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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heritable myocardial disorder worldwide. Current pharmacological treatment options are limited. Mavacamten, a first-in-class cardiac myosin inhibitor, targets the main underlying pathology of HCM. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Mavacamten in patients with HCM. PRISMA flow chart was utilized using PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases for all up-to-date studies using pre-defined keywords. Pre-specified efficacy outcomes comprised several parameters, including an improvement in peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and ≥ 1 NYHA class, the need for septal reduction therapy (SRT), change from baseline in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), changes in biochemical markers and LVEF, along with peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient at rest and after Valsalva maneuver. Safety outcomes included morbidity and serious adverse events. This systematic review included five studies, four RCTs and one non-randomized control trial comprised a total of 524 (Mavacamten [273, 54.3%] vs placebo [230, 45.7%] adult (≥ 18 years) patients with a mean age of 56 years. The study. comprised patients with Caucasian and Chinese ethnicity and patients with obstructive (oHCM) and non-obstructive (nHCM) HCM. Most baseline characteristics were similar between the treatment and placebo groups. Mavacamten showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of the primary composite endpoint (RR = 1.92, 95% CI [1.28, 2.88]), ≥ 1 NYHA class improvement (RR = 2.10, 95% CI [1.66, 2.67]), a significant decrease in LVEF, peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient at rest and after Valsalva maneuver. Mavacamten also showed a significant reduction in SRT rates (RR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.21, 0.40], p < 0.00001), KCCQ clinical summary scores (MD = 8.08, 95% CI [4.80, 11.37], P < 0.00001) troponin levels and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels. However, there was no statistically significant difference between Mavacamten and placebo regarding the change from baseline peak oxygen consumption. Mavacamten use resulted in a small increase in adverse events but no statistically significant increment in serious adverse events. Our study showed that Mavacamten is a safe and effective treatment option for Caucasian and Chinese patients with HCM on the short-term. Further research is needed to explore the long-term safety and efficacy of Mavacamten with HCM. In addition, adequately powered studies including patients with nHCM is needed to ascertain befits of Mavacamten in those patients., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a known complication following patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure. AI-enabled ECG (AI-ECG) acquired during normal sinus rhythm has been shown to identify individuals with AF by noting high-risk ECG features invisible to the human eye. We sought to characterize the value of AI-ECG in predicting AF development following PFO closure and investigate key clinical and procedural characteristics possibly associated with post-procedural AF., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent PFO closure at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2022. We recorded the probability (%) of AF using the Mayo Clinic AI-ECG dashboard from pre- and post-procedure ECGs. The cut-off point of ≥ 11 %, which was found to optimally balance sensitivity and specificity in the original derivation paper (the Youden index) was used to label an AI-ECG "positive" for AF. Pre-procedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and pre- and post-procedure transcranial doppler (TCD) data was also recorded., Results: Out of 93 patients, 49 (53 %) were male, mean age was 55 ± 15 years with mean post-procedure follow up of 29 ± 3 months. Indication for PFO closure in 69 (74 %) patients was for secondary prevention of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and/or stroke. Twenty patients (22 %) developed paroxysmal AF post-procedure, with the majority within the first month post-procedure (15 patients, 75 %). Patients who developed AF were not significantly more likely to have a positive post-procedure AI-ECG than those who did not develop AF (30 % AF vs 27 % no AF, p = 0.8).Based on the PFO-Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood (PASCAL) classification, patients who had PFO closure for secondary prevention of TIA and/or stroke in the "possible" group were significantly more likely to develop AF than patients in "probable" and "unlikely" groups (p = 0.034). AF-developing patients were more likely to have post-procedure implantable loop recorder (ILR) (55 % vs 9.6 %, p < 0.001), and longer duration of ILR monitoring (121 vs 92.5 weeks, p = 0.035). There were no significant differences in TCD and TEE characteristics, device type, or device size between those who developed AF vs those who did not., Conclusions: In this small, retrospective study, AI-ECG did not accurately distinguish patients who developed AF post-PFO closure from those who did not. Although AI-ECG has emerged as a valuable tool for risk prediction of AF, extrapolation of its performance to procedural settings such as PFO closure requires further investigation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of goitre among children aged 6-12 years at South Kordofan state., Design: This was a cross-sectional facility-based study., Setting: The study was conducted in twenty villages of South Kordofan state during a medical mission., Participants: All 575 school-age children (6-12 years) who attended the medical day were examined for clinical assessment of goitre., Results: The prevalence of goitre among children of South Kordofan was 42·8 % (grade 1: 15·7 %, grade 2: 27·1 %). Only 24·2 % of caregivers reported using iodised salt. Mothers working as farmers (OR: 3·209, CI 95 % 1·437, 7·167; P = 0·004) and children of Darforian tribes (OR: 21·799, CI 95 % 2·566, 185·226; P = 0·005) were found to be significantly associated with higher prevalence of goitre among children. This contrasts with children of African tribes, where they were found to have less goitre prevalence (OR: 0·432, CI 95 % 0·213, 0·875; P = 0·02). Iodised salt utilisation (OR = 0·523, CI 95 % 0·320, 0·854; P = 0·01) was found associated with a lower prevalence of goitre., Conclusion: Even though National Iodine Deficiency Disorders control programs were initiated in Sudan more than 25 years ago, the prevalence of goitre among children in South Kordofan state was alarming (42·8 %). Efforts to improve access to iodised salt, increase utilisation and raise awareness are urgently needed.

