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Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) are two distinct causes of haemolytic anaemia. They have different mechanisms that underpin their pathogenesis and, therefore, require different treatment strategies. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or Coombs’ test is positive in cases of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and, thus, is positive in AIHA but negative in PNH. We report a case of a man presenting with a haemolytic anaemia who was found to have concomitant evidence of AIHA and PNH. The case highlights the importance of carrying out a comprehensive haemolysis work-up in patients who present with haemolytic anaemia.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow in which lymphoid precursors undergoes a sequence of somatic mutations leading to excessive proliferation and replaces the normal hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. CNS involvement with lymphoblast is associated with a very poor prognosis and reduced overall survival. CNS may be involved at diagnosis or relapse. In this study we used conventional biochemical and cytological analysis of CSF along with Flow cytometry to detect lymphoblast in CSF. Methods: This is an observational study conducted in department of haematology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from July 2017 to December 2017. Purposive sampling was done. After taking informed written consent properly CSF was taken from lumber puncture for cytology, biochemistry and for flow cytometry. After proper data collection sample was analyse using SPSS 20 for Windows 7 program version. Results: Total 50 patients of ALL were included in this study. Flow cytometry (FCM) of CSF fluid showed 10 patients (20%) have CNS involvement. Median age CNS disease vs without CNS disease were 29 vs 21 years (p>0.05). Among the 50 participants 30 were male and 20 were female. Among the 10 patients with CNS diseases 6 were male and 4 were female. 46 cases were newly diagnosed ALL (92%). Among new cases 6 (13%) had CNS involvement. Among 4 relapsed cases 100% had CNS involvement (p0.05). Among patients who had CNS involvement 50% had T cell involvement and another 50 had B cell involvement. The most common translocation was t(12;21) found in 24 (48%) patients. t(9:22) was present in 9 (18%) cases (5 with CNS involvement and 4 without CNS involvement). Conclusion: Although acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is a common malignancy of childhood, but it can also affect adults. This study revealed that median age of the ALL in our country is second decade with slight male preponderance. About one fifth of the patients had CNS involvement with equal sharing of B and T cell origin.

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to prepare the cotton fibers and cellulose powder by a layer of nano-crystalline-titanium dioxide (TiO2) using the sol-gel sono-synthesis method to clean the wastewater containing reactive dye. Moreover, TiO2 nano-materials are remarkable due to their photoactive properties and valuable applications in wastewater treatment. Design/methodology/approach In this research, TiO2 was synthesized and deposited effectively on cotton fibers and cellulose powder using ultrasound-assisted coating. Further, tetra butyl titanate was used as a precursor to the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. Reactive dye (red 195) was used in this study. X-ray Diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to prove the aptitude for the formation of crystal TiO2 on the cotton fibers and cellulose powder along with TiO2 nanoparticles as well as to analyze the chemical structure. Decoloration of the wastewater was investigated through ultraviolet (UV-Visible) light at 30 min. Findings The experimental results revealed that the decolorization was completed at 2.0 min with the cellulose nano TiO2 treatment whereas cotton nano TiO2 treated solution contained reactive dyestuffs even after the treatment of 2 min. This was the fastest method up to now than all reported methods for sustainable decolorization of wastewater by absorption. Furthermore, this study explored that the cellulose TiO2 nano-composite was more effective than the cotton TiO2 nano-composite of decoloration wastewater for the eco-friendly remedy. Research limitations/implications Cotton fibers and cellulose powder with nano-TiO2, and only reactive dye (red 195) were tested. Practical implications With reactive dye-containing wastewater, it seems to be easier to get rid of the dye than to retain it, especially from dyeing of yarn, fabric, apparel, and as well as other sectors where dyestuffs are used. Social implications This research would help to reduce pollution in the environment as well as save energy and cost. Originality/value Decoloration of wastewater treatment is an essential new track with nano-crystalline TiO2 to fast and efficient cleaning of reactive dyes containing wastewater used as a raw material.

