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Problems experienced in childhood have an important place in development. It is thought that childhood traumas may increase alienation and decrease the level of agency during the transition to adulthood. Addressing the relationship of these three variables together can contribute to the field, or help to better understand the nature of transition to adulthood. In this context, the main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of childhood mental traumas and agency on alienation. In this framework, a model has been defined and the following hypotheses have been tested. a. The negative impact of childhood mental trauma on agency is significant. b. The negative effect of agency on alienation is significant. c. The positive effect of childhood mental trauma on alienation is significant. This study is a descriptive research that uses the cross-sectional pattern. A total of 566 (between ages 18-25) individuals constitute the research group (269 men (47.5%) and 297 women (52.5%). Personal Information Form, Dean's Alienation Scale, Multi Measure Agentic Personality Scale and Childhood Mental Traumas Scale were used to collect data. According to the results of the SEM analysis, childhood mental traumas significantly predicts alienation at a moderate level (β = .39, p

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of internet addiction and need for cognitive closure on risky behaviours of university students. In order to gather the data, purposeful sampling used in the research and the sampling group consists of 190 female (%56,4), 145 male (%43,0) and 2 unspecified (%0,6) in total 337 students studying at Kirikkale University. Relational screening model has been used in conducting the research. In the research, Personal Information Form, Risky Behaviours Scale, Internet Addiction Scale and Cognitive Completion Scale have been used as data collection tools. The data obtained has been analysed with SPSS 25.0 package program and independent samples t test, one way variance analysis, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of the research, it was found that the risky behaviours, internet addiction and need for cognitive closure differ significantly by gender however there was not a significant difference by age and adult perceived transition to adulthood. It was obtained that there is a positive and low level relationship (r=0.33) between risky behaviours and internet addiction, and there is a negative and low level relationship between risky behaviours and the need for completion (r=-0.21). As a result of this research, it has been identified that internet addiction is an important predictor on risky behaviours, but need for cognitive closure is not. The findings obtained through the analysis of the research have been discussed by comparing them with the results of the research in the literature.

Yetişkinliğe geçiş modern toplumlarda giderek karmaşıklaşan ve çeşitlenen bir süreçtir. Yetişkinliğe geçiş yaşında, ölçütlerinde günümüze özgü sürekli değişim vardır. Bilimsel çalışmalar çok çeşitli kuramlarla yetişkinliği ve yetişkinliğe geçişi açıklamışlardır. Bunlar arasında yeni bir yaklaşım olan beliren yetişkinlik özellikle farklı bir yaşam dönemi önerisiyle ilginçtir. Türkiye’de nüfus yapısı, nüfusun büyüme hızı gibi demografik özellikleri değişen yetişkinliğe geçiş dönemindeki bireylerin; iş-işsizlik, eğitim, ortalama evlilik ve ana baba olma yaşları yeni veriler ışığında sunulmakta ve tartışılmaktadır., Transition to adulthood has been experienced a complex and varied process in the modern societies. These continuous changes in the age and criteria of transition to adulthood. Scientific studies have been studied adulthood and transition to adulthood with various theories. Among these, a new distinguished approach emerging adulthood is especially interesting with its suggestion of a different life period. In this paper based on, Turkey’s demographic indicators such as population structure, growth rate, people’s transition to adulthood is presented and discussed in terms of employment-unemployment, education, overage marriage and parenting ages.

WOS: 000404296300014 PubMed: 28680317 Introduction: The need for cognitive closure (NFC), defined as the desire for "an answer on a given topic, any answer. compared to confusion and ambiguity," is a topic that has become increasingly important in behavioral neuroscience. The present study aimed to assess the applicability of a measure of need for cognitive closure, the " Need for Closure Scale-Short Form" (NFC-SF), for Turkish college students. Methods: Data from a total of 219 participants aged 19-29 years (male n= 61, 27.9%; female n= 158, 72.1%; Meanage= 23.6 years, SD= 3.06 years) were used to conduct validity and reliability analyses. Of the participants, 138 (63.0%; Meanage= 22.62 years; SD= 2.45 years) were university students, and the remainder had graduated from university (n= 81; 37%; Meanage= 24.16 years; SD= 3.24 years). Results: Language validity (r= 0.94, p= 0.00), confirmatory factor analysis results (X-2/ Df= 4.07, GFI= 0.90, IFI= 0.89, CFI= 0.90, AGFI= 0.88, NNFI= 0.90, and RMSEA= 0.011), item analysis, and convergent validity results indicated that a single factor solution with 15 items met the criteria for adequacy of fit among Turkish young people. The internal consistency (r= 0.74) revealed a moderate to acceptable reliability. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the NFC-SF can be used in studies that evaluate the need for closure among Turkish young people. TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) This study is supported by TUBITAK and produced from TUBITAK-BIDEB 2219-Postoc Research Abroad Project of the Corresponding Author.