Background: With students becoming more involved in the internet and social networking sites, they become more prone to their consequences. This study focuses on measuring the social networking intensity and the fear of missing out among the medical students of University of Khartoum, then examining the association between them., Methods: Facility-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University between January and March 2021. A total of 333 students were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected from the participants using a structured self-administered questionnaire that involved the social networking intensity (SNI) scale and fear of missing out (FOMO) scale. The data was analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 26., Results: Moderate positive correlation between social networking intensity and fear of missing out was found (p-value < 0.01). Of the total participants; 51 participants (15.4%) experienced low SNI and low FOMO. Another 78 participants (23.6%) had moderate SNI and moderate FOMO and only 16 Participants (4.8%) showed high SNI and high FOMO. There were no significant differences in SNI or FOMO scores among the different socio-demographic variables, except for the SNI score which was positively correlated to the monthly income., Conclusion: An association between SNI and FOMO was found. SNI was not affected by socio-demographic factors except for the monthly income., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Burnout prevalence and its consequences on healthcare workers during the Omicron wave are not well investigated in Sudan. This study aims to assess the prevalence of burnout and its associated factors among doctors and nurses during the omicron wave in COVID-19 isolation centres in Khartoum, Sudan., Method: This cross-sectional survey study was conducted at multiple COVID-19 isolation centres in Khartoum state during the omicron wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 between 20th February 2022 and 10th April 2022. A total of 306 doctors and nurses filled out the questionnaire, with a response rate of 64.8℅. They were recruited from 5 isolation centers scattered in the three cities of Khartoum Metropolis. The level of burnout was assessed using an online semi-structured questionnaire based on the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for continuous variables and frequencies with percentages for categorical variables. The Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to identify variables associated with burnout. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with burnout, and the p-value of ≤ .05 is considered statistically significant., Results: The prevalence of burnout was 45.7%. Doctors were more likely to have burnout than nurses (OR: 2.01, CI 95% 1.24-3.27; p = 0.005). Also, married healthcare workers were more likely to suffer burnout than single healthcare workers (OR: 3.89, CI 95% 1.41-12.5; P = 0.013). The number of household members (p = 0.035) was associated with burnout among participants., Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of burnout among healthcare workers in Khartoum Isolation Centers, which is more apparent among doctors., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Alfadul et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Ward rounds are a cornerstone in the educational experience of junior doctors and an essential part of teaching patient care. Here, we aimed to assess the doctors' perception of ward rounds as an educational opportunity and to identify the obstacles faced in conducting a proper ward round in Sudanese hospitals., Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from the 15 th to the 30 th of January 2022 among house officers, medical officers, and registrars in about 50 teaching and referral hospitals in Sudan. House officers and medical officers were considered the learners, while specialist registrars were considered the teachers. Doctors' perceptions were assessed using an online questionnaire, with a 5-level Likert scale to answer questions., Results: A total of 2,011 doctors participated in this study (882 house officers, 697 medical officers, and 432 registrars). The participants were aged 26.9 ± 3.2 years, and females constituted about 60% of the sample. An average of 3.1 ± 6.8 ward rounds were conducted per week in our hospitals, with 11.1 ± 20.3 h spent on ward rounds per week. Most doctors agreed that ward rounds are suitable for teaching patient management (91.3%) and diagnostic investigations (89.1%). Almost all the doctors agreed that being interested in teaching (95.1%) and communicating appropriately with the patients (94.7%) make a good teacher in ward rounds. Furthermore, nearly all the doctors agreed that being interested in learning (94.3%) and communicating appropriately with the teacher (94.5%) make a good student on ward rounds. About 92.8% of the doctors stated that the quality of ward rounds could be improved. The most frequently reported obstacles faced during ward rounds were the noise (70%) and lack of privacy (77%) in the ward environment., Conclusion: Ward rounds have a special value in teaching patient diagnosis and management. Being interested in teaching/learning and having good communication skills were the two major criteria that make a good teacher/learner. Unfortunately, ward rounds are faced with obstacles related to the ward environment. It is mandatory to ensure the quality of both ward rounds' teaching and environment to optimize the educational value and subsequently improve patient care practice., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a major and preventable cause of cardiac morbidity in Sudan. It can be detected early with a handheld echocardiography (HHE) machine. Our study aimed to screen for RHD in rural South Kordofan and to investigate the ability of non-experts to obtain good quality HHE records., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in South Kordofan, Sudan. A team of non-experts was trained for two weeks on handheld echocardiographic screening for RHD using a simplified protocol. Cases were recorded and reviewed by a pediatric cardiologist. Demographic and clinical features of screened subjects were studied. Descriptive statistics were presented as "number (%)" or "mean ± SD". RHD frequency was expressed as cases per 1000, and the Chi-Square test/Fisher's Exact test was used to compare RHD findings between different groups., Results: A total of 467 subjects were screened. Echocardiographic quality was acceptable in 93% of recorded studies, hence 452 cases were included in the analysis. The disease frequency was found to be 50 per 1000. Out of 452 screened subjects (age 10-25 years), 23 were found to have RHD. The disease was mild in 70% and moderate or involving two valves in 30% of patients. Risk factors for the disease included the father's occupation and the