Garments washing is a significant part of garments industry and it’s mainly applied on denim garments. It is provided with a lucrative and classy outlook by chemical or wet washing process and mechanical or dry washing process. The most widely used dry washing process for garments are scraping, sparing, whickering, damage, rubbing to develop a new look and effect. This paper deals with three types of washing (Enzyme, Acid, Bleach) effects on denim fabric .Typical industrial washing procedures and techniques were followed and then physic-mechanical properties were analyzed under standard condition .This study will give an indication of the effect of different washing method by changing physical and chemical properties also imparting desired effect on garments. 1. Introduction Washing is a technology which is used to modify the appearance, size outlook, comfort ability and fashion of the garments. To execute the buyer requirement washing is important process of garments product. The wet washing process of garment to create better look by normal wash or rinse wash, pigment wash, caustic wash, silicon wash, Enzyme wash, acid and bleach wash. They all are aimed at new possible effects of fabric appearance. Enzymes are important in regulating the chemical reactions that occur within all living organisms. Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not be able to take place at a perceptible rate. Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is a chemical compound that prevents static cling and confers many other desirable properties to laundry that has been machine-washed. This paper investigates the impact of enzymes; acid and bleach wash on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim fabric. 2. Literature review 2.1 Enzymes washing Enzymes are protein produced by living organisms. It is very popular washing method. After the stone wash, to reduce the adverse effect enzyme wash is done. Enzyme hydrolysis the cellulose, during the wash it attacks the projecting fiber and hydrolyzed them for making fabric smooth. 2.2 Acid wash Pumice stones are first pre-soaked in a solution of a strong oxidizing agent or potassium permanganate and are then applied to the garments by means of dry tumbling. This results in a localized washing effect with clear blue. This technique is also termed ‘acid washing’ or ice washing. 2.3 Bleach wash Bleach wash or light stone wash refers to light blue shade of denim. It means lightening the color of the indigo dyed garments and apparels are normally dyed with direct or reactive dye. It is also a separate process, which can be applied instead of stone washing or together of stone washing. To avoid yellowing problems this process must be followed by the neutralizing the garments. This bleaching is usually carried out by strong oxidizing agent in industry most widely used chemicals are sodium hypo-chlorite, calcium hypo-chlorite and hydrogen per oxide. 3. Materials and Methods 3.1 Materials Denim Fabric (50x50)cm. Chemicals Enzymes, Acid, Bleach, Sodium meta-bi-sulphate, Softener and Anti-back–stanning. Washing Machine AZIZ Metal Engineering Works Ltd, M/C capacity-60 kg, Max speed-50 k.m, temp 1000C, Heating source- Steam. 3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Enzyme Wash At first denim sample is taken to the washing machine. Here material and liquor ratio is 1:5. Approximately 550mL amylase powder enzymes (RUCOLASE ZSS), 100mL Anti-back staining is used. This process carried out for 15 minutes at a temperature of 400C. Then rinse the samples for 2 minutes. Finally hydro extract dryer is used to dry the fabric samples. 3.2.2 Bleach Wash At first denim fabrics samples are taken to the washing machine. Here material and liquor ratio is 1:5. Approximately bleach 450mL, Sodium Meta bisulphate 200mL for 4 minutes at the temp 500C. Finally hydro extract dryer is used to dry the fabric samples. 3.2.3 Acid Wash At first denim fabrics samples are taken to the washing machine. Here material and liquor ratio is 1:5. Approximately Potassium permanganate 500mL, Phosphoric acid 150mL is used during the process. Then 100mL anti back staining and Sodium meta bisulphate 200mL used to neutral Potassium permanganate. This process carried out for 10 minutes at a temperature of 600C. Finally hydro extract dryer is used to dry the fabric samples. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Effects of Fabric Weight after Washing on Denim fabric Fig. 4.1: Process vs Weight Here horizontal axis denote the weight of the fabrics & vertical axis denote the washing process of denim fabrics. We got 130 gm weight for normal wash. After reducing the weight we got the lowest weight for bleach wash which was 116 gm. The less reduce of weight for enzyme wash & the weight was 123 gm. So enzyme wash is more suitable in denim washing. Determination of Fabric Weight We cut three pieces of the fabric with the GSM cutter (gram per square inch) and Weight the fabric with the electric balance. Then multiplied by 100 and took the average results. 