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Earlier, an approximation technique was presented for solving strong nonlinear oscillator equations. Due to arising algebraic complexities, the method fails to determine suitable solutions of some nonlinear oscillators such as quadratic oscillators, the cubical Duffing oscillator of softening springs, and pendulum equations. Then, rearranging an algebraic equation related to amplitude and frequency, the method covers the noted problems. In this article, the latter technique is applied to handling anti-symmetric constant force oscillators and anti-symmetric quadratic nonlinear oscillators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses were identified in 1996 in a goose from Guangdong, China, and the evolution of the hemagglutinins (HAs) of these A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage viruses [...]

Recently, an approximation technique was presented for solving strong nonlinear oscillators modeled by second-order differential equations. Due to the arising of an algebraic complicity, the method fails to determine suitable solution of some important nonlinear problems such as quadratic oscillator, cubical Duffing oscillator of softening springs, and pendulum equation. However, suitable solutions of these oscillators are found by rearranging only an algebraic equation related to amplitude and frequency. The determination of solutions is simpler than the original version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foamy viruses are complex retroviruses that have been shown to be transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans. In Bangladesh, infection with simian foamy virus (SFV) is ubiquitous among rhesus macaques, which come into contact with humans in diverse locations and contexts throughout the country. We analyzed microsatellite DNA from 126 macaques at six sites in Bangladesh in order to characterize geographic patterns of macaque population structure. We also included in this study 38 macaques owned by nomadic people who train them to perform for audiences. PCR was used to analyze a portion of the proviral gag gene from all SFV-positive macaques, and multiple clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer long-term patterns of viral transmission. Analyses of SFV gag gene sequences indicated that macaque populations from different areas harbor genetically distinct strains of SFV, suggesting that geographic features such as forest cover play a role in determining the dispersal of macaques and SFV. We also found evidence suggesting that humans traveling the region with performing macaques likely play a role in the translocation of macaques and SFV. Our studies found that individual animals can harbor more than one strain of SFV and that presence of more than one SFV strain is more common among older animals. Some macaques are infected with SFV that appears to be recombinant. These findings paint a more detailed picture of how geographic and sociocultural factors influence the spectrum of simian-borne retroviruses.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype remain a serious concern for poultry and human health. The Gs/GD lineage of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses continues to circulate and [...]

Drought is one of the critical conditions for the growth and productivity of many crops including mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Screening of genotypes for variations is one of the suitable strategies for evaluating crop adaptability and global food security. In this context, the study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of four drought tolerant (BARI Mung-8, BMX-08010-2, BMX-010015, BMX-08009-7), and four drought sensitive (BARI Mung-1, BARI Mung-3, BU Mung-4, BMX-05001) mung bean genotypes under wellwatered (WW) and water deficit (WD) conditions. The WW treatment maintained sufficient soil moisture (22% ± 0.5%, i.e., 30% deficit of available water) by regularly supplying water. Whereas, the WD treatment was maintained throughout the growing period, and water was applied when the wilting symptom appeared. The drought tolerant (DT) genotypes BARI Mung-8, BMX-08010-2, BMX-010015, BMX-08009-7 showed a high level of proline accumulation (2.52-5.99 mg g-1 FW), photosynthetic pigment (total chlorophyll 2.96-3.27 mg g-1 FW at flowering stage, and 1.62-2.38 mg g-1 FW at pod developing stage), plant water relation attributes including relative water content (RWC) (82%-84%), water retention capacity (WRC) (12-14) as well as lower water saturation deficit (WSD) (19%-23%), and water uptake capacity (WUC) (2.58-2.89) under WD condition, which provided consequently higher relative seed yield. These indicate that the tolerant genotypes gained better physio-biochemical attributes and adaptability in response to drought conditions. Furthermore, the genotype BMX-08010-2 showed superiority in terms of those physio-biochemical traits, susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI) to other genotypes. Based on the physiological and biochemical responses, the BMX-08010-2 was found to be a suitable genotype for sustaining yield under drought stress, and subsequently, it could be recommended for crop improvement through hybridization programs. In addition, the identified traits can be used as markers to identify tolerant genotypes for drought-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially infecting poultry, avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses have been sporadically identified in pigs and humans, which suggests that some of these viruses have adapted to bind mammalian host receptors or [...]

Various order of implicit method has been formulated for solving initial value problems having an initial singular point. The method provides better result than those obtained by used implicit formulae developed based on Euler and Runge-Kutta methods. Romberg scheme has been used for obtaining more accurate result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in Bangladesh. A unique feature of wheat in Bangladesh is 100% adoption of modern varieties. The present paper provides an account of the growth performance of wheat in Bangladesh over the past four decades. The paper then examines the productivity performance of the wheat producers as well as its determinants at the farm-level using a survey data of 293 households collected from three wheat growing regions in 2004. Results reveal that the area under wheat increased six folds from only 132,000 ha in 1971 to 832,000 ha in 2000 but then declined sharply to 479,050 ha in 2006. Consequently, total production and yield grew at an annual rate of 6.9% and 1.9%, respectively. The actual yield level increased from 0.9 t/ha to 1.5 t/ha over this 36 year period. Farm-level result reveals that the environmental production conditions within which the farmers operate significantly affect productivity as well as technical efficiency of wheat production, an issue commonly ignored in the existing literature. Wheat productivity is significantly lower in low lying areas and poor soils. Productivity is also significantly affected by a delay in sowing. Technical efficiency of wheat production in Bangladesh is estimated at 83%, implying that production can be increased by 20% [{(100-83)/83}*100] through reallocation of resources alone. Analysis of the determinants of technical efficiency reveals that a host of managerial and socio-economic factors significantly affect performance of wheat producers. Farmers' education, access to agricultural information, training and use of mechanical power significantly improves technical efficiency, whereas a delay in sowing and fertilization, and poor sourcing of seeds (i.e., from local market and/or neighbours) significantly reduces efficiency. Large farms are more efficient relative to small and medium sized farms. Geography does matter. Productivity of wheat is significantly lower in Jamalpur region. Policy implications include, soil fertility improvement through soil conservation and crop rotation, improvement in managerial practices through extension services and adoption of modern technologies, promotion of education and training targeted to farmers, strengthening the research-extension link, and development of new varieties that have higher yield potential and are also suitable for marginal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the morphological variation and habitat details of Cyrtodactylus ayeyarwadyensis in Bangladesh. It states that Cyrtodactylus was included on the checklists of Bangladesh herpetofauna by only one species, the Cyrtodactylus khasiensis. It relates that the meistic variation of Cyrtodactylus includes 9-13 in supralabials, 8-11 in infralabials, and 18-23 in longitudinal tubercle. It says that the variation in pattern and colouration of Cyrtodactylus includes 10-12 in light bands on complete original tails and 7-10 in the dark brown blotches. It also mentions that Cyrtodactylus was considered to be endemic to the southwestern Myanmar.