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In this study, a sensitive analytical method was developed to determine some pesticides (cyprodinil, trifloxystrobin, prometryn, propachlor, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and phosalone) in molasses samples. Pesticides were extracted from samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this method, pesticides in molasses samples were first extracted using a water-miscible solvent (acetonitrile) in the sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction stage. The sugar in the ratio of 84-88% naturally contained in the molasses sample enabled phase separation in the acetonitrile-water homogeneous mixture. Then acetonitrile phase containing pesticides was used as dispersing solvent in the second step of the process. Under the specified optimum conditions, the limit of detection was calculated between 0.8-6.1 ng/g and the limit of quantification was in the range of 2.5-20 ng/g. The relative standard deviation values of molasses samples containing 150 ng/g of each analyte were found to be lower than 4.9% intra-day and 5.6% for inter-day. This validated method has been successfully applied to different types of molasses.

A rapid and easy sample pretreatment procedure, matrix acidity-induced switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction, has been developed for the isolation of the...

A magnetic solid-phase extraction method has been developed for the extraction and analysis of some fungicides in environmental water samples. Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil and trifloxystrobin were the target fungicides selected. First, a carbon material was obtained from the raw coal sample collected from Zonguldak region by ash removal process and then a magnetic C/Fe3O4 composite was produced from the carbon material using a single-step thermal method. The magnetic C/Fe3O4 composite was characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This composite was then used as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of fungicides from water samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as adsorbent amount, type and volume of desorption solvent, adsorption and desorption time, ionic strength, and pH were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction efficiency for azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil and trifloxystrobin was found to be 71%, 44%, 41% and 70%, respectively. The method detection limits for fungicides were found to be in the range of 0.4-1.1 µg L-1. The relative standard deviations were found to be lower than 6.6% and 6.9% for intra-day and inter-day precisions, respectively. The extraction of related fungicides from water samples collected from Zonguldak region was carried out efficiently. The recoveries obtained from spiked water samples were in the range of 71–106%.

This study investigates the feasibility of using hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent (DES) as green and effective extractant for the extraction and preconcentration of alkyl gallates from vegetable oils. In a typical experiment, 120 µL of choline chloride:ethylene glycol DES was added to 1.0 g of oil sample which was previously diluted with 1 mL of n-hexane. The extraction was accelerated by vortex stirring of the two phases. At this stage, hydrogen bonding interactions between the phenyl hydroxyls of alkyl gallates and chloride anion of choline salt were likely the main forces driving the extraction. After extraction, the analytes in the DES phase were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The method detection limits for propyl gallate and octyl gallate were 2.1 and 4.6 µg kg–1, respectively. The precision of the method varied between 4.6–6.4% (intra-day) and 5.4–7.5% (inter-day). The recoveries (accuracies) obtained from spiked vegetable oil samples were in the range of 78–106%. © 2019 Slovensko Kemijsko Drustvo. All rights reserved.