village of residence., Conclusion: Shortly trained non-expert medicals can assist in RHD surveillance in remote areas using HHE for early detection and management. South Kordofan state is highly endemic to RHD and a control program needs to be implemented., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although the number of new HIV infections is declining in most regions of the world, the Middle East is one of the regions with a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, with Egypt having the fastest-growing epidemic, with a 76 percent increase in the number of cases. One of the major factors contributing to this trend is the general public's lack of knowledge about the disease. The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire-18 (HIV-KQ-18) is one of the most widely used instruments for assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge and has been translated into several languages. This study examined the validity of the Arabic version of the HIV-18-KQ as well as its adaptation among Arab undergraduates., Methods: The HIV-18-KQ was both forward and back-translated. The translation was reviewed by an expert committee of eight experts. The final version was created and distributed to undergraduates from five Arabic countries: Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, Jordan, and Algeria. The validity of the Arabic version of the HIV-18-KQ was evaluated using internal consistency and construct validity. Internal consistency was tested using the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR-20), and construct validity was evaluated using an exploratory factor analysis with a polychoric correlation matrix., Results: The majority of the translated items were easy to understand. The Arabic HIV-18-KQ was deemed culturally appropriate by the expert committee. This study included 1745 university students, including 956 (54.5%) males and 798 (45.5%) females, with 33.4% from Egypt. Based on the acceleration factor approach to interpreting the scree plot in the factor analysis, it was preferable to use only one factor, which is consistent with the original version of HIV-45-KQ. The KR-20 value was 0.73, indicating good internal reliability., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the Arabic version of the HIV-18-KQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing HIV-related knowledge in Arabic-speaking countries., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Terra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Monkeypox (MPX) has emerged as a threatening outbreak in recent months. The understanding of disease pathogenesis and its systemic involvement has evolved with time. Both the virus and its vaccine, like other members of the Orthopoxvirus family, were always expected to have neuropsychiatric consequences. Several neurological complications have been reported with MPX and its vaccines that include but not limited to headaches, myalgia, encephalitis, and coma. Psychiatric complications like anxiety and depression have also been reported; however, we lack evidence to present a direct causality. We conducted a literature review to compile recent evidence on neuropsychiatric manifestations and underline the importance of evolving aspects and complications of MPX. We advocate for better reporting of cases and adverse events, to enhance our understanding of the disease, aiding physicians to make more informed decisions, thus facilitating timely diagnosis and treatment., (© 2023 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Diabetes and hypertension stand as the major non-infectious diseases affecting 34.2 million and 1.28 billion people respectively. The literature on the impact of diabetes on hypertension and vice versa is evolving. The major objectives of this review were to compile the evolving literature establishing the role of hypertension in diabetic neuropathy, derive the exact mechanisms for its pathogenesis, and describe evidence-based precise individualized management of diabetic neuropathy in patients having diabetes complicated by hypertension. A systematic review was conducted by searching databases of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus covering the literature from inception to 2022. We included all observational and experimental studies, including both human and animal studies looking into the correlation between diabetic neuropathy and hypertension. Hypertension poses to be the leading modifiable risk factor for the development of diabetic neuropathy, especially distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, producing abnormal nerve conduction parameters and increased vibration perception threshold in patients with diabetes mellitus. Thus, we advocate that good glycemic control in patients with diabetes needs to be supported with strict blood pressure control for preventing and delaying the onset of diabetic neuropathy., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: There have been varying reports on the potential occurrence and severity of changes to menstruation including the median cycle length, days of bleeding, bleeding heaviness, and menstrual pain, following receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations. We aimed to assess potential postvaccination menstrual changes in women residing in the Middle East., Methods: We implemented a cross-sectional online survey-based study. Data about the participants' demographic characteristics, menstruation experience, and vaccination status were collected and analyzed among six Arab countries., Results: Among 4942 menstruating females included in this study, females who had received one or more doses of COVID-19 vaccination reported a higher frequency of back pain, nausea, tiredness, pelvic pain with periods, unprescribed analgesics use, and passage of loose stools. They also reported higher scores describing average and worst menstrual pain. Fully vaccinated females reported heavier flow and more days of bleeding., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that COVID-19 vaccine may have an effect on menstruation in terms of menstrual pain and bleeding heaviness. The evidence needs to be further investigated in longitudinal studies., (© 2022 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Novel corona virus disease 2019 is the major threat for human life nowadays worldwide. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding COVID-19 among patients with type 2 diabetes attending Abdullah Khalil diabetes center (Omdurman Teaching Hospital). A facility-based observational descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between January and February 2021, using non-probability quota sampling technique in Abdullah-Khalil diabetes center via the use of a structured close-ended interview questionnaire. It consisted of 19, 10, and 10 questions pertaining to knowledge, attitude and practices towards COVID-19 respectively. A total of 249 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. Of them, 132 (53.0%) were females and the majority (53.0%) aged between 41 and 60 years old. Concerning their education and marital status, 70 (28.1%) were primary school level and 208 (83.5%) were married. 