pressure caused by throwing up, chest injury, or abdominal injuries are the main stressors. The choice of the management plan and its outcome depends mainly on the site of the rupture. Although the perforation can occur at any site of the esophagus, there is a tendency to main areas that correspond to natural points of narrowing of the lumen. If esophageal rupture requires surgery, patients should be transported to the operating room as soon as feasible. Minor delays in surgical therapy can lead to higher rates of morbidity and fatality. This review aims to summarize current evidence on etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and surgical management of esophageal rupture.

Glycemic control is critical in the perioperative setting, especially in diabetic patients. The consequences of surgical tension and anesthesia on blood sugar levels are distinct, and should be considered in order to maintain optimal glycemic control. Each stage of surgery presents its own set of challenges in terms of keeping glucose levels within the target range. Furthermore, there are some surgical conditions that necessitate specific glucose management protocols. Authors hope to highlight the most crucial factors to consider when developing a perioperative diabetic regimen, while still allowing for specific adjustments based on sound clinical judgement. Overall, by carefully managing glycemic control in perioperative patients, we may be able to reduce morbidity and mortality while improving surgical outcomes.

Open abdomen (OA) is becoming more common, primarily to prevent intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) following emergency abdominal surgery. The purpose of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) techniques is no longer just abdomen coverage; fluid regulation and early fascial closure are now important considerations. TAC techniques for leaving the abdomen open are numerous. The ideal one should be simple to apply and remove, allow for quick access to a surgical second opinion, drain secretions, ease primary closure with acceptable morbidity and mortality, allow for easy nursing, and, finally, be readily available and inexpensive. Over the years, several TAC methods have been proposed. In this review, we overview different techniques for temporary abdominal closure and its advantages and disadvantages.

Lymphatics are found in almost every organ in the body, and they produce a variety of waste products that must be eliminated. lymphatic leakage is a typical occurrence. It can cause immunodeficiency as well as nutritional issues. Furthermore, it has a significant morbidity and death rate, depending on the existence of an underlying illness. Lymphatic leakage can be congenital, traumatic, or cancerous, and occurs when the lymphatic system is disrupted. It might take the following forms: Chylothorax, Lymphatic Fistula, Chylous Ascites. treatment of lymph leaks includes: reduction of lymphatic flow through physiological or pharmacological manipulation; replacement of fluid and electrolytes, as well as interventional procedure and/or direct surgical closure. In this review we’ll be discussing lymphatic system anatomy, its leakage and its management.

Sphenoidal sinusitis is usually described as acute inflammation of the sphenoid sinuses - either one or both - (the two large cavities just behind the nose and between the eyes). The disease is relatively uncommon—comparatively, chronic sphenoid sinusitis is more common—and may be limited to the sphenoid sinus or, more commonly, may involve multiple sinuses or pansinusitis. Acute sphenoid sinusitis can lead to symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and even complications in the orbit. For low vision, early diagnosis and treatment is essential to preserve vision and life. This study aims Learn about surgical approaches to the treatment of acute sinusitis

GISTs (gastrointestinal stromal tumours) are benign tumours that most usually affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. GISTs can strike at any age, however they are most typically diagnosed in later life, with a median diagnostic age in the 60s. Abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission transverse tomography (PET) can all be used to detect GISTs (PET).CT enterography is the most effective method for determining the location of these tumors. Histopathology and immunochemistry are used to diagnose GISTs. Surgical excision remains the therapy of choice for gastrointestinal stromal tumours more than 2 cm that are readily resectable. Due to the possibility of resistance to standard treatment, mutational analysis should be undertaken when considering adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. In this review we’ll be looking at the disease etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and management.

A number of advancements in the therapy of perforated duodenal ulcers have been made in the recent two decades, suggesting that the disease's morbidity and mortality may be reduced. Recently, there has been a return to a more conservative first approach, with reports of either delayed resection or two-stage surgery, in which a non-radical resection is performed first, followed by lymphadenectomy at a later date. Furthermore, because gastric lymphoma can be cured without resection, many upper GI surgeons recommend performing a biopsy and repair at the index operation and then considering how best to continue if adenocarcinoma is discovered later.

Mesenteric ischemia is a condition in which the amount of oxygen available is insufficient to meet the needs of the intestines. The small intestine, colon, or both can be affected by ischemia. The most common cause of occlusive ischemia is an abrupt obstruction of a major artery, which causes a considerable drop in intestinal blood flow. Early diagnosis is one of the most essential components in achieving a favorable outcome. The most prevalent treatment is surgical management. However, there are minimally invasive therapy alternatives that have been shown in observational studies. For arterial thrombosis, endovascular stenting is an option, and anticoagulation is an option for venous thrombosis. Endovascular aspiration, mechanical embolectomy, and local thrombolysis are all possibilities for patients with arterial embolism.

Acute upper limb ischemia (AULI) occurs less often than acute lower limb ischemia, contributing for even less than 5% of all limb ischemia instances. It is known to be rare vascular emergency with serious long-term effects if not treated promptly. Timely detection and localization of the arterial occlusion are critical for effective revascularization and limb salvage. Surgical procedure, most commonly embolectomy, has become the standard of care for embolic or thrombotic AULI. Vascular repair is synonymous with morbidity and death, which can be avoided in some circumstances. Nonsurgical options such as endovascular procedures, thrombolytic agents, and anticoagulation therapy continue to advance, but their function in upper extremity ischemia remains unclear. In this Review, we discuss causes and management of acute upper extremity ischemia. The paper concluded that longer symptoms mean greater likelihood of functional sequelae. Surgical management is the most commonly used and best treatment. It is also possible that conservative management is being underreported. The prognosis of upper extremity ischemia is related to prompt and appropriate treatment and is predictable based on initial serum LDH levels.

Vascular injuries to the upper or lower limb in the context of significant soft tissue loss, fractures, or other life-threatening injuries are associated with a high amputation rate. Complex extremity vascular injuries in which acute arterial insufficiency combined with severe or prolonged shocks are unacceptable because warm, warm, skeletal muscle time is often exceeded before adequate revascularization, and are associated with extended ischemia periods or fractures or soft tissue wounds. Revascularizing the limb is essential for the success of the limb rescue. Selective intravascular temporary shunting hence allows better overall care of the patient and can therefore be predicted to increase both limb rescue and patient survival rates. The aim of this article was to review and summarize results of previous literature regarding effectiveness on intravascular shunting as management of limb trauma as well as reviewing its potential complications.