Bu araştırma yakıt olarak kömür kullanan iki termik santralin yer aldığı Çatalağzı bölgesinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, 39 noktadan biyomonitör karayosunu (Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.) örnekleri toplanmış ve bu örneklerde bazı polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH’lar) ve iz elementlerin atmosferik birikimleri araştırılmıştır. Karayosunu örneklerindeki PAH’ların ekstraksiyonu ultrasonik banyo kullanılarak diklorometan ile yapılmış ve ardından bir temizleme işlemi sonrasında elde edilen numuneler ultraviyole dedektörlü yüksek performans sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC-UV) ile analiz edilmiştir. Karayosunu örneklerinde ölçülen toplam PAH konsantrasyonları 53,7 ile 1707,9 ng/g arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Fenantren, floranten ve piren baskın PAH’lar olarak tespit edilmiştir. İz elementler ile ilgili olarak, karayosunu örnekleri mikrodalgada çözünürleştirme işlemi sonrasında indüktif eşleşmiş plazma-kütle spektrometresi (ICP-MS) ile analiz edilmiştir. Yosun örneklerinde iz elementler için bulunan konsantrasyon sıralaması Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni>As>Cd şeklindedir. PAH’ların ve metallerin hem kendi içlerinde hem de birbirleriyle olan muhtemel ilişkileri Pearson korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiş ve bazı değişkenler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu bulunmuştur. PAH’lar ve iz elementler için örnekleme noktalarına göre birikim yoğunluk haritaları oluşturulmuş ve söz konusu kirleticilerin termik santrallere yakın noktalarda daha yüksek seviyelerde olduğu gözlenmiştir., This research was carried out in the Çatalağzı region (Zonguldak Province), where two coal-fired thermal power plants are located. In this study, biomonitor moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.) were collected from 39 points, and the atmospheric accumulations of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements were investigated in these samples. PAHs in the moss samples were extracted with dichloromethane using an ultrasonic bath, and the samples obtained after a cleaning process were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). Total PAH concentrations determined in moss samples were ranged from 53.7 to 1707.9 ng/g. The predominant PAHs were phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene. Regarding trace elements, moss samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion process. The concentration order was found for trace elements in moss samples was Zn> Pb> Cu> Cr> Ni> As> Cd. Possible relationships between PAHs and metals, both within themselves and with each other, were investigated using Pearson correlation analysis, and it was found that there were statistically significant relationships between some variables. Deposition density maps were created according to the sampling points for PAH and trace elements, and it was observed that the pollutants were at higher levels near the thermal power plants.

Supramolekuler cozuculer (SUPRASs), amfifillerin kendiliginden bir birlesme prosesi ile meydana getirdigi nano yapili sivilardir ve ornek hazirlama basamaginda daha cevre dostu olmalari nedeniyle molekuler organik cozuculere bir alternatif olustururlar. Bu calismada, toprak orneklerindeki propaklor ve prometrin herbisitlerinin mikroekstraksiyonu icin SUPRAS esasli bir analitik metot onerilmektedir. Onerilen metot, 300 mg toprak numunesinin 300 µL SUPRAS ile 8 dakika boyunca vorteks ile karistirilmasini, ardindan faz ayrimi icin santrifujlemeyi ve ultraviyole dedektorlu sivi kromatografisiyle SUPRAS fazinin dogrudan analizini icermektedir. Optimize edilen ekstraksiyon kosullarinda, herbisitler icin ekstraksiyon verimleri % 81 ile % 87 arasinda degisim gostermistir. Metot algilama limitleri, propaklor ve prometrin icin sirasiyla 0.07 µg/g ve 0.01 µg/g olarak bulunmustur. Herbisitler icin bulunan bagil standart sapma degerleri gun-ici ve gunler-arasi tekrarlanabilirlik olarak sirasiyla % 8.8 ve % 12.1’den daha dusuk bulunmustur. Ilgili herbisitlerin Zonguldak bolgesinden toplanan toprak orneklerinden mikroekstraksiyonu verimli bir sekilde yapilmistir. Standart madde ilavesi yapilan toprak ornekleri icin elde edilen geri kazanim degerleri %80 ile %1 08 arasinda degisim gostermistir.

A fast and simple homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction method has been developed for the extraction of three benzophenone-type UV filters (4-hydroxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) from environmental waters prior to analysis by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was used as a switchable hydrophilicity solvent and its initial conversion into hydrophilic form was carried out in the alkaline solution, while its hydrophobic form extracting the analytes was generated by mineral acid addition. After the extraction process was completed, unmodified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were used as a carrier to separate and retrieve the switchable hydrophilicity solvent from the sample solution. The magnetic retrieval process was highly effective based on the complexation of the phosphoric acid head group of solvent with the surface metal atoms of the nanoparticles. Under optimal extraction conditions, the extraction recoveries of the studied compounds were obtained in the range of 69–93%. The limits of detection for the analytes were between 0.7 and 0.8 µg L−1. Relative standard deviations were less than 6.0% for intra-day and 7.9% for inter-day precision. The microextraction of related UV-filters from a variety of environmental waters was carried out efficiently. The recoveries obtained from spiked water samples were in the range of 80–103%.