4.2 Determination of picks per Inch (PPI) PPI of the fabric is calculated by counting the number of the yarn (Picks) contents in 1 inch of the fabric. For this the fabric is marked by 1 inch in rectangular area. Then the yarn is open out and count the number picks contains in 1 inch. Effects on PPI after Washing of Different Denim Garments Fig. 4.2: Number of Yarn(Picks) vs Process Curve Here vertical axis denote the PPI of the fabrics & horizontal axis denote the washing process of denim fabrics. We got 56 PPI for normal wash. After washing we got the lowest PPI for bleach wash which was 58. The less reduce of PPI for enzyme wash & the PPI was 60. So enzyme wash is more suitable in denim washing. 4.3 Determination of Ends per Inch (EPI) EPI of the fabric is calculated by counting the number of the yarn (Ends) contents in 1 inch of the fabric. For this the fabric is marked by 1 inch in rectangular area. Then the yarn is open out and count the number Ends contains in 1 inch. Effects on EPI after Washing of Different Denim Garments Fig. 4.3: Number of Yarn (Ends) vs Process Curve Here vertical axis denote the EPI of the fabrics & horizontal axis denote the washing process of denim fabrics. We got 80 EPI for normal wash. After washing we got the lowest EPI for Enzyme wash which was 100. The less reduce of EPI for Bleach wash & the EPI was 104. So enzyme wash is more suitable in denim washing. 4.4 Determination of Shrinkage According to ASTM D 2259 shrinkage of these sample garments were tested. At first we Cut 3 specimens, each 50 × 50 cm2. We marked the fabric 35 cm × 35 cm, inside 50 cm × 50 cm are of fabric. Then the fabric samples are boiled for 10 - 15 minutes with distilled water. Boiling tumble dryer is used to dry that fabric. Finally, length and width of the fabric sample is measured .Shrinkage% = (before wash – after wash)/before wash Effects of Shrinkages after Washing on Denim fabric in lengthwise Fig. 4.4: Shrinkage Percentage (lengthwise) Effect after and before Wash Here vertical axis denote the shrinkage % of the fabrics & horizontal axis denote the washing process of denim fabrics. We got -2% for normal wash. After washing we got the highest 4% shrinkage for Acid and Bleach wash. The less shrinkage % for enzyme wash & it was 2%. So enzyme wash is more suitable in denim washing. 4.5 Effects of Shrinkages after Washing on Denim fabric in widthwise Fig. 4.5: Shrinkage Percentage (widthwise) after and before Wash Here vertical axis denote the shrinkage % of the fabrics & horizontal axis denote the washing process of denim fabrics. We got -10% for normal wash. After washing we got the highest 18% shrinkage for Bleach wash. The less shrinkage % for Acid wash & it was 14%. So Acid wash is more suitable in denim washing. Overall Enzyme Wash Is More Suitable In Denim Washing Then Other Washing. 4.6 Determination of Rub Property 1) Dry rubbing test A test sample is clamped to the instrument base and a square of standard crocking cloth is fixed to a 16 mm diameter, acrylic rubbing finger. The finger rests on the sample with a pressure of 900 grams force and traverses a straight path approximately 100 mm long with each stroke of the arm. After testing textile materials, the crocking cloth is removed and compared against the AATCC Gray Scale for Staining or Chromatic Transference Scale. Based on this comparison, we assign a grade to the color change or amount of color transfer. 2) Wet rubbing test Repeat the procedure from dry rubbing test on another sample with the white cotton test cloth wetted it in distilled water. Ensure that the rubbing test cloth will be wetted with water to 100% take up. Compare the contrast between the untreated and treated white rubbing cloth with the staining. Grey scale rates from 1-5 and changing in the tested specimen with changing grey scale. This visual assessment is done in a color matching cabinet under standard lighting D-65. Table 1: Effects on Rub Property after Washing on Denim fabric Washing process Dry Wet Before wash 1/3 1 Enzyme wash 3/4 2/3 Bleach wash 3/4 2/3 Acid wash 3/4 2 Finally, we investigated that, ENZYME WASHING is more suitable then Acid and Bleach wash. 5. Conclusion The scope of garments washing like dry and wet process is very broad in textile industry. Under this investigation it is clear that after washing garments gathered some properties like appearance, softness, comfort because unwashed garments are hard and stiff. Now a day every garments industry tries there level best to create a quality full product but that company will survive who can produce best product at a competitive price. To achieve the more researches and developments on garments washing are mandatory. I hope this article will help to do more researches to develop multi qualitative products.