89.6% of participants reported mass media as main source of information regarding COVID-19. Patients with type 2 diabetes attending Abdullah-Khalil diabetes center have good knowledge, positive attitude and good prevention practices towards COVID-19. Most respondents had good knowledge, positive attitude and good practices as 78.7%, 97.6%, and 69.9%, respectively. Educational level and source of information showed statistically significant association with the knowledge, attitude. However, the practice showed only statistical association with the mass media as a source of information (P = .006)., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Statistics helps medical students understand research. Without understanding statistics, students can't choose the proper analysis in their research. We aimed to assess the attitude toward statistics, usage of statical software and associated factors for using statistical analysis software in Sudan., Method: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed among undergraduate medical students across ten Sudanese universities. The study aimed to measure their attitude towards statistics using Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS-36) scale., Results: In total, 489 students were participated with a mean age of 21.94 ± 1.61 and a slight female preponderance (52%, n = 256). The overall attitude towards statistics was 4.64 ± 0.91. The mean attitude scores for the components of SATS-36 scale was higher for students who were using statistical analysis software demonstrating significant difference in affect (p = 0.002), cognitive competence (p = 0.002), value (p = 0.002), Interest (p = 0.004) and Effort (p = 0.029). Almost half of the students (47%) had attended a biostatistics workshop with only 26% of them reported using statistical analysis software. Of the latter group, 72% (n = 91) used SPSS while 50% (n = 64) used excel. Univariate logistic regression showed students who had previously used an statistical software were more likely to be studying in their sixth year compared with second year (OR: 12.652, CI 95% 4.803- 33.332; p < 0.001), older age (OR: 1.224, CI 95% 1.079- 1.388; p = 0.002), attended a course in research methodology (OR: 3.383, CI 95% 2.120- 5.398; p < 0.001) or biostatistics (OR: 1.886, CI 95% 1.252- 2.841; p = 0.002), initiated or participated in a research project (OR:4.349, CI 95% 2.839 - 6.661;p < 0.001) or published a paper (OR: 8.271, CI 95% 3.542 - 19.312; p < 0.001)., Conclusions: The study showed an average attitude towards statistics among medical students. Being at higher years, participating or publishing research and attending research workshop are associated with the usage of statistical software. Also, few students were using statistical software., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Antimicrobial stewardship programs are intended to improve patient outcomes, reduce side effects, bacterial resistance, and costs. Thus, it is important to assess their impact on an ongoing basis. We aimed to assess the impact of the antimicrobial stewardship program in two different hospitals which used different program approaches., Methodology: This is a retrospective observational study in two private hospitals [4088 patient records] in Amman- Jordan. Antibiotic susceptibility using antibiogram results, consumption of antibiotics using Defined Daily Dose, and the incidence of Multi-Drug Resistance were recorded using patients' records during 2018, 2019, and 2020., Results: Antimicrobial stewardship program outcomes varied between the two hospitals. Bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics were improved in both hospitals. Moreover, the defined daily dose in Hospital "A" showed no significant change in Fluoroquinolones, Carbapenems, and Piperacillin- Tazobactam, Cephalosporins, and Colistin, while a significant change was observed among Anti-MRSA antibiotics. Finally, the incidence of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase [ESBL] E. coli, ESBL Klebsiella, and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci [VRE] have decreased numerically over the study period, while Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] showed an increase in incidence during the second year of the study., Conclusion: The study emphasizes the positive impact of the AMS program throughout the three years of the study. Plus, the need to enhance the program through recruiting extra staff and applying extra regulations like implementing educational programs for the hospital staff, designing local guidelines for common ID diseases, and monitoring the program's outcomes which would eventually be more efficient, cost-effective, and safe., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Vaccine hesitancy is one of the major global health impedances. Due to the unprecedented developing rate, the COVID-19 vaccine engendered a high level of hesitancy worldwide. The aim of this study is to assess hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers in Sudan. An online-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Sudan between May and June 2021 using conventional sampling. An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to healthcare workers (HCW) through different social media platforms and 930 healthcare workers agreed to participate. Data were cleaned in excel sheet and then statistically analyzed using R software version 4.0.2. Of total participants, 67.3% of them were females. Over three-fifths of the study participants agreed that COVID-19 vaccine is important and should be mandatory. A total of 570 (61.3%) agreed that COVID-19 vaccines are safe, whilst 584 (62.8%) had concerns regarding side effects of the vaccine and 533 (57.3%) believe insufficient trials were conducted. A total of 375 (40.3%) accept vaccination absolutely, while 292 (31.4%) accept with some hesitation and only 48 (5.2%) refuse absolutely. Insufficient information about side effects (42.6%) and the vaccine (39.9%) were the most common concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Majority of Sudanese healthcare workers believed that COVID-19 vaccination should be mandatory. A high reliance on social media was observed among healthcare workers in Sudan for information on the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Mycetoma is a unique neglected tropical disease which is found endemic in areas known as the "mycetoma belt". Head and neck mycetoma is a rarity and it has many devastating impacts on patients and communities. In this study, we assessed clinical findings, investigations, and predictors for recurrence of head and neck mycetoma in Sudan., Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted at Mycetoma Research Center in Khartoum between January 1999 and December 2020 for all patients with head and neck mycetoma. Data were analyzed using R software version 4.0.2., Results: We included 107 patients with head and neck mycetoma. 