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Coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia, reaching approximately 17,000 islands, will be directly affected by increasing sea levels, seawater intrusion, and salinization. This paper provides insight into salinity and its effect to plant, saline-tolerant animal feed crops' characteristics, adaptation mechanisms, and some proposed strategies to deal with salinity issues. This research was conducted through literature study and data were analyzed descriptively. Salinity affects the photosynthesis process, thereby decreasing the net Photosynthetic Rate (Pn), the stomatal aperture, Fv/Fm (efficient quantum), and quantum yield (light intensity/rate of photosynthesis). Salt-stressed plants can be seen from the severity by measuring the levels of Cl and Na in the roots, leaves, and chlorophyll. Plant tolerance to salinity is divided into two groups: glycophytes that are tolerant of low salt levels and halophytes that are tolerant of high salts. Salinity inhibits cell enlargement and division, increases plant mass, and increases protein and nucleic acid production. The plant adapts to saline stress, including osmotic adjustment, stress protein, free radical oxidative species (ROS) removal, ABA synthesis, and cross-adaptation. Increasing the productivity of animal feed in saline areas could be achieved in various ways by modifying water, land, chemical and biological properties, and farmer habits.

The objective of this research is to determine relationship between durian maturity of Sunan cultivar and its physical properties. Twelve mature Sunan durians of 100 ± 3 days after fullbloom and 12 immature durians of 70 ± 3 days after fullbloom were used to bedetermined their specific gravity and physical properties. Specific gravity was measured by water displacement and physical properties was visualy identified. After the measurement of specific gravity, all durians were opened (0 measure firmness and total soluble solid (TSS). Durians pulp firmness were measured using Rheometer CD-300 DX (kg unit) while total soluble solid of durians pulp using a digital refractometer Atago PR-201 (% brixs). The result indicated that Sunan durians with oval shape, weight 1,53 1-0,45 kg, diameter 16.0 1-3,0 cm, length 19,0 ±4,0 cm and can be cracked or opened. The specific gravity immature durian was 0,99 ±0,08 gicrn'' and mature durian was 0,89 0,024 g/cm3. The relationship between specific gravity versus firmness of durian pulp, and specific gravity versus total soluble solid are significant as indicated by R2 = 0,89 and R2 = 0,88 respectively. The firmness of immature durian pulp is bigger than 3 kg and the total soluble solid is less than JO % brit

Sago is a potential local crop for food diversification program. The research aims to 1) improve the nutrition of pearl sago product through canary addition 2) evaluate of chemical-physical and organoleptic quality of pearl sago 3) study the influence of packaging to the product during storage and 4) to predict the shelf life of pearl sago product. The research was done in two steps : I) product development through canary addition of 0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, 12 % and 15% to pearl sago. 2) packaging and storage the pearl sago using LDPE and PP/alufo/PP. The result shows that canary addition of 9 % and PP/alufo/PP packaging is the best treatment for pearl sago. The product has contents of moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate and energy of 5.83%, 5.53%, 6.72%, 0.81%, 81.14%, 407.17 Kal, respectively, with shelf life of 256 days.

The study was conducted to determine the ripeness of durian (durio zibhetinus) by spesific gravity. Total sample were 32 durians, consited of 16 unripe durians and 16 ripe durians. Durians was colected from Bogor. Spesific gravity of durians was measured by water displacement method and then the durians were opened to check the ripeness. Firmness and total soluble solid were determined to reveal the ripeness of flesh. The spesific gravity of ripe durian was (0.824 ± 0.03) g/cm3. The firmness of ripe durian was (5.99 ± 4.04) N and unripe one was (43.48 ± 5.39) N. The total soluble solid of ripe durian was (43.48 ± 5.39) % brix and unripe one was (6.91 ± 1.30) % brix. The relationship of spesific gravity (BJ) with the flesh of durian firmness and total soluble solid were fairly high with the correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.91 respectively.