Ergenlik dönemindeki temel gelişimsel görev kimlik gelişimidir. Marcia keşif ve içsel yatırım süreçlerini kulla- narak dört kimlik statüsü tanımlamıştır. Kimlik gelişimini ölçmek amacıyla bazı ölçme araçları geliştirilmiştir. Bunlarda biri de Ego Kimlik Süreci Ölçeğidir (EKSÖ). EKSÖ’nün en güçlü özelliği hem kimlik statülerine hem de keşif ve içsel yatırım süreçlerine odaklanmasıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı EKSÖ’nün faktör yapısını, ölçüt ba- ğımlı geçerliliğini ve güvenirliliğini Türk üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde test etmektir. EKSÖ 32 madde ve iki alt ölçekten oluşmaktadır. Her iki boyutta 16 maddeyle değerlendirilmektedir. Araştırma grubu 230 (120 kadın, 110 erkek) üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri EKSÖ’ün kimlik gelişiminde farklı işlevler gösteren iki faktörlü yapısının olduğunu göstermiştir. Ölçme aracının ölçüt bağımlı geçerliliği eylemlilik, depresyon ve özsaygı ölçekleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. İç tutarlılık katsayıları, test-tekrar test değerleri ve madde toplam korelasyonları EKSÖ’nün güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak bulgular EKSÖ’nün Türkçe versiyonunun hem keşif ve içsel yatırım süreçlerini hem de kimlik statülerini değerlendirmek için kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir The main developmental task is identity development in adolescence period. Marcia defined four identity statuses based on exploration and commitment process: Achievement, moratorium, foreclosure and diffusion. Certain scales were developed to measure identity development. Another questionnaire that evaluates both four identity statuses and the exploration-commitment process separately is The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ). The most powerful feature of EIPQ is that it focuses on both identity status and exploration and commitment process. The aim of the current study is to adapt EIPQ into Turkish with factor structure, convergent validity and reliability studies on Turkish college students. This scale is consisted of 32-items. Sixteen of the EIPQ items assess exploration and 16 assess commitment. Current study analyzed data from 230 university students (120 female, 52.17%; 110 male, 47.83%). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results showed that EIPQ has two factor-structures that function differently in identity development. Correlations of exploration and commitment with self-esteem, agency and depression scores were calculated in order to examine convergent validity. Internal consistency coefficients, test-retest values and item-total correlations indicated that EIPQ is a reliable scale. It can be concluded that “Turkish Version of EIPQ” can be used to evaluate both exploration and commitment processes and identity statuses.

Introduction Personality is one of the important domains of psychology, and it is an integration of emotional, cognitive, social and physical properties. In this study, we aimed to assess the applicability of the "Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)" which measures five basic personality traits in Turkish young people. Method Data from a total of 420 participants - 208 male (49.1%) and 212 female (50.9%) - were employed for the validity and reliability analyses. Of the participants, 230 (54,8%; mean age: 23.2 years; sd=1.6) were university students and the rest were not (n=190; 45.2%; mean age: 23.4 years; df=1.7). The mean age of the participants was 22.1 years (df=1.3), ranging from 18 to 25 years. Results Language validity (correlations between 0.92 and 0.97), exploratory factor analysis yielded 10 items and five-factor model explaining 65.21% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analyses (χ2/df: 2.20, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.92, CFI=0.93, NNFI=0.91, RMR=0.04, and RMSEA=0.03), item analysis, and convergent validity results indicated that a five-factor solution with 10 items met the criteria standards for adequacy of fit among Turkish young people. The internal consistency (Openness to Experiences 0.83, Agreeableness 0.81, Emotional Stability 0.83, Conscientiousness 0.84, and Extraversion 0.86) and test-retest stability (=54; Openness to Experiences 0.89, Agreeableness 0.87, Emotional Stability 0.89, Conscientiousness 0.87, and Extraversion 0.88) revealed a moderate to acceptable reliabilities. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the TIPI could be used in studies that evaluate personality in Turkish young people.