65.4% were young adult males from mycetoma endemic areas in Sudan, and most of them were students (33.6%). Most of patients (64.4%) had actinomycetoma. Before presenting with head and neck mycetoma, majority (75.7%) had a long duration with mycetoma, and 30.8% had a history of trauma. The commonest invaded site was the parietal region (30.8%). The lesion started gradually in most of the patients (96.3%). 53.3% of the patients had large size lesions with no sweating, regional lymph nodes involvement, or distal vein involvement. CT scan was the most accurate diagnostic tool while 8.4% of patients were diagnosed by clinical examinations only. Laboratory investigations confirmed that 24/45 (44.4%) of actinomycetoma was caused by Streptomyces somaliensis while 13/28 (46.4%) of eumycetoma was caused by Madurella mycetomatis. All patients with recurrence of head and neck mycetoma underwent surgical excision of the lesion (n = 41/41 {100%}, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: In head and neck mycetoma, the most common type was actinomycetes in Sudan. Majority had a long course of mycetoma and the commonest causative organism was Streptomyces somaliensis. The treatment outcome was poor and characterized by a low cure rate., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Femoral nerve block is a widely accepted nerve block method with evident reduction in consumption of opioid painkiller and minimization of the duration of hospital stay but may cause weakness of quadriceps muscle strength. Adductor canal block is another nerve block technique that attracts the attention of scientific community nowadays because of its possible superiority over Femoral nerve block regarding mobility and muscle strength., Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of 33 studies, aiming to compare femoral nerve block with adductor canal block following total knee arthroplasty regarding pain control and mobilization., Results: Adductor canal block showed better preservation of quadriceps muscle strength (MD = 0.28, 95% CI [0.11, 0.46], P = .002), and better mobilization up to 2 days postoperatively. However, no significant difference was found between the 2 interventions regarding pain control (MD = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.17], P = .33) or opioid consumption (SMD = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.22], P = .28) up to 2 days postoperatively. The better mobilization results of adductor canal block did not translate into a significant difference in the risk of falls or patients' satisfaction; however, adductor canal block patients had less mean length of hospital stay than the patients with femoral nerve block., Conclusion: Both femoral nerve block and adductor canal block provide similar results regarding pain control and opioid consumption, however adductor canal block provides better preservation of quadriceps strength and mobilization, giving it more advantage over femoral nerve block., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Recent evidence suggests that vaccination against influenza may reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This study looked at the link between influenza vaccination and the severity of COVID-19 infection. We searched five databases until August 2021. We included studies that reported the relationship between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes. We pooled the data as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the data pooled using fixed and random effects models according to the heterogeneity of results. Sixteen observational studies with 191,496 COVID-19 patients were included. In terms of mechanical ventilation, our analysis showed a significant favor for the influenza vaccinated group over the non-vaccinated group (RR = 0.72, 95% CI [0.54, 0.96], P = 0.03). However, the analysis indicated no statistically significant differences between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups in the term of mortality rate (RR = 1.20, 95% CI [0.71, 2.04], P = 0.50), hospital admissions (RR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.84, 1.29], P = 0.75), intensive care admissions (RR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.44, 1.62], P = 0.60). There were no significant differences between those who had received the influenza vaccine and those who had not in COVID-19 clinical outcomes, except for mechanical ventilation which showed a significantly lower risk in the influenza vaccinated group compared to the non-vaccinated one. However, future research is encouraged as our data have limitations, and the influenza vaccine is regularly updated. Also, this does not exclude the importance of the influenza vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Malaria and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) share several characteristics that could lead to cross-infection, particularly in malaria-endemic areas. Early COVID-19 symptoms might be misdiagnosed for malaria in clinical settings. Also, both diseases can cause fatal complications. So, laboratory testing for both diseases was recommended by the World Health Organization. To study the clinical characteristics and outcomes of Adult Sudanese patients with COVID-19 and malaria coinfection. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 in Wad Medani. Total coverage of all Sudanese patients above 18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of coinfection with COVID-19 and malaria was included, and data were collected using a data collection sheet. Data were analyzed using R software version 4.0.2. Data were described and presented as mean, standard deviation, and number (percentage). To find associated factors with in-hospital outcome, χ 2 test, fisher exact test, and independent t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used. In this study, 156 participants were diagnosed with COVID-19 and malaria coinfection. Most of them were between 60 and 70 years (30.8%), the majority were males (59%). Shortness of breath (76.3%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (35.3%) were the most common symptom and complications among coinfected patients, respectively. Ground glass opacity (n = 47/49, 95.9%) is the most common result for computed tomography scan. Atrial fibrillation was the most common abnormal electrocardiogram finding (n = 6/62, 9.7%). Overall mortality among all participants was (63/156, 40.4%). High mortality rate was found among the coinfected patients. More attention is needed towards fighting COVID-19 and malaria coinfection. There may be a link between malaria and COVID-19., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Usage of mosquito bed nets and the practice of other prevention methods are essential for the prevention of malaria in endemic areas. Proper community knowledge about malaria and prompt treatment-seeking behaviour for early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for eliminating the disease. This study aimed to assess the awareness, treatment-seeking behaviour, and prevention practices towards malaria in Abu Ushar, Gezira State, Sudan., Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2021, including 310 households in Abu Ushar, Aljazeera, Sudan. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with head of the household using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered and analysed using R software., Results: A total of 310 households were enrolled in this study. Sixty per cent had children under the age of 5 years. The majority of these households (94.8%) had a history of malaria in the past 12 months. Overall, awareness of malaria was good; 197 (63.5%) households had bed nets in their houses; 75.8% of total households identified fever with shivering as a symptom of malaria. Regarding treatment-seeking behaviour, 77.9% seek treatment from the nearby primary health centre, and 60% seek treatment within the first day. Only 45.3% stated that everyone in the household sleeps under bed nets., Conclusion: High awareness about malaria and preventive measures was found among participants in households. Most households had previous infections with malaria. Therefore, an interventional programme should be established in this area to reduce this high rate of malaria., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background and Aims: To assess the safety and efficacy of semaglutide compared with placebo and other anti-hyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes (T2DM)., Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A network meta-analysis was conducted to compare different doses, durations, and interventions in T2DM. We presented results as mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)., Results: Twenty-six included RCTs studied different doses of subcutaneous (SC) and oral semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, sitagliptin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin compared with placebo. Tirzepatide showed the highest efficacy, however, it was comparable to semaglutide. SC semaglutide 1 mg once-weekly showed higher reduction in HbA 1c (MD = -1.72, 95% CI [-2.32; -1.12]), and fasting blood glucose (MD = -1.93, 95% CI [-2.81; -1.04]) versus placebo at 30 weeks and other timepoints. Adverse events (ADs) were comparable to placebo with oral and SC semaglutide, oral sitagliptin, SC liraglutide, and oral empagliflozin at most timepoints. However, SC semaglutide 0.8 mg and tirzepatide 10 mg groups had the highest gastrointestinal adverse events., Conclusion: Tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide has a favourable efficacy in treating T2DM. The adverse events were comparable to placebo; however, gastrointestinal adverse events were highly recorded in tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide groups., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2022 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: In South Sudan, sleeping sickness is a frequent condition caused by human African trypanosomiasis. There are two stages that are well-known. When the CNS is affected, especially with Trypanosoma gambiense infection, the early hemolymphatic stage and the late encephalitic stage have been observed, including mental, motor, and sensory symptoms. In this case, second-stage African trypanosomiasis manifested itself in an atypical neurological manner., Case Presentation: A 16-year-old boy from South Sudan referred to Sudan National Centre for Neurological Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan suffering from non-convulsive status epilepticus, mental deterioration and behavioral changes for the last nine months. He was conscious but disorientated. Low hemoglobin concentration, elevated ESR, enlarged spleen and positive card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis was found in this patient. Electro-encephalogram (EEG) found an on-going generalized seizure activity. The patient showed improvement after management with carbamazepine and tonic., Conclusion: Our case highlights that late second stage African trypanosomiasis with neurological complications such as non-convulsive status epilepticus should be suspected in any patient who developed progressive cognitive decline and behavioral changes following long standing history of African Trypanosomiasis and routine Electro-encephalogram EEG is the best tool to diagnose non convulsive status epilepticus., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health in addition to the global economy are huge. Vaccination is a pivotal measure to decrease COVID-19 morbidity and mortality and to help bring the pandemic under control. Yet, success of the vaccination process depends on the population's willingness to be vaccinated which may be determined by their level of knowledge about and trust in currently available COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of Palestinians towards COVID-19 vaccines., Methods: A national cross-sectional study was distributed in different Palestinian regions to assess the knowledge and attitude of Palestinians toward COVID-19 vaccines using an online questionnaire, it included three sections; sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge assessment questions, and attitude assessment questions., Results: A total of 6226 participants completed the questionnaire; among them, 41.36% believed that vaccines are safe, 69.02% agreed that vaccines are vital to protect from COVID-19; in addition, 55.1% approve administering the vaccine once available, and 37.86% do not believe their benefits outweigh the risks. The Source of information for 22.07% of participants in social media, while 11.92% rely on health care providers. Participants' attitudes and knowledge were significantly affected by gender, governorate, age, education level, and marital status (P <0.001)., Conclusion: The findings suggest that there is good knowledge and attitude toward the vaccination process against COVID-19 in Palestine, although low acceptance was detected. Awareness campaigns are required to spread reliable knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents with motor and nonmotor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural instability, and cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Dance