Hair and nail samples were collected during a period of October to December 2012 from 63 healthy subjects who have been living in Zonguldak for at least ten consecutive years. The subjects aged over 30 years and having no serious health problems were participated in the study. The methodology involved the collection, ultrasonic cleaning and microwave digestion of samples. The measurements of trace metals (As, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe and Ni) in samples were performed with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The predominant metals determined in the both hair and nail samples were the essential metals with the decreasing concentrations in the order of Zn>Fe>Cu. Other metals determined in the hair samples followed the concentration order of Pb>Se>Ni>Cr>As>Cd, whereas in the nail samples, the order was Se>Ni>Cr>Pb>As>Cd. Subgroups were formed according to location and gender. Hair Se and Fe concentrations were significantly higher in urban residents. With regard to nail samples, the rural residents exhibited more elevated Fe levels significantly. Gender had a significant influence on the concentration of Zn and Cu in hair samples with females presenting higher values. However, the effect of gender on the trace metal concentrations in nail samples was negligible. The metal concentrations obtained for Zonguldak were within or below the values reported worldwide.

BACKGROUND Ion-pair extraction combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method has been proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in licorice samples. RESULTS Limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the biogenic amines were 1.4–2.7 and 4.7–9.1 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations based on five replicate extraction of 100 ng mL−1 of each biogenic amine were

Alkyl carboxylic acid-based nanostructured solvents, synthesized in mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water through self-assembly and coacervation, were proved to behave as restricted access liquids. Both physical and chemical mechanisms were found responsible for exclusion of macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides. The potential of these solvents for extracting small molecules from complex solid samples, without interference from large biomolecules, was here evaluated. For this purpose, they were applied to the extraction of 14 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from mosses prior to their separation by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). Sample treatment involved the vortex shaking of 200 mg of moss with 200 µL of decanoic acid-based solvent for 5 min, subsequent centrifugation for 8 min and analysis of the extract by LC-FLD using external calibration. Proteins precipitated during extraction because of both the decrease of the dielectric constant of the solution caused by THF and the formation of macromolecular complexes with decanoic acid. Polysaccharides were not solubilized in the aqueous cavities of the solvent because of their size exclusion. In-house method validation was performed according to the recommendations of the European Commission Decision 202/657/EC. Method detection and quantification limits for the different PAHs were in the ranges 0.04-0.24 and 0.14-0.80 µg kg-1, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of different moss species collected in both polluted and unpolluted sites in the South of Spain. Recoveries were within the range 71-110%. The results obtained show that solvents with restricted access properties have the potential to expand the scope of application of restricted access materials to areas other than biological fluids because of their suitability to combine analyte isolation and sample cleanup of solid samples in a single step. © 2015 Elsevier B.V., Council for Higher Education CTQ2014-53539-R Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad: BES-2012-052170, Authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Spanish MINECO (Project CTQ2014-53539-R ). N. Caballero-Casero acknowledges the Spanish MINECO for the postgraduate fellowship (BES-2012-052170). H. Çabuk acknowledges the Higher Education Council of Turkey (YÖK) for the postdoctoral fellowship.