Bilişsel tamamlanma ihtiyacı, son zamanlarda davranışsal nörobilimin önem kazanmaya başlayan konularından biridir ve bireyin belirli bir konuda karmaşa ve belirsizlik yerine kesin bir bilgiye ulaşma ihtiyacı, karar verme arzusu olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu çalışmada tamamlanma ihtiyacı kavramı, kısa bir gözden geçirme ile kuramsal ve görgül çalışmalar bağlamında detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, bu yazıda tamamlanma ihtiyacı ile ruh sağlığı ilişkisi de ele alınmıştır. Literatürde, tamamlanma ihtiyacı konusunda birkaç temel kuramsal açıklamanın yanında çok az görgül çalışmanın olduğu da dikkati çekmektedir. Bu yazıda ağırlıklı olarak tamamlanma ihtiyacıyla ilgili temel açıklamaları yapan Kruglanski’nin kuramına yer verilmiştir., Need for cognitive closure, is one of the basic topics of behavioral neuroscience which has recently gained greater attention, and can be defined as the desire for an answer on a given topic, any answer, compared to confusion and ambiguity. This study addresses need for closure concept, in detail, both in terms of the foundational theoretical work and past empirical studies. In this study, the concept of need for closure is discussed with a brief review in the context of the theoretical and empirical studies. In addition, in this review, the relationship between need for closure and mental health is discussed. In addition to the basic theoretical issues, in this review we cover the major empirical studies about need for closure. In particular, we review Kruglanski’s theory about need for closure, which have been highly influential.

Intimacy or love is completely defined as a personal relationship or sometimes a specific component of personal relationships or even a particular emotion that someone feels for another. Love is appearing as a psychological concept in the area of psychology in recent years. The definition of love depends on culture and people. Love comes with the concepts such as intimacy, attachment, respect and mature love. In this context, love is evaluated conceptually in this paper in order to fill the lack of the papers on this subject in Turkey. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the theories that have different approaches about love.

Emerging adulthood is a new life period which considers between the ages 18-29. In human development, the most important criteria is “quantitative change” for existing stage or substage. In this context, it is necessitate to investigate whether this period has substages or not. Does emerging adulthood have substages? Basically, this descriptive study aims to answer these questions. Data were collected 453 people who are between the ages 19-26. The Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (Reiffman, Arnett and Colwell, 2003) was used for gathering data. In analysing data, One-way ANOVA test was used. There are significant relationships between total score of scale and age and subscales and age. It seems there are three substages which are might called “pseudo emerging adulthood”, “middle emerging adulthood”, and “adulthoid”. Findings were discussed in the context of emerging adulthood theory, and the concept of “recentering”.

Toplumsallasma, bireyin toplumun bir uyesi olma surecidir. Bu gozden gecirme yazisinda, bireyin kulturel yapilara gore toplumsallasma sureci ve toplumsallasma konusunda Piaget ve Vygotsky’nin gorusleri cesitli yonlerden ele alinmistir. Piaget ve Vygotsky, gelisim psikolojisinin en onde gelen kuramcilari arasinda yer almaktadir. Vygotsky bilissel gelisim surecindeki toplumsal koken uzerinde ayrintili bicimde dururken, Piaget bu kokeni toplumsal dengelenme kavrami ile aciklamakla yetinmistir. Vygotsky, cocugun dil deneyimleri yoluyla toplumsal cevresiyle etkileserek ogrendigini, Piaget ise cocugun aktif olarak toplumsallastigini ve cevrenin neden oldugu sorunlari cozmekte oldugunu dusunmektedir. Iki kuramci arasinda toplumsallasmaya iliskin bircok farkli aciklama olmasina karsin, en onemli farkin Piaget’ye gore cocugun buyudukce toplumsallasmasi, Vygotsky’e gore ise cocugun buyudukce bireylesmesi oldugu ifade edilebilir.

