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Labial adhesions are generally observed in the premenarchal and postmenopausal period. They are rarely seen in adulthood. Here, two labial fusion cases in the reproductive period are discussed. In the first case, 38-year-old virgin woman presented with anuria to the emergency unit. On her physical examination, labia were fused totally including periurethral area. His history revealed that she was mentally retarded and had primary a menorrhea. She had poor selfcare. On her genital examination, she had secondary sexual characteristics, including axiallypubic hair and breast development at Tanner stage-5. In her surgical treatment, the labia were overturned and a well-defined introitus was constituted. After the operation, topical estrogen prescribed. In second case, a forty-two year old woman with Beiges disease presented with dysuria and difficulty in voiding for about one month. Her obstetric examination revealed that she had two vaginal births. On pelvic examination, genital ulcer was determined on the labium. Besides, adhesion almost completely fused into the bilateral labia minora. For surgical treatment, manual separation technique was used under general anesthesia. After the operation, topical steroid was prescribed. Labial adhesions are observed, especially in the premenarchal period. However, they may be very rarely seen in the reproductive period due to local inflammation and circulating low estrogen levels. Topical estrogens, topical steroids, oral estrogen treatment, manual separation under anesthesia or without anesthesia, sharp or blunt dissection under anesthesia are alternative treatment methods. The success rates of these treatment methods exceed 90%. Besides, the recurrence rate varies between 4% and 20% with manual and sharp dissection methods. Erişkinlerde nadir görülen ve değişik sebeplere bağlı olabilen labial adezyonlarla özellikle premenarş ve postmenapozal dönemde karşılaşılmaktadır. Burada, farklı nedenle oluşan iki erişkin labial füzyon olgusu takdim edilmiştir. Olgu- 1: İdrar yapamama şikayetiyle acil servise başvuran 38 yaşındaki virgo kadının muayenesinde labiumların periüretral alanı da içerecek şekilde tamamen kapattığı görüldü. Anamnezinde, hastanın mental retarde olduğu ve primer amenoresi olduğu öğrenildi. Genel vücut bakımı vasat olan hastanın yapılan muayenesinde meme gelişimi ve pubik kıllanma gibi sekonder seks karakter gelişiminin Tanner Evre- 5 olduğu gözlendi. Olgu 1’in tedavisinde, cerrahi olarak labiumlar dışa devrilerek introital açıklığın devamlılığı sağlandı. İşlem sonrasında östrojenli krem verildi. Olgu-2: Daha önce Behçet hastalığı tanısı alan, yaklaşık bir aydır idrar yaparken zorlanma, yanma yakınmasıyla konsülte edilen 42 yaşındaki hastanın anamnezinde iki normal doğum yaptığı öğrenildi. Hastanın yapılan pelvik muayenesinde labiumlarda Behçet hastalığı ile ilgili olabilecek genital ülser saptandı. Ayrıca bilateral labia minoralarda totale yakın adezyon saptandı. Olgu 2’nin tedavisinde genel anestezi altında manuel ayırma tekniği uygulandı. İşlem sonrasında topikal steroidli krem verildi. Labial adezyonlar özellikle premenarş döneminde, çok seyrek olarak da reprodüktif dönemde lokal enflamasyon ve düşük östrojen düzeyine bağlı olarak görülebilir. Anestezi altında keskin veya künt diseksiyon, anestezi altında veya anestezisiz manuel ayırma, topikal östrojen, oral östrojen, topikal steroid alternatif tedavi yöntemleridir. Tedavi yöntemlerinin başarı oranı %90’a kadar çıkmaktadır. Rekürrens oranı ise manuel veya keskin diseksiyon yöntemleri ile %4-20 arasında değişmektedir.

Objective:This study aims to compare the effects of vaginal delivery (VD) and cesarean section (CS) on anxiety experienced in the subsequent pregnancy. Methods:It was held in Aydın Adnan Menderes University Hospital between 01.06.2013-01.06.2014. Our study is a case-control study. 172 pregnant women were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups CS and VD, according to the type of delivery that occurred in their previous pregnancy. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was applied to each patient. The data of the research were evaluated in SPSS v.15 and Minitab v.13.0 package programs. Results: A total of 172 patients were included in our study, including 86 pregnant women who gave birth with CS in their previous pregnancy and 86 pregnant women who had VD. The average age of pregnant women is 28.23. According to BAI results, 50 (29.1%) of 172 patients had mild anxiety, 40 (23.3%) had moderate anxiety, and 14 (8.1%) had severe anxiety. The number of those who did not show any symptoms is 68. According to BAI, the most common finding in patients was irritability (1.0412) and a sense of bad things will happen (1.0765). When examining whether there is a significant relationship between the previous delivery method and BAI scores, a statistically significant relationship was not found in the relationship study performed with the T-Test (p>0.05). Conclusion:Giving birth with a VD or CS does not affect current pregnancy and birth anxiety.