The research was conducted to determine the maturity of durian through ultrasonic properties. For this purpose, a measurement system based on ultrasonic method was developed and controlled by a PC computer. An interface PC Lab Card was used to transfer the signal stored in the digital oscilloscope to the Personal computer. Twelve mature durians of (95 ± 3) days after fullbloom and 12 immature durians of (70 ± 3) days after fullbloom were used to determine the velocity and the attenuation. The result showed that attenuation and velocity wave of mature durians were 9.256 ± 1.077 dB/cm and 501.62 ± 44.28 m/sec, whereas the attenuation and velocity of immature ones were 6.279 ± 0.772 dB/cm and 422.36 ± 33.68 m/sec. The relationship between velocity wave of whole durians and, firmness, and velocity wave with total soluble solid were linear and significant (r2= 0.82 and r2= 0.73, respectively). Meanwhile the relationship between attenuation, and firmness, and attenuation with total soluble solid were exponential with correlation r2= 0.69 and r2= 0.67, respectively. The firmness and total soluble solid of durian flesh has strong correlation (r2= 0.92)

Besides more complexes, the agricultural product supply chain also was probabilistic, dynamic and higher dependencies. This happened because of the agricultural product was easy broken, the process of planting, the growth and the harvesting depended the season, the yield had variety form and measurement, and the agricultural product was bulky so that the agricultural product was difficult to be handled. The height of the dependency level and the complexity from the supply chain network of the agricultural product made this chain to be more susceptible to the disturbance. The risk of failure for the supply chain could be happen internally (the relations between the organization and the network of the supplier) and externally (between the network of the supplier and its environment). Therefore, the needs for supply chain risk management to avoid a result that can continuously occur at any point in the supply network. The purpose of this study was to describe a model of evaluation and risk management supply chain of agricultural products. Model could identify risks of every level of supply chain and provide solutions that can be done to minimize them. The index value of risk on farm level was 26 % higher than the risk at the level of collector (8.78 %) and distributors (8.31 %). The model can optimize farmers’ planting schedules to reduce supply risk and price, while also optimizing the selection of suppliers at the level of collectors and distributors with the consideration of minimizing risk and optimizing profits. ABSTRAKSelain lebih kompleks, rantai pasok produk pertanian juga bersifat probabilistik, dinamis dan kebergantungan yang tinggi. Hal ini terjadi karena produk pertanian bersifat mudah rusak, proses penanaman, pertumbuhan dan pemanenan tergantung musim, hasil panen memiliki bentuk dan ukuran yang bervariasi, dan produk pertanian bersifat kamba sehingga produk pertanian sulit untuk ditangani. Tingginya tingkat kebergantungan dan kompleksitas dari jaringan rantai pasok produk pertanian menjadikan rantai pasok lebih rentan terhadap gangguan. Risiko ganguan rantai pasok dapat terjadi secara internal (relasi antara organisasi dengan jaringan pemasok) dan eksternal (antara jaringan pemasok dengan lingkungannya). Oleh karena itu perlu pengendalian risiko rantai pasok agar dapat menghindarkan akibat berkelanjutan yang dapat terjadi pada setiap titik dalam jaringan pasokan. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah menjelaskan suatu model evaluasi dan manajemen risiko rantai pasok produk pertanian. Hasil validasi model dapat mengidentifikasi risiko setiap tingkatan rantai pasok dan memberikan usulan tindakan yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalkan risikonya. Nilai indeks risiko pada tingkat petani sebesar 26 % yang lebih tinggi daripada risiko pada tingkat pengumpul (8,78 %) dan distributor (8,31 %). Model dapat mengoptimalkan jadwal tanam petani untuk mengurangi risiko pasokan dan harga, selain itu juga telah dimodelkan optimasi pemilihan pemasok pada tingkat pengumpul dan distributor dengan pertimbangan minimalisasi risiko dan optimalisasi keuntungan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian rumput laut terhadap kualitas sperma tikes akibat pencemaran timah hitam. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 12 ekor tikus putib jantan dewasa, dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok masing-masing 3 ekor. Kelompok I, tikus-tikus hanya diberi akuades secara oral. Kelompok11,111 dan IV, semua tikus diberi Pb asetat 0,5 g/kg bb secara oral setiap hart selama 120 hart. Kelompok DI dan IV masing-masing disertai dengan pemberian larutan rumput laut dosis 8 g/kg dan 16 g/kg bb secara oral pe, hari selama 120 hart_ Pada akhir penelitian masing-masing films dart semua kelompok dikoleksi spermanya untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan terhadap motilitas, viabilitas dan konsentrasi apermanya. Semua tikus percobaan kemudian dietanasi dan dinekropsi, organ testis diambil dan difiksasi dalam ICJ% formalin untuk preparasi histopatologis. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya peningkatan motiiitas, kemampuan hidup dan konsentrasi spermatozoa secara sangat signifikan (P