therapy or complex motor activity, besides pharmacological treatment, may have benefits in PD patients., Objective: To assess the effect of dance in patients with PD., Methods: We searched for clinical trials in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and Cochrane till April 2020 using relevant keywords. Data were extracted and pooled as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) by Review Manager 5.3., Results: Fourteen randomized controlled trials with 372 patients were included. Dance showed a significant improvement over the control group in term of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III) after three (MD = - 4.49, 95% CI [- 6.78, - 2.21], p = 0.00001), six, (MD = - 5.96, 95% CI [- 8.89, - 3.02], p < 0.0001), and 12 months (MD = - 14.58, 95% CI [- 24.76, - 4.4], p = 0.005), and Mini-BES test after 12 months. Compared to exercise, dance showed a significant improvement in Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Mini-BES test., Conclusion: In comparison to other types of exercise or no activity, dance improves the symptoms and outcomes in patients with PD, especially motor symptoms. Dance also has positive effects on balance, functional mobility, and cognition., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The involvement of the undergraduates in the research field requires a better view of their potential and the anticipated barriers facing them. This study aims to assess the undergraduates' knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers towards research in six Arab countries., Methods: A cross sectional study included medical students from six Arab countries, where a self-administered five-section questionnaire was used to assess the students' demographics, knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers. The questionnaire was distributed in the online educational platforms of the participating medical schools in the six included countries., Results: The total sample of recruited students was 2989, the majority of students (91.6%) showed poor level of knowledge regarding research. Generally high levels of positive attitudes towards research, research relevance and usefulness were found, with moderate levels of perception of research anxiety and difficulty. 33.7% (n = 1006) participated in an actual research project before with a mean of .5 publications per student. Cross-sectional studies were the most common type of studies conducted by students (38.6%), followed by case reports (23.9%). Lack of access to lab equipment for lab research (68.1%), the priority of education over research (66.8%), and lack of time because of educational tasks (66.1%) were generally the top perceived barriers towards research practice., Conclusion: In the current study, the participants showed a poor knowledge level with associated positive attitudes towards research. One third of the students participated in research projects that mostly were cross-sectional studies and case reports. Educational tasks and lack of support were the most prevalent barriers. The students' positive attitudes towards research need to be translated into better knowledge and appropriate practice, which can be done by development of better training systems and more structured mentoring., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Very little is known about the knowledge and attitude of students about epilepsy at Sudanese universities. Therefore, we aimed to assess knowledge and attitude of undergraduate medical students toward epilepsy., Methods: A 35-items standardized questionnaire was self-administered to 320 students between December 2020 and February 2021 with a recorded response rate of 61.8%. Google form was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using R software., Results: Overall, our findings showed a negative trend in the awareness and attitude towards epilepsy. While the majority of students (84.8%) had read or heard about epilepsy, only 43.9% of them had seen someone with epilepsy. Epilepsy was considered contagious and psychological by 1.7% and 56%, respectively. About 62.2% of students believed head / birth trauma is a cause of epilepsy. On the other hand, 15.7 % and 5.1 % of students thought evil eye and divine retribution are also causes of epilepsy, respectively. The latter beliefs were more uniform among participants from rural background (p < .05). Regarding attitude, 19.7% of students considered it inappropriate for a patient with epilepsy to have a child. This attitude correlates with the mother's education as the percentage was higher for students whose mothers had a lower education (pre-college education) (p < .05). The majority of students were aware that certain people with epilepsy need long-term drug treatment; this belief was more uniform among females than in males (p < .05). The vast majority of students (93.9%) thought that a child with epilepsy could succeed in a normal class. Compared to the corresponding group, this belief was found more common in students whose mothers had a higher education (university level and above) (p < .05)., Conclusion: This study concludes that Sudanese undergraduate students' understanding of epilepsy was minimal, necessitating a well-directed educational campaign to develop a well-informed and tolerant society., (© 2021 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Although clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are mainly pulmonary, some patients have other systemic manifestations. This study aimed to describe the clinical finding and outcomes in Sudanese patients diagnosed with COVID-19., Methods: This retrospective observational study is based on documented files that included patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in seven selected hospitals inside Khartoum. Clinical manifestations, complications and outcomes were extracted from patients' records using an extraction form designed for this study., Results: Data of 243 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed. The mean (SD) age in years was 55.8 (18.4). Out of 116 participants, 27 of them (23.3%) had severe disease, 15 (12.9%) were critically ill. 67.5% of patients were admitted to the hospital within 7 days from onset of symptoms; most of them were admitted to the wards (n = 140,72.5%). Fever (83.2%), cough (70.7%), and shortness of breath (69.2%) were the most commonly recorded clinical manifestations. Sepsis (9.8%) and acidosis (7.8%) were the most frequently reported complications. Death was the final outcome in 21.4% (56/243). Older age and presence of diabetes were found significantly associated with in-hospital death. The laboratory results showed high CRP in 85.6% (119/139), high ferritin in 88.9% (24/27), lactate dehydrogenase had a median of 409.0 (359-760), D-dimer had a median of 3.3 (1.2-16. 