Clinicians and radiologist nowadays frequently encounter pulmonary nodules in children, thanks to the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) thorax. Most pulmonary nodules are benign; however, a small number of pulmonary nodules indicate pulmonary malignancy in children, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Incidentally diagnosed pulmonary nodules are common and naturally cause anxiety in families and in clinicians, leading to successive examinations. For this reason, the creation of algorithms for the diagnosis and follow-up of pulmonary nodules, and the definition of advanced imaging requirements will facilitate the management of these patients; early diagnosis and treatment will be provided in patients with malignant tumors, and unnecessary interventions will be minimized in patients with benign nodules. This review is designed to explore current information on nodule definition, diagnostic evaluation, and management in the pediatric age group based on previously obtained data.

Background : We aimed to investigate food allergen sensitization as a prognostic factor of new onset wheezing episodes as well as of wheezing severity during follow up in young children with recurrent wheezing. Our secondary aim was to compare serum levels of Club Cell-16 (CC-16) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) among wheezing children with and without food allergen sensitization as potential pathogenetic indicators of the association between food allergen sensitivity and wheezing. Methods : This was a prospective cohort study among children with recurrent wheezing; specific-IgE to five common foods allergens was assessed at baseline and children were followed-up for one year for new onset wheezing episodes. Baseline wheezing severity score, CC-16 and SP-D levels were measured. Results : We enrolled 295 children among which 44 were food specific IgE (Fx5) (+). Poisson regression analysis with food allergen sensitivity, age and wheezing score at presentation revealed that Fx5 positivity changed yearly frequency of wheeze by a factor of 1.66 (p=0.05, 95%CI: (0.99-2.75)). Age changed the yearly frequency of wheeze by a factor of 0.95 (p=0.005, 95%CI: (0.92-0.99)). One-point change in wheezing score at presentation changed the wheezing frequency in the following year by a factor of 1.11 (p=0.005, 95%CI: (0.67-1.99)). Levels of CC-16 and SP-D were not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.679 and p=0.988). Conclusion : Food allergen sensitization defined as serum specific IgE positivity irrespective of food associated clinical allergy findings is associated with worse prognosis of wheezing in children.