Basic function of adolescence -one of the human life periods when physical and mental changes are experienced most heavily- is suggested to be identity development. Recent developmental psychology studies hypothesized that identity development starts during adolescence but intensifies during transi-tion to adulthood. This study addresses identity concept, in detail, from a theoretical point of view and in the scope of empirical studies. Literature offers quite different explanations and models as well as a few basic theories in this framework. The number of studies on identity subject is higher than the number of studies on other psycho-social study subjects. This study presents the theories offering basic explanations about identity (such as the works of Erikson, Marcia, Berzonsky, Waterman) and the theories referring to identity (such as the works of Blos, Arnett, Kegan). Theories related to identity are addressed under the titles of identity exploration, identity status and identity styles. Almost all of the identity studies conducted in Turkey focused on identity status. In this context, new theories and tendencies may be taken into consideration in the studies to be made in Turkey on identity development., İnsan yaşamında değişimlerin yoğun olarak yaşandığı dönemlerden biri olan ergenliğin temel görevinin kimlik gelişimi olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Son yıllardaki gelişim psikolojisi çalışmaları, kimlik gelişiminin ergenlikte başlamasına karşın, yetişkinliğe geçiş yıllarında yoğunlaştığını önermektedir. Bu yazıda, kimlik konusu kuramsal olarak ve deneysel çalışmalar bağlamında ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Literatürde, kimlik konusunda birkaç temel kuramın yanında oldukça farklı açıklamalar ve modeller dikkati çekmektedir. Kimlik konusuyla ilgili araştırmaların da diğer psikososyal çalışma konularına göre daha fazla olduğu söylenebilir. Bu yazıda kimlikle ilgili temel açıklamaları yapan kuramlarla (Erikson, Marcia, Berzonsky, Waterman gibi), içerisinde kimliğe değinen kuramlara (Blos, Arnett, Kegan gibi) yer verilmiştir. Kimlikle ilgili kuramlar kimlik keşfi, kimlik statüleri ve kimlik stilleri ana başlıklarında altında ele alınmıştır. Türkiye'deki kimlik çalışmalarına bakıldığında neredeyse tüm çalışmaların kimlik statüleri ile ilgilidir. Kimlik gelişimi konusunda Türkiye'de yapılacak çalışmalarda, yeni kuramların ve yönelimle-rin dikkate alınması gerekli görünmektedir.

The term agency has been defined as a sense of responsibility for one's life course, the belief that one is in control of one's decisions and is responsible for their outcomes, and the confidence that one will be able to overcome obstacles that impede one's progress along one's chosen life course. Agency is an upper psychological structure which consists of self-esteem, purpose in life, self-efficacy (ego strength), and internal locus of control. Literature offers quite different explanations for agency concept. The reason of this situation may be the attribution of different meanings to the concept by psychologists and sociologists. When considering the agency literature in Turkey and other countries, it can be said that the number of studies on agency subject is lower than the number of studies on other psychosocial study subjects. Agency should be taken into consideration as a psychosocial variable in the studies to be made in Turkey., Eylemlilik, kişinin yaşamının yönüne ilişkin sorumluluk duygusu, yaşamı için sorumluluk alması, kişinin yaşamı ile ilgili kararları kontrol edebilme ve bunların sorumluluğunu alma konusundaki inancı ve yaşamdaki engellerle baş etmede ve seçtiği yaşam yönünde ilerlemeye ilişkin güveni olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Eylemlilik, öz saygı, yaşam amaçları, öz-yeterlilik ve iç denetim odağı olmak üzere dört psikolojik yapının birleşiminden oluşan üst bir psikolojik yapıdır. Literatürde, eylemlilik konusunda oldukça farklı açıklamalar olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Bu durumun nedeni, kavrama sosyologlar ve psikologlar tarafından farklı anlamlar yüklenmesi olabilir. Eylemlilik konusuyla ilgili hem yurtdışındaki hem de Türkiye'deki araştırmalar diğer psikososyal çalışma konularına göre nispeten azdır. Türkiye'de yapılacak çalışmalarda eylemlilik diğer bir psikososyal değişken olarak dikkate alınmalıdır.

Evaluation of the Turkish Version of the Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale Objective: The term agency has been defined as a sense of responsibility for one’s life course, the belief that one is in control of one’s decisions about life and is responsible for their outcomes and the confidence that one will be able to overcome obstacles that impede one’s progress along one’s chosen life course. The “MultiMeasure Agentic Personality Scale (MAPS)” was designed to measure agentic personality. The present study aimed to assess the applicability of the MAPS for Turkish youngsters. Methods: Data from a total of 410 participants (male n=188, 45.8%; female n=222, 54.2%) were utilized for validity and reliability analyses. Of the participants, 196 (47.8%) were university students and the rest were not (n=214; 52.2%). The mean age of the participants was 22.5 (SD=1.9) ranging from 19 to 25. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded four-factor model explaining 57.43% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analyses (χ 2 /sd=3.11, GFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.05) and second-order factor analyses (χ 2 /sd=3.87, GFI=0.99, RMSEA=0.03) indicated that a four factor solution met the criteria standards for adequacy of fit. The internal consistency and test-retest stability revealed a moderate to high reliabilities. After analyzing the data, 5 items were dropped from the original scale. Discussion and Conclusion: The analyses demonstrated that the Turkish version of MAPS could be used in