This paper first briefly introduces the application of computer simulation technology for fabrics and the improvement of loop jacquard warp knitted fabric, then elaborates the importance of the studies, introduces the associated research and improvement popularity at domestic and overseas and eventually lists the studies targets and contents of the challenge inside the light of the actual situation of the research. In recent years, with the continuous development and development of computer application technology, computer powerful mathematical calculation and snap shots processing capability has been extensively utilized in industry. The earliest software of CAD technology in foreign nations commenced in 1960s. At that point, IBM Corporation of America first advanced an automated system of weaving system which can update manual design. It can be said that the application of computer simulation technology for fabrics cannot simplest improve the characteristic integration and perfection of cylinder fabric CAD system, however also have a very essential sensible significance within the process of fabric manufacturing. The research goal of this paper is to analyze the technological shape of loop jacquard warp knitted fabrics thoroughly and meticulously, to gain a complete hold close of the advent and fashion of such fabric, to examine the associated simulation mathematical version of this form of fabric, establish the computer simulation mathematical model of loop jacquard warp knitted fabrics mixed with its own relevant influencing factors and to make the corresponding smooth. 2. Structure Analysis of Jacquard Loop-forming jacquard warp knitted fabric have extraordinary patterns that are especially due to the rich adjustments within the structure of jacquard fabric. The transverse displacement of the lower back of the needle varies in importance by means of the usage of the jacquard guide needle to perform the deviation motion of the jacquard guide needle in step with the pattern requirement even as making the primary organizational movement. The transverse displacement of the jacquard guide needle can be expressed by the following formula: U-jacquard yarn guide needle transverse displacement = U-jacquard yarn guide needle basic transverse displacement + U-jacquard yarn guide needle offset Among them, the fundamental transverse displacement of jacquard guide needle could be decided by way of the jacquard needle choice technology. The jacquard guide needle will produce a needle offset. The principle of basic jacquard is shown in fig 1. Figure 1. Principle of basic jacquard 2.1. Three-Needle Technique According to the design requirements, the basic cushion yarn with three needles technology can also choose the 0-1/2-1// form of the open 1X1 warp flat weave. From figure 2, it can be seen that the jacquard pattern effect formed by three-needle technique is more comprehensive. (1) (2) (3) Figure 2. Motion chart of three-needle technology cushion yarn 2.2. Stitch through Flat Ground (1) GB2/ 1-2/1-0// Full threaded (2) GB2/ 1-2/1-0// Full threaded, GB3/ 1-0/1-2/1-2/1-0// full threaded GB2 GB2 GB3 GB2 GB3 (1) (2) (3) Figure 3. Plane stitch This sort of structure for fabric substrates can be used as co-directional or opposite cushioning yarns for the next two bars. As shown in fig (3). 2.3. Satin Weave The elastic jacquard is used to make a needle lining of 1-1/0-0//, the fabric will produce elasticity in the longitudinal direction, as shown in fig 4. GB2 GB3 GB2 GB3 GB4 Figure 4. Plane stitch 2.4. Mathematical Description of Transforming δ_____ Volume weight of yarn (g/cm3); h _____ twist distance (mm); Nt _____ yarn count; β _____ twist angle; d _____ Yarn diameter (mm); A _____ The rotation angle of the block model; Ttex _____ twist of yarn (twist /1cm); X _____ length of block model; Y _____ The width of the block model. Here, d = 0.03667 (1) Tgβ = Ttex /892 (2) h = 100/Ttex (3) a = 90-β (4) X = d/sin β (5) Y = h (6) a = 90−tg-1 (Ttex/892 ) X=0• 03667 / sin (tg-1 (Ttex/892 )); Y=100/Ttex 3. Yarn Simulation Model Style The main factors affecting the computer simulation of yarn appearance are concentrated on the front, namely, yarn roving, yarn color, yarn twist, yarn strength, raw fabric, yarn hairiness etc. Yarn color varies greatly due to yarn twist, strand number, fiber thickness and other external factors such as tension, light and so on. Fig (5) is a scanning image of a yarn pattern. Figure 5. Yarn Pattern Scanning Chart 3.1. Weft-Inserting Warp-Knitted Loop Model The warp knitted yarn is completely bendable, but the weft insertion yarn is not smooth to bend due to its excessive stiffness. When warp putting and braiding are used as back side weaves, weft insertion yarns are held together with them as shown in fig (6) respectively. Figure 6. Weft-inserting warp-knitted loop model 3.2. Main Interface Table of Design