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The biofilter used is a simple technology in anaerobic digestion to remove pollutants from the substrate to enhance biogas production and nutrient effluent, which can be used as liquid organic fertiliser. This study aims to determine the effect of using a biofilter to improve biogas production and biogas effluent as an organic fertiliser material. The results show that the highest methane concentration is 60.64% at a dosage 200 L·day-1. The total solid (TS) content of biogas effluent exhibits a decrease of approximately 44% across all substrate doses, with respective percentages of TS of 0.16%, 0.03%, 0.025%, and 0.034% for 50 L·day-1, 100 L·day-1, 150 L·day-1, and 200 L·day-1, respectively. The use of biofilters in an ABR can significantly enhance the quality of biogas effluent, rendering it suitable for use as a liquid organic fertiliser. By capturing and biodegrading pollutants, the biofilter component can further enrich the nutrient content of the effluent, which already contains essential nutrients due to the anaerobic conditions and compartmentalised design of the ABR. The nutrient content in the biogas effluent mix with nutrition (AB mix) namely; N-total 262.5 mg·L-1, P-available 0.399 mg·L-1, Ca 4.08 mg·L-1, Mg 25.24 mg·L-1, Cu 0.032 mg·L-1, and Fe 13.09 mg·L-1 follows the standard organic fertiliser of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of empty fruit bunches (EFB) to increase biogas production could be developed through co-digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Pre-treatment of EFB (shredding, grinding, and soaking) before it is utilized as a feedstock for biogas production is important to increase the biodegradability of EFB. The evaluation of the impact of EFB utilization on biogas production should be investigated to determine the optimum process conditions for biogas production from EFB and POME. This research consists of three steps: 1) Optimization of size of EFB and ratio of EFB-POME, 2) Optimization of hydrolysis and acidification retention time, and 3) Optimization of biogas production. The research result shows that co-digestion of EFB and POME increases biogas and methane production. Compared to POME only, co-digestion using POME and EFB (shredded 10%, shredded 15%, crushed 10%, and crushed 15%) is increasing biogas production in batch systems by 54.1%, 54.1%, 45.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. The research result also shows that in a continuous system with HRT for 25 days and similar feedstock, biogas production increased by 43.3%, 41.6%, 35.6%, and 62.6%, respectively, with methane concentrations maintained at about 60%. Co-digestion of EFB-POME with 15% crushed EFB is recommended to be applied in palm oil mills to increase biogas production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is solid waste categorized as hazardous waste with code number B413 based on the Republic of Indonesian Government regulation number 101/2014 and number 22/2021. Improper processing of SBE can be triggering spontaneous ignition and pose environmental pollution due to the high of oil content which is about 20-30 %. SBE has the potential to be reused as an adsorbent in the crude oil bleaching process. In this research, the reactivation process was carried out using acid activation and followed by calcination. SBE was successfully reactivated using sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) with various concentrations (5-20%), then, followed by a calcination process at 600-700°C for 90 and 120 min. The results showed that the physical appearance color of the bleaching earth (BE) after reactivation and calcination at temperatures above 600 °C resembled color of virgin bleaching earth (light brown). The characterization of reactivated spent bleaching earth (RSBE) product using X-Ray Fluorescence showed that the highest percentage value of silica content is 68.28 % and 74.42 %, under the reactivation condition using 15 % H2SO4 (calcination temperature and time at 600 °C and 120 min) and 20 % HCl (calcination temperature at 600 °C, and 90 min), respectively. The characterization results using Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analyzer, showed that the surface area of RSBE using HCl 20 % is about 150 m2/g. However, the surface area RSBE with activator H2SO4 15 % (146 m2/g). These results showed that the RSBE with HCl activator has a larger surface area than activator H2SO4, and has good absorption ability. As evidenced by the percentage of bleaching power that the RSBE with activator HCl has 72.92 % higher than RSEBE with activator H2SO4 15 % of 70.73 %. The best adsorption capacities of adsorbent were then tested for its performance to purify crude palm oil (CPO). The result shows that the RSBE met the Indonesian Industry standard (SNI 13-6336-2000) for the bleaching of CPO processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the food ingredients with the potential to be used as raw material for low glycemic index food is functional cassava pulp flour (FCPF) which has a dietary fiber content of 23.84% and resistant starch of 7.31%. The present research aimed to obtain the optimal substitution concentration of FCPF to produce cookies with the best nutritional, organoleptic, and physical characteristics and a low glycemic index. It was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six levels of substitution concentration of FCPF, namely, 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The results showed that the higher the concentration of FCPF substitution, the higher the fiber content, the resistant starch content, and the texture of cookies. Cookies with a 50% FCPF substitute concentration have the same organoleptic quality as those made from wheat flour (6.6 versus 6.9) but with the lowest glycemic index (40.29%). Cookie products with a 50% FCPF formulation are categorized as foods with a low glycemic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the research was to study the effect of inoculum type and fermentation time on microbial growth patterns (yeast, fungi and bacteria), β-glucan formation and antioxidant activity during soybean fermentation into tempe. The research was conducted using factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The first factor was the types of inoculum: commercial inoculum of tempe, Raprima (3%), a single inoculum of S. cerevisiae (3%), a single inoculum of R. oligosporus (3%), and mixed inoculum of 1.5% S. cerevisiae and 1.5% R. oligosporus. The second factor was the length of fermentation which consisted of 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 hours at room temperature. Regarding the number of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, the observational data were presented descriptively in the form of graphs, while for the data from the analysis of β-glucan and antioxidant activity, the data obtained were analyzed for variance with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then analyzed further by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the type of inoculum and duration of fermentation had an effect on increasing the growth of fungi, yeasts and bacteria, as well as increasing β-glucan content and the antioxidant activity of tempe. Yeast growth had a more dominant effect on increasing β-glucan content and antioxidant activity compared to fungi and bacteria. Tempe inoculated with a mixed inoculum of 1.5% R. oligosporus + 1.5% S. cerevisiae, resulted in the highest β-glucan content of 0.58% and the highest antioxidant activity at 82.42%. In conclusion, a mixed inoculum of 1.5% R. oligosporus + 1.5% S. cerevisiae with 36-40 hours of fermentation produced tempe with the highest β-glucan content and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the β-glucan content causes tempe to have better potential health benefits than tempe without the addition of S. cerevisiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]