Personality is one of the important domains of psychology, and it is an integration of emotional, cognitive, social and physical properties. In this study, we aimed to assess the applicability of the "Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)" which measures five basic personality traits in Turkish young people.Data from a total of 420 participants - 208 male (49.1%) and 212 female (50.9%) - were employed for the validity and reliability analyses. Of the participants, 230 (54,8%; mean age: 23.2 years; sd=1.6) were university students and the rest were not (n=190; 45.2%; mean age: 23.4 years; df=1.7). The mean age of the participants was 22.1 years (df=1.3), ranging from 18 to 25 years.Language validity (correlations between 0.92 and 0.97), exploratory factor analysis yielded 10 items and five-factor model explaining 65.21% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analyses (χThe results demonstrated that the TIPI could be used in studies that evaluate personality in Turkish young people.Kişilik, psikolojinin önemli alanlarından biridir ve örgütlenmiş duygusal, bilişsel, toplumsal ve fiziksel özellikler bütünü olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, beş temel kişilik özelliğini ölçen “On-Maddeli Kişilik Ölçeği’nin (OMKÖ)” Türk gençlerinde uygunluğunu incelemektir.Araştırmaya 18–25 yaş aralığında üniversite öğrencisi olan (n=230; %54,8; yaş ortalaması 23,2; ss= 1,6) ve olmayan (n=190; %45,2; yaş ortalaması 23,4; ss= 1,7) toplam 420 genç katılmıştır. Katılımcıların %49,1’i erkek (n=208), %50,9’u kadındır (n=212) ve yaş ortalamaları 22,1’dir (ss= 1,3).Dil geçerliği (0,92–0,97 arasında değişen korelasyonlar), açımlayıcı (5 faktör ve 10 madde; açıklanan varyans %65,21) ve doğrulayıcı (X2/sd: 2,20, GFI .95, AGFI .92, CFI .93, NNFI .91, RMR.04 ve RMSEA .03) faktör analizi sonuçları, madde analizi ve ölçüt dayanıklı geçerlik sonuçları önerilen beş-faktörlü modelin Türk gençlerinde uygunluğunu desteklemektedir. İç tutarlılık (Deneyime Açıklık 0,83, Yumuşak başlılık 0,81, Duygusal Dengelilik 0,83, Sorumluluk 0,84 ve Dışa Dönüklük 0.86) ve test-tekrar test yöntemine dayalı güvenirlik analizleri sonuçları da (n=54; Deneyime Açıklık 0,89, Yumuşak başlılık 0,87, Duygusal Dengelilik 0,89, Sorumluluk 0,87 ve Dışa Dönüklük 0,88), ölçeğin kabul edilebilir güvenilirliğine işaret etmektedir.Sonuçlar, OMKÖ’nün Türk gençlerinde “kişilik özelliklerini” değerlendiren araştırmalarda kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Amaç: Öznel iyi oluş diğer gelişim dönemlerindeki bireyler için önemli olduğu gibi, yaşlılık dönemindeki bireyler için de önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yaşlılıkta kişilik özellikleri, yalnızlık ve algılanan kontrolle sınırlandırılmış bir öznel iyi oluş modeli geliştirmek ve bu modelin geçerliliğini sınamaktır. Yöntemler: Araştırmaya 108 kadın (%49.5) ve 110 erkek (%50.5) olmak üzere ailesinin yanında yaşayan toplam 218 yaşlı birey (Ort. yaş: 67.60; Ss: 6.43) katılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında, Sıfatlara Dayalı Kişilik Testi, Alan Genel Algılanan Kontrol Ölçeği, UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Pozitif-Negatif Duygu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler ve gözlenen değişkenlerle yol (path) analizi yöntemi kullanılmış ve en az .05 anlamlılık düzeyi benimsenmiştir. Bulgular: Model analizi sonuçlarına göre, öznel iyi oluş ile bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerde, standartlaştırılmış katsayılar .10 ile .38 arasında değişmektedir (p