Çalışmanın temel amacı; Kovid-19 salgınının Türkiye işgücü piyasası üzerindeki etkilerini derinlemesine incelemektir. Dünya ekonomisini ve işgücü piyasalarını olumsuz etkileyen koronavirüs salgını, sağlığa yönelik endişelerle birlikte ekonomik aktiviteleri de şekillendirmesi yönüyle büyük bir tehdide dönüşmüştür. Salgın, bir bakıma bireyleri sağlık ve/veya iktisadi refah arasında tercih yapmak zorunda bırakmaktadır. Bu durum herkes için büyük bir çelişki oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bahse konu küresel salgın, bir taraftan sağlık açısından hastalığın hızlı bir biçimde bulaşmasına ve ölümlere neden olurken diğer taraftan ekonomik anlamda işyerlerinin kapanmasını, işsizlik artışlarını ve iş kayıplarını beraberinde getirmektedir. Ayrıca salgın, psikolojik sorunlara da yol açmakta ve endüstri ilişkiler sistemlerini ve çalışma biçimlerini değişime uğratmaktadır. Doğrusunu söylemek gerekirse; Kovid-19’un her şeyde köklü bir değişime işaret ettiği belirtilmekte ve bu yeni durum “yeni normal” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çalışmada “işsizlik”, “işgücüne katılım”, “sağlık sigortası” “işsizlik sigortası”, “istihdam”, “sosyal koruma” ve “uzaktan çalışma” parametreleri temelinde Kovid-19 salgınının gelişmekte olan bir ülke konumundaki Türkiye işgücü piyasası üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Bahse konu kriterler, pandemi sonrası yazın dikkate alınarak geliştirilmiştir. İşgücü piyasası analizi yapılırken araştırmacı, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, İŞKUR, OECD ve Dünya Bankası gibi yerel ve global veri merkezleri tarafından açıklanan geleneksel ve geleneksel olmayan verileri kullanmıştır. Adı geçen veri seti, Kovid-19 sonrası Türkiye işgücü piyasalarının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin nihai bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bu krizin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ve dersler çıkarmak adına ayrıca çalışmada araştırmacılara, politika yapıcılara ve yöneticilere tavsiyelerde de bulunulmuştur., The main objective of the paper is to take the snapshot of Covid-19 infection and its dramatic influence on labor markets in Turkey as a whole. Coronavirus pandemic, which hit the world economy and labor markets in a devastating manner, has turned into a significant threat that shapes health concerns and economic activities at the same time. In a way, it forces people to make choices between their health and economic welfare, which is a big dilemma for all. It brings about quick infections as well as deaths pharmaceutically, and business lockdowns, unemployment growth, and job loses financially. It results in psychological disorders and it also changes industrial relations systems and the way of work. Frankly speaking, it is to be noted that it connotates a radical modification in everything and so this new case is called “new normal”. This paper attempts to uncover Covid-19 and its direct impact on labor markets for an emerging economy like Turkey on the basis of some certain criteria such as “unemployment”, “labor force participation”, “health insurance claims”, “employment outlooks”, “unemployment insurance coverages”, “social protection”, “telecommuting”, and so forth. These criteria were developed in parallel to the academic literature written following the pandemic. While making an analysis, the researcher used traditional and non-traditional data from local and global data centers including Turkstat (Turkish Statistical Institute), Iskur (Turkish Employment Agency), OECD, and World Bank. These dataset give an ultimate framework for the assessment of Turkish labor markets (TLMs) following Covid-19. To minimize the shocks of this crisis and to derive some lessons, implications for managers, economy officials, and the policy makers are available in the research.

The main purpose of the study is to investigate the emergence of labor and its struggle for unionism in Turkey in parallel to the process of urbanization on the basis of a particular Turkish employee film named after The Blood Money (Diyet). What I am trying to argue is that labor has become a labor and unionism has converted into a professional and institutional background in the aftermath of the announcement of Republican period despite some ups and downs. In 1950s, the capital was urbanized which was the case for labor in the 1960s and hereafter.

To summarize endometrial stem/progenitor cell biology and endometrial cancer stem cells. The subject is relatively new that only about 15 years ago, colony-forming units, as putative endometrial stem/progenitor cells, have been demonstrated in an endometrial sample. Earlier and some recent studies have justifiably focused on endometriosis as the serious gynecologic problem of women. However, on the side of endometrial stem cells research, many current studies are still working on in vitro methods, and the majority of the rest are on animal models. Reported cells as endometrial stem/progenitor cell populations have been heterogeneous such as endometrial mesenchymal stem cells, endometrial epithelial progenitor cells, and side population cells. After the recognition of putative endometrial stem cells, quite a few stem cell markers have been identified. Thereafter, cancer stem cell speculations have raised; in endometrial cancer, CD133+ and CXCR4+ cells, with potential cancer stem cell characteristics, have been shown to have higher antineoplastic resistance than that of other cell populations. Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells have plasticity characteristics and may differentiate into mature cells other than endometrium. On the other hand, bone marrow-derived stem cells can differentiate into endometrial cells. Since the endometrial stem/progenitor cells are easy to access, they can be an attractive source for regenerative medicine studies. Even though many markers have been identified for endometrial stem cells, more specific and sensitive marker combinations are yet to be defined for endometrial cancer stem cell in order to aim for more effective treatment approaches.

When the organism encounters a foreign substance, it responds with mutual and regular interactions at different stages of the immune system. In airway diseases, the first encounter is at the epithelial level, where innate immune cells and their responses form the first leg of the protective mechanism. The most important barrier for environmental damage is the epithelial barrier. However, the epithelial barrier is not just a mechanical barrier. The formation of the microbiome on the epithelium and the tolerance or intolerance to environmental factors are vital. This vital balance is maintained between the epithelial surface and the subepithelial innate immune system. This is achieved by the epithelial line, which is a mechanical and functional barrier between them. In this respect, epithelial barrier function preservation has an important role in the development and prognosis of airway disease.