An analytical method is presented for the determination of paraben preservatives in semisolid cream samples by matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with supramolecular solvent-based microextraction. Due to the oily and sticky nature of the sample matrix, parabens were first extracted from the samples by matrix solid-phase dispersion using silica as sorbent material with a clean-up performed with tetrahydrofuran in the elution step. The eluate (500 µL), 1-decanol (120 µL), and water (4.4 mL) were then mixed in a polyethylene pipette to form supramolecular solvent. Finally, the analytes in the supramolecular solvent were separated and determined by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under optimal extraction conditions, the extraction recoveries of the studied compounds were obtained in the range of 63–83%. The limits of detection for the analytes were between 0.03 and 0.04 µg/g. The precision of the method varied between 4.0–6.7 (intraday) and 6.2–7.9% (interday). Finally, the optimized procedure was applied to the determination of the target preservatives in a variety of cream samples (diaper rash, skin allergy, face and hand moisturizing) with satisfactory recoveries (86–102%). © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

A simple and rapid pretreatment method based on effervescent tablet-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was introduced for the determination of three fungicides (azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and cyprodinil) in fruit juice samples followed by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. The effervescent tablet composed of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium carbonate and 1-dodecanol was prepared in a simple way. The ingredients consisting of the above three components were manually blended in an empty medicine strip and cooled in a refrigerator. Hence, an effervescent tablet was obtained within 5 min without the need for a press machine thanks to the solidification of 1-dodecanol at room temperature. In situ generation of carbon dioxide during the microextraction process enabled the dispersion of the extractant within the aqueous phase and enhanced the contact area both between phases. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction recoveries ranged from 53 to 88%. Good linearity was observed by the square of correlation coefficients better than 0.9980. Relative standard deviations were less than 4.8% for intra-day and 7.6% for inter-day precision at a concentration of 3.0 µg L-1 of each analyte. Limits of detection ranged from 0.09 (chlorothalonil) to 0.19 µg L-1 (azoxystrobin). The proposed new method was successfully applied for the analysis of three fungicides in real samples of fruit juices and satisfactory recoveries (76-104%) were achieved. © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

In this study, a novel and sensitive magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method based on Fe3O4-MgSiO3 magnetic nanocomposites was developed for extraction and preconcentration of venlafaxine, escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine in biological samples followed by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (LC-UV). The effects of some factors influencing the extraction efficiency of antidepressants including adsorbent amount, extraction pH, and desorption solvent volume were optimized using experimental design methodology. The optimum conditions were found to be adsorbent amount: 12.5 mg, extraction pH: 7.4 and desorption solvent volume: 1.3 mL. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a good linearity was observed for all analytes, with the square of correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9986 to 0.9994. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for the antidepressant drugs were found to be in the range of 1.73-2.83 and 5.21-8.53 ng mL-1, respectively. This method was successfully applied to analyze real biological samples at different spiked concentrations, and the obtained recoveries ranged from 72 to 115% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 4.75%. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.

In this study, a new pH-assisted homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC with UV detection was developed for the determination of chlorophenols in water samples. In this approach, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate was used for the first time as the low-density extraction solvent. In particular, 60 μL of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate was injected into the sample solution (5 mL) and dissolved completely in the sample solution while the pH was increased to 9. Afterwards, the pH of the sample solution was lowered to 1, and a cloudy solution was formed. At this stage, hydrophobic interactions between the analytes and the long double hydrocarbon chains of extraction solvent were expected to be the main forces driving extraction. A series of parameters that influence extraction were investigated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the LODs and LOQs for the chlorophenols were 1.4-2.7 and 4.7-9.1 ng/mL, respectively. RSDs based on five replicate extraction of 100 ng/mL of each chlorophenols were