of System Table 1. Sub-menu Commands, Shortcuts and Function Descriptions of the File menu Menu Command Hot key Function description New Ctrl+N Create a new Jacquard pattern file Turn on Ctrl+O Open an existing Jacquard pattern file Save Ctrl+ S Save the current Jacquard pattern file Save as Ctrl+A Save the current Jacquard pattern file with a new file name Recent file Ctrl+L Open current pattern file Drop out Ctrl+X Exit fabric pattern simulation system 3.3. Geometric Model of Weft-Inserting Loop Structure Here's Pl, P2,.... P4 is an important parameter point on the loop, which is likewise represented through'. X' and Y'. The relationship among the range of parameters inside the loop model at the left stop of weft insertion is as follows: Pl.x=(k+l/6)(blc, Pl y)= (j-1/3) P2.x=(k+l/3)(blc, P2 y)=(j-1/5) P3.x=(k+l/3)(blc, P3y)=(j+l/5) P4.x=k+l/6*blc,Pl.y=j+l/3 Among them, the actual size ratio BLC = WPC/ computer, J and K are the values of cutting-edge horizontal and vertical respectively and point P5 and P4 coincide. We assemble the geometric version of weft-inserting loop structure as shown in Fig 7. Figure 7. Geometric model of weft-inserting loop 4. System Software Interface Example & Design Making According to the design of the machine within the previous sections and the adoption of HZCAD and VC++ programming technology, we have advanced the simulation device JDS1.0 for loop jacquard warp knitted fabrics. Open the “HZCAD” software, there are command execution buttons at the person login window, one is the "Log on System" button and the other is the "User Registration" button. Figure 8. Open and set up the pattern After a success login, Open and save the image in pat format will input the main interface of the design, as shown in Fig 8. Here, users can create, read, edit, save and set windows with associated parameters for fabric simulation. 4.1. Pattern Drawing This is the final pattern design (fig.9) window specifically introduces and explains the relevant data of the CAD software device. The calling of this interface may be realized with the aid of the "About" drop-down sub-menu command within the "Help" menu. When there can be no ready-made pattern handy for fabric simulation, users also can use the brand new function of the system to call out the window interface of the new pattern parameter. Figure 9. Final design 4.2. System Fabric Simulation Effect Example Figure 10. Simulation effect 4.3. Main Process Parameters Organization: GB2: 2-3/2-1/1-0/1-2//, Needle selection technique: Closed three-needle pattern cycle: 2*1, Yarn colour: JB1 (red), GB2 (gray white), Yarn tension rating: 4, 4, Background colour: black. 5. Conclusions Fabric simulation technology research is a subject involving many aspects of knowledge and technology research and application. On the one hand, it needs to jacquard theoretical knowledge with practice. On the other hand; it also needs to screen and apply various technologies, which belongs to a deeper research topic. Finally the corresponding simulation system is developed by using the computer programming language VC++ 6.0 and HZCAD the computer simulation of this kind of fabric is realized and some simulation results are obtained. This research provide some ideas for the computer simulation of other types of jacquard warp knitted fabrics; even ordinary high-speed warp knitted fabrics, and provide some reference value for the follow-up development and improvement of the CAD system of this kind of fabrics. It is hoped that the successors can further study the subject and improve the simulation algorithm, especially to optimize the yarn simulation model for warp knitted fabrics, and further consider the influence of the deformation of the loop structure in the fabrics, so as to develop the simulation algorithm. The simulation system of loop-shaped jacquard warp knitted fabrics has realistic simulation effect. Acknowledgements This research was successfully completed under the encouragement and careful guidance of Professor Dr. Zhongmin Deng. The instructor's profound knowledge, conscientious academic attitude, realistic research style, and self-denying work spirit have made me deeply moved and unforgettable, and set an example for me to learn. During the study, whether it was in study or in life, the tutor gave me great help and selfless care. I got the training, improved my professional level of warp knitting and computer programming skills and laid the research for my later research., {"references":["Han Ling, Duan Yafeng, Textile CAD/CAM Status Analysis, Hebei Textile, 2002, (2): 11.","Atanasova R. and Petrov Kh., Comparative analysis of some CAD/CAM systems for the design of garments (Bulgarian), Tekstil I Obleklo 2002, 2002, (9): 49 (53).","Ren Ying, Zhang Ruiyun, Development and Trend of Textile CAD at Home and Abroad, Journal of Textile Science, 1999, 20 (6): 382 (385)."]}