The aim of (this) study was to investigate concentrations of galanin and resistin in patients with endometrioid type endometrium cancer.A total of 85 patients (52 Endometrioid type Endometrium Cancer patients and 33 healthy controls) were included in the study. Serum galanin and resistin levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).It was found that the sensitivity and specificity of galanin at the cut off level of 0,37 ng/mL, was 82.96% and 68.78% respectively (AUC = 0.795, CI:0.691-0.898, p0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of resistin at the 0.27 ng/mL cut off level, was found to be 82.95% and 59.12% respectively (AUC = 0.705, CI:0.588-0.822, p0.001) for prediction of endometrioid type endometrium cancer diagnosis. Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, increased galanin concentration, greater than 0.37 ng/mL, increased the risk of having endometrioid type endometrium cancer 10.2 times (95% CI: 3.425-30.881, p0.001) and resistin concentration0.27 ng/mL, increased the risk of having endometrioid type endometrium cancer 5.6 fold (95% CI: 1.939-16.282, p = 0.001). On the other hand, according to adjusted Odds Ratio results of the multiple logistic regression analysis, effect of interaction between galanin and resistin on having endometrioid type endometrium cancer was statistically significant. Increased galanin concentration0.37 ng/mL with increased resistin concentration0.27 ng/mL had adjusted Odds Ratio = 27.182 times greater risk of having endometrioid type endometrium cancer (95% CI: 6.653 to 111.109, p0.001).Increased galanin and resistin levels, either separately or together with, seemed to increase the risk of endometrioid type endometrium cancer other than different risk factors.

Immune system vulnerability seems to play a significant role in the development and malignant transformation of pre-malignant squamous cell lesions. Emberger syndrome is a condition that affects the immune system, which is caused by GATA2 gene mutations. Our objective was to present the gynecologic expressions of this rare syndrome in our case. Here, we discussed a relatively young patient with findings related to Emberger syndrome such as recurrent infections, myelodysplastic syndrome, lower extremity edema, and multifocal, multicentric premalignant/malignant genital lesions. Sequencing of the GATA2 gene was accomplished for suspected Emberger syndrome and a point mutation in intron5, c1143+8C >T was detected. Gynecologists may play an important role in the early detection of Emberger syndrome and guiding multidisciplinary treatment options as the initial signs related to this rare entity can appear on the genitalia.

The objective of the study is to analyze the first labour law accepted on June, 1936 and put into practice on 15 June, 1936 by promulgating moving from the parliament formal reports and in this context, to reveal the general peculiarities of the law on the basis of “liberalism and statism” which is laid an emphasis in the first Labour Law of Turkish Republic. As known, 1930s of Turkish Republic reflect the era that includes the elimination of the liberal oriented policies and that attached importance to centered policies. Within the context of decisions taken in İzmir Economy Congress in 1923, the period between 1923 and 1930 was shaped by the liberal oriented policies, however, the economic crisis caused by Great Depression occurred in 1929 forced the countries to shift their economic policies and new era that included the intervention of the states to the market economy commenced. In coordination with the world itself, via government business enterprises founded after 1934, Turkey adopted the idea of “minimum capital, maximum state” Particularly, capital accumulation is tried to be provided through state instead of private initiatives. The effective role of state in the accumulation of capital can be seen in the new law passed in the country and in this framework, in the first law and the first labour law numbered 3008 passed in the aftermath of 1934, liberal state was criticized and work life organized through state was given priority. The study consists of three parts. In the first part of the study, the Law and the regulations that shaped the labour life before the Republican Period was ascertained, in the second chapter of the study, the Laws passed after the Republican period was emphasized. Moreover, the first six years of Turkish Republic that encompass 1923-1930 and that was given a shape with liberalism and later on the transfer to state based economy commenced with government business enterprises was studied. As for the last part of the study, liberalism and statism in the formal parliament reports on June 8, 1936 were analyzed.