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de üretilen bazı bitkisel sıvıyağların sentetik antioksidan içerikleri ultraviyole detektörlü sıvıkromatografisi ile belirlenmiştir. Butil hidroksi anisol, butil hidroksi toluenve tert-butil hidrokinon seçilenantioksidanlardır. Kromatografik analiz öncesinde yağ örneklerindekiantioksidanların ekstraksiyonu vorteks-karıştırma destekli sıvı-sıvımikroekstraksiyon tekniği ile yapılmıştır. Ekstraksiyon çözücüsünün türü,çözücü hacmi ve ekstraksiyon süresi gibi ekstraksiyon verimini etkileyen bazıparametreler optimize edilmiştir. Optimize edilen koşullarda antioksidanlariçin metodun algılama ve belirleme sınırlarının sırasıyla 0.12­-­0.28 µg/g ve 0.40-0.92 µg/g aralığında olduğu tespitedilmiştir. Güniçi ve günler arası kesinlik, bağıl standart sapma olarak hesaplanmış vesırasıyla % 6.5 ve % 8.4’den daha düşük bulunmuştur.Türkiye’de üretilen toplam 16 bitkisel yağ örneği sentetik antioksidanlarınvarlığını tespit etmek için analiz edilmiş ve örneklerdeki antioksidanlarınkonsantrasyonlarının Türk Gıda Kodeksi Yönetmeliğinde tanımlanan maksimumizin verilen seviyelerin altında kaldığı bulunmuştur., In this work, the synthetic antioxidant contents of some selectedvegetable oils produced in Turkey were determined by using liquidchromatography with ultraviolet detector. Butylated hydroxy anisole, butylatedhydroxy toluene, and tert-butylhydroquinone were the synthetic antioxidants selected. The extraction ofantioxidants from oil samples was carried out with vortex-assistedliquid-liquid microextraction prior to chromatographic analysis. Someparameters that affect the extraction efficiency, such as the type of extractionsolvent, the volume of solvent, and extraction time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limitsof detection and limits of quantification for the antioxidants were in the ranges0.12­-0.28 µg/g and 0.40-0.92µg/g, respectively. The intra-day and inter-days precisions were calculated interms of relative standard deviation and found to be less than 6.5% and 8.4%, respectively. Totally,16 vegetable oil samples produced in Turkey were analyzed to detect thepresence of the synthetic antioxidants and the concentrations of antioxidants in samples were found far below the maximum permitted levels defined in TurkishFood Codex Regulation. &nbsp

Bu çalıflmada, Türkiye'de üretilen bazı bitkisel sıvı yağların sentetik antioksidan içerikleri ultraviyoledetektörlü sıvı kromatografisi ile belirlenmifltir. Butil hidroksi anisol, butil hidroksi toluen ve tert-butilhidrokinon seçilen antioksidanlardır. Kromatografik analiz öncesinde yağ örneklerindeki antioksidanlarınekstraksiyonu vorteks-karıfltırma destekli sıvı-sıvı mikroekstraksiyon tekniği ile yapılmıfltır. Ekstraksiyonçözücüsünün türü, çözücü hacmi ve ekstraksiyon süresi gibi ekstraksiyon verimini etkileyen bazıparametreler optimize edilmifltir. Optimize edilen koflullarda antioksidanlar için metodun algılama vebelirleme sınırlarının sırasıyla 0.12-0.28 µg/g ve 0.40-0.92 µg/g aralığında olduğu tespit edilmifltir. Güniçi ve günler arası kesinlik, bağıl standart sapma olarak hesaplanmıfl ve sırasıyla % 6.5 ve % 8.4'den dahadüflük bulunmufltur. Türkiye'de üretilen toplam 16 bitkisel yağ örneği sentetik antioksidanların varlığınıtespit etmek için analiz edilmifl ve örneklerdeki antioksidanların konsantrasyonlarının Türk GıdaKodeksi Yönetmeliğinde tanımlanan maksimum izin verilen seviyelerin altında kaldığı bulunmufltur, In this work, the synthetic antioxidant contents of some vegetable oils produced in Turkey were determinedby using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. Butylated hydroxy anisole, butylatedhydroxy toluene, and tert-butyl hydroquinone were the synthetic antioxidants selected. The extractionof antioxidants from oil samples was carried out with vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction priorto chromatographic analysis. Some parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, such as the type ofextraction solvent, the volume of solvent, and extraction time were optimized. Under the optimizedconditions, the limits of detection and limits of quantification for the antioxidants were in the ranges0.12-0.28 µg/g and 0.40-0.92 µg/g, respectively. The intra-day and inter-days precisions were calculatedin terms of relative standard deviation and found to be less than 6.5% and 8.4%, respectively. Totally, 16vegetable oil samples produced in Turkey were analyzed to detect the presence of the syntheticantioxidants and the concentrations of antioxidants in samples were found below the maximumpermitted levels defined in Turkish Food Codex Regulation