Emerging adulthood, between the ages of 18 and 25, as a new developmental stage extending from adolescence to young adulthood. According to Arnett [2004], there are experiments related to identity in three basic fields which are love, work and view of the world in emerging adulthood. When the literature related to identity is examined, it is seen that identity has been studied more with adolescent, and studies were concentrated on the relationship of identity with many demographic variables neglecting important variables such as marital status, parental status and SES. Thus, the main aim of this study is to determine whether identity statuses differenciate with marital status, parental status and SES. A total of 700 emerging adults participated in this study, and the mean age was 22,45 years [SD = 3.76]. The sample was made up of 347 female and 353 male. All participants in the study were students from colleges. Student responses to the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status [EOM-EIS-2] used to classify students into one of the four identity statuses. SPSS 15.00 program wasa used to analyse data. Percentage, frequency and X2 analysis were used in the analysis of data. When the findings of the study is viewed as a whole, the most frequently observed identity status in the group is found to be moratorium. Also, identity statuses differenciate with marital status, parental status and SES. Findings were discussed in the context of emerging adulthood., {"references":["Adams, S. G., Gullotta T. (1989). Adolescent Life Experiences, New\nYork: Brooks Cole Publishing Company.","Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from\nthe late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.","Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W.\nNorton Company, Inc.","Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status.\nJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 551-558.","Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). The self as a theorist: Individual differences in\nidentity formation. International Journal of Personal Construct\nPsychology, 2 (4), 363-376.","Grotevant, H., D. & Cooper, C. (1985). Patterns of interaction in family\nrelationships and the development of identity formation in adolescence,\nChild Development, 56, 415-428.","Ery├╝ksel, G. N. ve Varan, A. (1999). Benlik kimli─ƒi stat├╝lerinin\ndeğerlendirilmesi, Yayınlanmamış Rapor.","Morsünbül, Ü. (2005). Ergenlikte kimlik statülerinin bağlanma stilleri,\ncinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyi açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek\nLisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.","Pala, S. (2007). Madde bağımlısı olan ergenlerin kimlik statülerinin\nbelirlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Dokuz Eylül\nÜniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.\n[10] Uzman, E. (2002). Sosyal destek d├╝zeyleri farkl─▒ ├╝niversite\nö─ƒrencilerinin baz─▒ de─ƒi┼ƒkenlere göre kimlik stat├╝leri, Yay─▒nlanmam─▒┼ƒ\nDoktora Tezi, H.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.\n[11] Ka─ƒan, S. (1999). K─▒br─▒sl─▒ ve T├╝rkiyeli ├╝niversite ö─ƒrencilerinin kimlik\ngelişim düzeyleri, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara:\nHacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.\n[12] Balkaya, A. (2005). Lise ö─ƒrencilerinin kimlik duygusu kazan─▒m\ndüzeylerinin bazı bilişsel-sosyal ailesel nitelikler ile suç davranışı düzeyi\naçısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Anadolu\nÜniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.\n[13] Arslan, E. (2008). Bağlanma stilleri açısından ergenlerde Erikson-un\npsikososyal geli┼ƒim dönemleri ve ego kimlik s├╝re├ºlerinin incelenmesi.\nYayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler\nEnstit├╝s├╝, Konya.\n[14] Shanahan, M. J., Porfeli, E., Mortimer, J. T., & Erickson, L. (2002).\nSubjective age identity and the transition to adulthood: Demographic\nmarkers and personal attributes. Youth Development Study, 8, 76-81.\n[15] Marcia, J. E. (1999). Representational thought in ego identity,\npsychotherapy, and psychosocial developmental theory. In I. E Sigel\n(Ed), Development of mental representation: Teories and application.\nMahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.\n[16] Waterman, A. S. (1999). Identity, the identity statuses, and identity\nstatuses development: A contemporary statement, Developmental\nReview, 591-621.\n[17] Adams, G. R. ve Jones, R. M. (1983). Female adolescents ─▒dentity\ndevelopment: age comparision and perceived child rearing,\nDevelopment Psychology. 19, 2: 249-256.\n[18] Archer, S. L. (1982). The lower age boundaries of identity development,\nChild Development, 53: 1551-1556.\n[19] Wires, J. W., Baracos, R., & Hollenbeck, A. R. (1994). Determinants of\nadolescent identity development: A cross-sequential study of boarding\nschool boys. Adolescence, 29 (114), 361-378.\n[20] Bosma, H. A. (1995). Identity development in adolescence coping with\ncommitments, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of\nGroningen, Netherlands.\n[21] Varan, A. (1992). Liseli gençlerin kimlik statülerinin cinsiyet, yaş ve\nsosyo-kültürel çevre açısından incelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora\nTezi, H.Ü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara."]}