6), and 53/105 (50.5%) had low albumin., Conclusions: Fever was the most mentioned sign among the participants, followed by fatigue. Cough and shortness of breath were the most commonly recorded pulmonary symptoms manifested. Our study showed multiple variables were associated with in-hospital death. The mortality rate was high among severe and critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the use of the current best evidence for patient care. Medical students should critically appraise the research evidence to help them during their clinical practice in the future. We conducted this study to assess the skills, terms and attitude toward EBM., Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study for medical students from governmental universities. Students completed an online validated questionnaire consisting of several sections to assess skills, attitude and knowledge about terms related to EBM. We used a scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree) for the 11 questions assessing the attitude and a scale ranging from 1(Poor) to 5(advanced) for EBM skills., Results: A total of 761 medical students with a mean age of 21.97 ± 1.64 participated in the study. 327 (43 %) of them were males. The most commonly used search engines were Google 690 (91 %) and Wikipedia 465 (61 %). Medical books 719 (94 %) and lecture notes 353 (46 %) were the most common sources for health information. The majority of students rated their skills related to EBM as average and below average for all questions (overall = 2.18 ± 0.8). Students rated their skills as poor (31 %) in locating professional literature, as average (34 %) in searching online databases, poor (42 %) in critical appraisal of a scientific publication reporting findings from clinical research and poor (36 %) in Critical appraisal of available scientific literature. Regarding attitude, the overall mean score was 2.83 ± 0.76. There is no significant difference in attitude score between students with or without EBM training (P = 0.2). The terms with the highest understanding were case-control study (45 %) and case report (44 %) for study design. Median (44 %) and sample size (43 %) for statistics. Incidence (46 %) and prevalence (44 %) for epidemiology., Conclusions: Medical students have a knowledge gap in skills and terms related to EBM and an average attitude towards EBM. The majority of them were using a nonscientific search engine to obtain medical information. There is a need to educate students about the proper steps for getting the scientific literature and EBM skills., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 18% of reproductive-age females. The prevalence of obesity in PCOS patients reaches up to 80%, which is 2-fold higher than the general population., Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of 55 pharmacological interventions across 17 different outcomes in overweight/obese PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism manifestations for both short- and long-term follow-ups. A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials comparing any conventional pharmacological intervention as a monotherapy or a combination in overweight/obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism manifestations. Extracted data included three main parameters; I. Anthropometric parameters (BMI, Waist and Hip circumferences, and Waist/HIP ratio), II. Hormonal parameters (FSH, LH, FSG, SHBG, Estradiol, Total Testosterone, Free testosterone, DHEAS, Androstenedione), and III. Metabolic parameters (Total Cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, Triglycerides, Fasting glucose, Fasting glucose, HOMA-IR). Critical appraisal and risk of bias assessments were performed using the modified Jadad scale, and the overall quality of this network meta-analysis was evaluated according to the CINeMA framework. We performed both a pairwise meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis to evaluate the effect sizes with 95% CI, and we calculated the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) for each intervention., Results: Our final search on May 15th 2021 retrieved 23,305 unique citations from searching six electronic databases. Eventually, 101 RCTs of 108 reports with a total of 8,765 patients were included in our systematic review and multi-treatments meta-analysis. 55 different interventions were included: 22 monotherapies, and 33 combinations. The two-dimensional cluster ranking of the average SUCRA values for metabolic and hormonal parameters with significant estimates revealed flutamide (77.5%, 70%; respectively) as the highest and rosiglitazone (38.2%, 26.3%; respectively) as the lowest, in terms of the overall efficacy in reducing weight and hyperandrogenism. However, cyproterone-acetate+ethinylestradiol exhibited a higher ranking in improving hormonal parameters (71.1%), but even a lower-ranking regarding metabolic parameters (34.5%)., Conclusions and Relevance: Current evidence demonstrated the superiority of flutamide in improving both metabolic and hormonal parameters, and the higher efficacy of cyproterone-acetate+ethinylestradiol only in improving hormonal parameters. Nearly all interventions were comparable in female hormones, FGS, HDL, glucose, and insulin levels improvements., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are ambiguous burden of tremendous health, social and economic consequences. The current systematic review was conducted in order to determine awareness and knowledge of Africans toward sexually transmitted infections, not only concerning HIV/AIDS, but also other STIs such as gonorrhea, syphilis, HBV, HCV and HPV. A systematic review of literature was conducted, studies were retrieved and selected after fulfilling the inclusion criteria as well as passing the assessment procedure. Related data was extracted, quantitative analysis was conducted among participants who responded to questions related to HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV or STIs knowledge, sensitivity analysis as well as subgroup analysis were also conducted. Seventy four articles addressing knowledge among 35 African countries were included and 136 questions were analyzed and synthesized. The question "does using condom reduces HIV transmission?" was answered by 1,316,873 Africans in 35 countries, 66.8% [95% Cl; 62.6, 70.9] answered yes. While the question "is sexual contact a possible route of HBV transmission?" was answered by 7,490 participants in 5 countries; 42.5% [95% Cl; 20.4, 64.7] answered yes. The differences observed among populations are highlighting the possibility for improvement by directing light toward specific populations as well as addressing specific awareness knowledge to ensure that the general as well as the related specific preventive knowledge is improved., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.