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk isolasi dan karakterisasi streptokokus pada manusia yang diperkirakan mempunyai potensi terinfeksi Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus di wilayah Bali. Swab tonsil dilakukan terhadap 15 orang yang bekerja di Hutan Wisata Alam (HWA) Alas Kedaton, Bali. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan pula 3 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolat kera sakit Min 1 isolat babi sakit yang diisolasi pada seat wabah pada tahun 1994 dan 1 isolat babi subklinis yang diisolasi pada tahun 1998. Hasil isolasi swab tonsil dapat diidentifikasi Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus pada 2 orang pekerja pemandu wisata HWA. Hasil karakterisasi terhadap 7 kultur Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolat manusia, kera dan babi terlihat bahwa 4 kultur (3 kera dan 1 babi) tumbuh pada media padat dengan koloni besar, mukoid dan tampak pertumbuhan yang keruh pada media cair. Tiga kultur yang lain (2 manusia dan 1 babi), tampak koloni kecil, bersifat nonmukoid pada media padat dan tumbuh jernih pada media cair. Berdasar uji hidrofobisitas dan uji hemaglutinasi diketahui bahwa 4 kultur mukoid bersifat hidrofil dan tidak mengaglutinasi eritrosit, sedangkan 3 kultur nonmukoid bersifat hidrofob dan dapat mengaglutinasi eritrosit.

The objective of this research is to study the influence of small-scale sago processing industry to standard quality of Ciheuleut river water in Cibuluh Sub-district, District of Bogor Utara, and City of Bogor. The method used is to analyse the water in laboratory and subsequently the result is compared to standard quality of tapioca industry. Response of community in the area regarding this sago processing industry is gathered by performing interview in the form of questionnaire (number of community response is 35). Water samples used for water analysis are from 4 locations. They are water beforeflowing into the processing unit (A), water after filtration (B), process disposal water collected 1 m apart from filter (C) and discarded water that flows into river (D). Water analysis applied utilizes chemical analysis that includes pH, COD, BOD, DO, turbidity, cyanide and TSS (Total Soluble Solid) parameters. Laboratory analysis shows that location B has turbidity level that exceeds the standard quality required. Result of hypothesis test shows that hypothesis zero (H0) acceptable and alternative hypothesis rejected. It means water disposal waste of sago processing industry does not alter thequality of water disposal. Community feel disturbed (46%) on the existence of sago processing industry. The disturbance consists of liquid waste (20%), unpleasant odour due to solid waste (51.1%), and noise (22.9%). Unpleasant odour due to solid waste occurs during rainny season. 60% of responses say that water disposal of sago processing industry leads to river turbidity; whereas 40% thinks that it does not make any difference.River turbidity brings about itchiness (28.6%) while 68.6% says it does not make any difference. 71.4% of responses show that the existence of sago processing industry is beneficial to the community.