Emerging adulthood, the new period which is especially prevalent in the developed or industrialized countries during ages 18 to 29, is a new conceptualization proposed by Arnett. Intimacy is a superordinate concept which includes intimate interaction and intimate relationship. This study includes two proceses which are scale development and conduction of gender differences about markers of starting romantic intimacy among Turkish emerging adults. In first process, Markers of Starting Romantic Intimacy Scale, with 17 items and 5 factors, was developed using by 220 participants. In the second step, the scale was administered to 318 Turkish male and female emerging adults between ages 22 and 25. Results show that there is no significant difference between gender and total score of the scale. With respect to gender, there are significant differences between gender and in four subscales which are self perception, affective and cognitive intimacy, self knowledge and romantic verbalizations. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between gender and behavioral intimacy subscale., {"references":["Register, L. and Henley, T. (1992) The Phenomenology of Intimacy.\nJournal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9,467-481.","Moss, B. F., & Schwebel, A. I. (1993). Marriage and romantic\nrelationships: defining intimacy in romantic relationships. Family\nRelations, 42, 7-31.","Robson, D. and Robson, M. (1998) Intimacy and Computer\nCommunication. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling,\n26(1):33-42.","Prager, K. J. (1995). The psychology of intimacy. New York: The\nGuilford Press.","Reis, H. T. ,& Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as interpersonal process. In S.\nDuck (Ed.), Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory, relationships,\nand interventions (367-389). Chichester, UK: Willey","Sexton, R.E. , & Sexton, V.S. (1982). Intimacy: A historical perspective.\nIn M. Fisher and G. Stricker (Eds.), Intimacy (pp. 1-20). New York:\nPlenum.","Perlman, D. , & Fehr, B. (1987). The development of intimate\nrelationships. In D. Perlman & S. Duck (Eds.), Intimate Relationships:\nDevelopment, Dynamics, and Deterioration (pp. 13-42). Newbury Park,\nCA: Sage","Battarbee, K., Baerten, N. and Loeber, S. (2002) Pools and Satellites\nIntimacy in the City. Proceedings of DIS 2002, ACM, 237-245.","Chelune, G.J., Robison, J.T. and Kommor, M.J. (1984) A Cognitive\nInteractional Model of Intimate Relationships. In Derlega, V.J. (ed.)\n(1984) Communication, Intimacy, and Close Relationships. Academic\nPress, Inc., New York.\n[10] Cheal, D. (1987) 'Showing them you love them': Gift giving and the\ndialectic of intimacy. The sociological Review, 35(1):150-169.\n[11] Duck, S. (1994). Dynamics of relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage\nPublications\n[12] Hatfield, E. (1988). Passionate and companionate love. In R. J.\nSternberg., & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The pscyhology of love (p.191-213).\nNew Haven and London: Yale University Pres.\n[13] Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Triangulating love. Psychological Rewiev, 93,\n119-135.\n[14] Sternberg, R. J. (1988). A triangular theory of love. İn R.J. Sternberg., &\nM.L. Barnes (Eds.), The pscyhology of love (P.68-99). New Haven and\nLondon: Yale University Press.\n[15] Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Cupid-s Arrow: The Course of Love Through\nTime. UK: Cambridge Universty Press.\n[16] Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.\n[17] Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from\nthe late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.\n[18] Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the\nlate teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.\n[19] Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood:\nPerspectives from adolescence to midlife. Journal of Adult Development,\n8, 133-143.\n[20] Arnett, J. J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among\nemerging adults in American ethnic groups. In J. J. Arnett and N. L.\nGalambos (Eds.), New directions for child and adolescent development:\nExploring cultural conceptions of the transition to adulthood (No. 100,\npp. 63-76). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\n[21] Casper, L. M., & S. M. Bianchi. (2002). Continuity and Change in the\nAmerican Family. Thousand Oaks: Sage.\n[22] Facio, A. & Micocci, F. (2003). Emerging adulthood in Argentina. In J.\nJ. Arnett and N. L. Galambos (Eds.), New directions for child and\nadolescent development: Exploring cultural conceptions of the transition\nto adulthood (No. 100, pp. 5-20). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.\n[23] Mayseless, O. and Scharf, M. (2003). What does it mean to be an adult?\nThe Israeli experience. In J. J. Arnett and N. L. Galambos (Eds.), New\ndirections for child and adolescent development: Exploring cultural\nconceptions of the transition to adulthood (No. 100, pp. 21-32). San\nFrancisco:Jossey-Bass.