A simple technique for the collection of an extraction solvent lighter than water after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was developed for the determination of four paraben preservatives in aqueous samples. After the extraction procedure, low-density organic solvent together with some little aqueous phase was separated by using a disposable glass Pasteur pipette. Next, the flow of the aqueous phase was stopped by successive dipping the capillary tip of the pipette into anhydrous Na(2)SO(4). The upper organic layer was then removed simply with a microsyringe and injected into the high-performance liquid chromatography system. Experimental parameters that affect the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under optimal extraction conditions, the extraction recoveries ranged from 25 to 86%. Good linearity with coefficients with the square of correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9984 to 0.9998 was observed in the concentration range of 0.001-0.5 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations ranged from 4.1 to 9.3% (n = 5) for all compounds. The limits of detection ranged from 0.021 to 0.046 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied for the determination of parabens in tap water and fruit juice samples and good recoveries (61-108%) were achieved for spiked samples.

In this study, a new sample pretreatment method termed as rotation mixing-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was developed for the determination of selected priority phenols in water samples. In this approach, a binary solvent system of water sample and low-density extraction solvent (1-dodecanol) was mixed at 80 rpm for 8 min with a circular rotation in the absence of a disperser solvent. Fine organic droplets were formed during continuous end-over-end action, which accelerated mass transfer of the analytes to the organic phase. After extraction, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in the floated extractant phase were determined. A series of parameters that influence extraction were investigated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries ranged from 61 to 138 and 37 to 83%, respectively, that were comparable with those obtained by other mechanical methodologies, i.e., vortex agitation, magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment. The limits of detection were 0.29-0.63 ng mL-1. Relative standard deviations were less than 5.3% for intra-day and 8.3% for inter-day precision. This method has been also successfully applied to analyze real water samples at two different spiked concentrations and satisfactory recoveries were achieved. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.

Ion-pair extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in licorice samples.Limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the biogenic amines were 1.4-2.7 and 4.7-9.1 ng mLThe consumption of freshly prepared licorice is recommended because of the relatively low concentration of total biogenic amines. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

This research was carried out in the cities of Zonguldak and Eregli, which have been characterized as urban and industrial environments of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey, in order to assess the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using mosses as biomonitors. The methodology involved the collection of moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme), ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, cleanup using silica gel and analysis by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 78.1 to 1693.5 ng g -1 in Zonguldak and from 15.2 to 275.1 ng g -1 in Eregli. The total PAH concentration in Eregli was about six times lower than that in Zonguldak, revealing the importance of switching from coal to natural gas in residential heating. The diagnostic ratios and the correlation analysis have indicated that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the major PAH sources at both sites. The contour maps were constructed for the determination of spatial distributions of total PAHs, and it was shown for Zonguldak as well as for Eregli that the PAH pollution was much more predominant in highly populated regions. Moving away from the city centres, a gradual decrease in PAH pollution rates was observed. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media.