The epithelial barrier is the basic unit that ensures the continuation of life for all living things. It provides separation of living cells or organelles from nature and microenvironment. Thus, life and functions continue. It is the same for the human organism. However, the normal properties of this epithelial barrier may differ in each organ and tissue. The two most important barriers that separate humans from nature and their microenvironment are the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal system. The respiratory tract continues from the tip of the nose to the alveola. The epithelial barrier in the respiratory tract has to be semipermeable in places. However, the increase in permeability exceeding the limit is the cause of the diseases and the increase in clinical weight. Therefore, measuring the level of epithelial permeability in these units is important for understanding experimental models, disease cause, clinical severity, and prognosis. In this article, the measurement of epithelial permeability in the respiratory tract will be discussed with in vitro, in vivo aspects and methods.

Based upon a Turkish movie named after “Gurbetci Saban (Saban the Expatriate)”, this essay analyzes the portrayal of the link between international labor migration and underground employment within the framework of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Turkish immigration to Germany in a legal context following the Labor Agreement Protocol between Turkey and Germany in October 1961 accelerated in the 1960s and converted into a massive scale thereafter. That agreement was the reflection of the mutual interests of the two states. The reason is that Germany desired to meet its employment needs so as to develop in an industrial way following World War II, which was a real catastrophe for Germans. Meanwhile, in Turkey there was both political and economic upheaval all around the country. Politically, a military coup took place on May 27, 1960 to eliminate Menderes’s Democrat Party and economically, unemployment as well as poverty pushed many to migrate from Turkey. As a matter of fact, this study is the upgraded and new format of its equivalents due to the fact that a qualitative data analysis program called as MAXQDA 2018 was utilized to ascertain Turkish immigrants’ labor market conditions, specifically the underground economy in Germany. Additionally, discourse analysis was used as the research method in the paper.

Demirci, Buket/0000-0002-3442-5061 WOS: 000559594800001 PubMed ID: 32283955 The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of GnRH agonist or GnRH antagonist therapy on bleomycin-administered rats by examining ovarian follicle counts and AMH levels. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats aged 4-6 months were randomly divided into 4 groups. First, an intramuscular injection of bleomycin (30 mg/m(2)) was administered to all except the control group on the 1st, 8th and 15th days. The control group (Group I) was administered 0.1 mL intramuscular saline on those days. The bleomycin group (Group II) was followed up without any further treatment. The bleomycin + GnRH agonist group (Group III) was administered subcutaneous GnRH agonist triptorelin (1 mg/kg) at the same time as the bleomycin injections. The bleomycin + GnRH antagonist group (Group IV) was administered 1 mg/kg cetrorelix acetate subcutaneously, concurrently with the bleomycin. Although AMH levels were lower in the bleomycin group than in all the other groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of AMH levels (p > .05). In the bleomycin + cetrorelix acetate and bleomycin + triptorelin groups, significantly higher primordial, secondary and tertiary follicle counts were determined compared to the bleomycin group (p < .001). In conclusion the harmful effects of bleomycin on ovarian reserve can be reduced by the simultaneous administration of GnRH agonist or GnRH antagonist.

Objectives: The success rate of methotrexate (MTX) therapy varies among tubal ectopic pregnancies. Common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (C677T&A1298C) have been suggested to alter MTX effect. This study aimed to assess and compare MTX treatment failure rates with respect to MTHFR polymorphisms in trophoblasts of ectopic tubal pregnancies. Material and methods: A retrospective chart review of tubal ectopic pregnancies was conducted and 34 eligible cases were found. Paraffinized blocks of ectopic trophoblastic tissues were retrieved from the archives of pathology department. Common MTHFR polymorphisms were studied on microdissected trophoblastic tissues. Sixteen cases with history of failed MTX therapy (study group) and 18 control cases were compared for their pertinent clinical characteristics and common MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T&A1298) data. Results: In the study group, there were 8 (50%) C677T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 9 (56.7%) A1298C SNP. Polymorphism rates were not found to be different between two groups for neither polymorphism (p > 0.05 for both). Number of compound heterozygotes was 3 (18.7%) in study group and 5 (27.7%) in controls (p = 0.693). In addition, MTHFR polymorphism presence seemed to have no effect on interval serum β-hCG concentration change in MTX-fail group (p=0.693). Conclusions: Our data implied that common MTHFR polymorphisms of ectopic trophoblastic tissue are not associated with MTX failure in patients with tubal pregnancies. Additionally, serum β-hCG concentration changes caused by MTX treatment and studied MTHFR polymorphisms are likely independent.