\n[24] Nelson, L. J. (2003). Rites of passage in emerging adulthood:\nPerspectives of young Mormons. In J. J. Arnett and N. L. Galambos\n(Eds.), New directions for child and adolescent development: Exploring\ncultural conceptions of the transition to adulthood (pp. 33-49). San\nFrancisco: Jossey-Bass.\n[25] Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes:Growing up apart, coming\ntogether. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\n[26] Connely, J. & Goldberg, A. (1999). Romantic relationships in\nadolescence: The role of friends and peers in the emergence and\ndevelopmant. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring, (Eds.), The\ndevelopment of romantic relationships in adolescence (266-290).\nCambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n[27] Gray, M., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting:\nReassesing a multiddimensional construct. Journal of Marriage on the\nFamily, 61,574-587.\n[28] Collins, W. A. (2003). More than myth: The developmental significiance\nof romantic relationships in adolescence. Journal of Research on\nAdolescence, 52, 25-42.\n[29] Lefkowitz, E.S., Bone, T. L., Shearer, C. L. (2003). Communication with\nbest friends about sex-related topics during emerging adulthood. Journal\nof Youth and Adolescence, 9, 52-57.\n[30] Brown, M.T. (1989). A cross-sectional analysis of self-disclosure\npatterns. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 11, 384-395.\n[31] Duck, S. (1988). Relating to others. London: Sage Publications.\n[32] Duck, S. (1993). Induvidual in relationships. London: Sage\nPublications.\n[33] Bonn, S. D. (1994). Dispelling doubt and uncartainity: Trust in\nromantic relationships. In S. Duck (Eds.). Dynamics of relationships.\nLondon: Sage Publications.\n[34] Murstein, B. I. (1986). Paths to marriage. London:Sage Publications.\n[35] Myers, D. G. (1996). Social psychology. USA: The McGraw-Hill\nCompanies.\n[36] Guneri, O., Sumer, Z. & Y─▒ld─▒r─▒m, A. (1999). Sources of self-identity\namong Turkish adolescents, Adolescence. 34, 135, 535-546.\n[37] TDHS-2003, Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. (2004).\nHacettepe University, Ankara.\n[38] Ery─▒lmaz, A. Perceived control to start romantic intimacy at adolescence\nand young adulthood periods. paper presented at the Xth Conference of\nEuropean Association for Research on Adolescence, Antalya, Turkey,\nMay 2-6 2006.\n[39] Schwartz S., Cote J. and Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in\nemerging adulthood:Two developmental routes in the individualization\nprocess. Youth and Society, Vol. 37 No. 2, December 2005 201-229.\n[40] Atak, H. & ├çok, F. Emerging adulthood and perceived adulthood in\nTurkey, 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ, USA, 15-\n16 February 2007.\n[41] Altman, I. and Taylor, D.A. (1973) Social Penetration: The development\nof interpersonal relationships. Holt, New York.\n[42] Levinger, G. and Senn, D.J. (1967) Disclosure of feelings in marriage.\nMerill-Palmer Quarterly, 13, 237-249.\n[43] Kag─▒tc─▒bas─▒, C. (1996). Family and human development Across Cultures.\nLawrence Erlbaum Ass. NJ.\n[44] Atak, H., Adulthood criteria in Turkey: Equilibrium or limitation?, XIV.\nNational Psychology Congress, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 6-8\nSeptember 2006.\n[45] Buss, D., & Barnes, M. (1986). Preferences in human mate selection.\nJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 3: 559-570."]}

Transition to adulthood has been experienced a complex and varied process in the modern societies. These continuous changes in the age and criteria of transition to adulthood. Scientific studies have been studied adulthood and transition to adulthood with various theories. Among these, a new distinguished approach emerging adulthood is especially interesting with its suggestion of a different life period. In this paper based on, Turkey's demographic indicators such as population structure, growth rate, people's transition to adulthood is presented and discussed in terms of employment-unemployment, education, overage marriage and parenting ages. [Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2016; 8(3.000): 204-227]

Need for cognitive closure, is one of the basic topics of behavioral neuroscience which has recently gained greater attention, and can be defined as the desire for an answer on a given topic, any answer, compared to confusion and ambiguity. This study addresses need for closure concept, in detail, both in terms of the foundational theoretical work and past empirical studies. In this study, the concept of need for closure is discussed with a brief review in the context of the theoretical and empirical studies. In addition, in this review, the relationship between need for closure and mental health is discussed. In addition to the basic theoretical issues, in this review we cover the major empirical studies about need for closure. In particular, we review Kruglanski's theory about need for closure, which have been highly influential. [Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2016; 8(3.000): 290-302]