Atmospheric concentrations and gas-particle partition coefficients were determined for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey between May 2007 and April 2008. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 0.52ngm-3 to 636ngm-3 in the particle phase and from 5.60ngm-3 to 725ngm-3 in the gas phase. The annual mean concentrations of PAHs in the particle and gas phase were found to be 114ngm-3 and 184ngm-3, respectively. Significant seasonal variations of particle and gas phase PAH concentrations were observed with higher levels during cold period. The distribution of PAHs between the particle and gas phase was investigated and it was found that three ring PAHs were associated primarily with the gas phase, four ring PAHs were distributed almost equally between the two phases and five and six ring PAHs were mainly associated with the particle phase. Gas-particle partition coefficients (Kp) of PAHs have been calculated and correlated with their subcooled liquid vapor pressures (PL-). The slopes (mr) varied from -0.63 to -0.23 were far from the theoretical value (-1) due to the short distance between the sampling point and the emission sources. The relationships between temperature and gas phase partial pressures of PAHs were examined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the obtained positive slopes indicated that PAH concentrations increased with decreasing air temperature as a result of high dominance of local emissions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning is one of the most common causes of serious intoxication. Here, we report a 2-year-old girl with severe amitriptyline (70 mg/kg) intoxication. She was in comatose, had generalized tonic clonic seizure, ventricular tachycardia. and wide QRS complexes. Although she did not respond to classical therapies, very good clinical response to plasmapheresis was obtained and she developed no complications. Thus, plasmapheresis may be an effective treatment modality in poisoning with drugs, which bind to plasma proteins with high affinity. J. Clin. Apheresis 24:21-24, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations were measured in Zonguldak, Turkey from January to December 2007, using dichotomous Partisol 2025 sampler. Collected particulate matter was analyzed for 14 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). The seasonal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were investigated together with their relationships with meteorological parameters. The maximum daily concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 reached 83.3 µg m-3 and 116.7 µg m-3 in winter, whereas in summer, they reached 32.4 µg m-3 and 66.7 µg m-3, respectively. Total concentration of PM10-associated PAHs reached 492.4 ng m-3 in winter and 26.0 ng m-3 in summer times. The multiple regression analysis was performed to predict total PM2.5- and PM10-associated PAHs and benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BaPE) concentrations with respect to meteorological parameters and particulate mass concentrations with the determination coefficients (R2) of 0.811, 0.805 and 0.778, respectively. The measured mean values of concentrations of total PM2.5- and PM10-associated PAHs were found to be 88.4 ng m-3 and 93.7 ng m-3 while their predicted mean values were found to be 92.5 ng m-3 and 98.2 ng m-3, respectively. In addition, observed and predicted mean concentration values of PM2.5-BaPE were found to be 14.1 ng m-3 and 14.6 ng m-3. The close annual mean concentrations of measured and predicted total particulate related PAHs imply that the models can be reliably used for future predictions of particulate related PAHs in urban atmospheres especially where fossil fuels are mainly used for heating. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., 2007-13-2-3 2003K121120, The authors would like to thank the State Planning Organization of Turkey (2003K121120) and the Zonguldak Karaelmas University (2007-13-2-3) for the opportunity and support to carry out this research.

Airborne fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particulate matter was collected from January to December in 2007 in Zonguldak, Turkey using dichotomous Partisol 2025 sampler. Fourteen selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter were determined simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) and seasonal distributions were examined. The source identification of PAHs in airborne particulates was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) in combination with diagnostic ratios. The predominant PAHs determined in PM2.5 were pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene. The total concentrations of PAHs were up to 464.0 ng m- 3 in fine and 28.0 ng m- 3 in coarse fraction in winter, whereas in summer times were up to 22.9 and 3.0 ng m- 3 respectively. Approximately 93.3% of total PAHs concentration was determined in PM2.5 in winter and 84.0% in summer. The concentration levels of PAHs fluctuate significantly within a year with higher means and peak concentrations in the winter compared to that of summer times. Higher benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BaPE) concentrations of PAHs were obtained for PM2.5 especially in winter. The results obtained from PCA in combination with diagnostic ratios revealed that coal combustion and vehicle emissions were the major pollutant sources for both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 associated PAHs in studied area. Two principal components for PM2.5 and three for PM2.5-10 were identified and these accounted for 89.4 and 85.2% of the total variance respectively. The emissions from coal combustion were estimated to be the main source of PAHs in the ambient air particulates with contributions of 80.8% of total variance for PM2.5 and 53.8% for PM2.5-10. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., 2007-13-2-3 2003 K121120, The authors would like to thank the State Planning Organization of Turkey, (2003 K121120) and the Zonguldak Karaelmas University (2007-13-2-3) for the opportunity and support to carry out this research.